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EN
The article focuses on the so -called Ukrainian issue in the light of the Polish conservative thought in the times of the Second Republic. The problem of conservative ideology regarding the matter has been thoroughly examined here, not only in the days preceding the outbreak of the First World War, but in the between the wars period as well. The in -depth analysis carried out below clearly shows that the conservatives were, in their majority, strong supporters of the modus vivendi policy which Poland, they believed, could only benefit from. This sentiment, however, had been frequently reviewed, depending on the current political and economic situation, both on the national and international scene. Before Poland regained her independence in 1918, they had been often inclined to support the idea of federation and, hoping for the eruption of social and political turmoil in Russia, consequently propped up the activities of the Ukrainian nationalists there. In the between the wars interlude Polish conservatives adopted basically two different approaches to the problem of the Ukrainian issue: some would claim that assimilation was the only answer, others would resolve to the postulate of the Great Ukraine. Regardless of their attitude and political sentiments, though, the conservatives consequently supported the idea of Polish national minority growing strong in number and political magnitude on the eastern frontier, traditionally dominated by the Ukrainians. This uncompromising stance, however, mostly brought about by the cultural and socio -economic backgrounds, had never, intentionally at least, instigated any form of ethnic conflict.
Kwartalnik Filozoficzny
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2012
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vol. 40
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issue 4
127 - 142
EN
The article is a contribution to the history of the Kwartalnik Filozoficzny (the Philosophical Quarterly). It considers the types of works reviewed in the interwar period and points out the authors of the reviews. The article describes a dozen or so reviews assessing books written by both Polish and foreign authors. It displays the philosophical issues which the reviewers were most interested in and the reviewers’ attitude towards the theses set forth in the reviewed works. An important fact that emerges is that the reviews of philosophical dissertations were written by experts in philosophy such as: Witold Rubczyński, Władysław Tatarkiewicz, Marian Heitzman, Konstanty Michalski, and Joachim Metallmann, who could splendidly assess the value of the reviewed works.
EN
After the WW I two new-founded Slovak musical societies participated on concert life in Bratislava: 'Osvetovy zvaz pre Slovensko' (Educational Association for Slovakia) and 'Umelecka beseda slovenska' (Artistic Forum of Slovakia). Both musical societies engaged besides foreign artists also Slovak performers with Slovak compositions. 'Osvetovy zvaz pre Slovensko' organised season concerts between 1926 and 1938, which were the longest concert-series before the WW II. Mainly Bratislava Symphonic Orchestra performed on these concerts. 'Umelecka beseda slovenska' organised concerts of chamber music and concerts with discourses. It engaged mostly musicians who lived in Bratislava and in Czech and Moravia. Both musical societies enhanced the Slovak concert life in multi-ethnical city Bratislava between 1918 and 1938.
EN
The paper presents changes that occurred in social mentality after World War I. It shows the diminishing role of social conventions in social life and the evolution in the approach to children. It presents not only the kinds and forms of play and games suitable for children, high school and university students, but also their role in the process of education. Special attention is paid to the development of social and class consciousness. The article shows differences in the treatment of girls and boys and the changes occurring in this field. It classifies and describes particular kinds of games and social gatherings, and it emphasizes the most important moments in the life of a young man/woman showing his/her gradual entry into the adult world.
Slavica Slovaca
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2022
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vol. 57
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issue 3
290-300
EN
The study deals with the activities of Slavia Catholica, a platform that operated within the international Catholic student organization Pax Romana between 1929 and 1938. It focuses on the preparation and conduct of the Slavia Catholica congress in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia, in 1931. This international event of Slavic Catholic students dealt with the question of the Cyril and Methodius idea, its importance of dissemination in society. At the same time, the Slovak organizers from the Central Office of Slovak Catholic Students used it to promote Slovak Catholicism. It was the best organised congress among the seven Slavia Catholica congresses. The development of cooperation on the basis of Slavia Catholica was disabled by the political situation in Europe in 1938.
EN
Pálffy family dominated and influenced the fate of the Small Carpathian region for long centuries. This study follows the development of former economic and administrative centre – the Red Stone Castle estate in the interwar period. The Red Stone Castle was being kept by Pálffy family until the end of the World War II. However, in this period they had to face many problems brought by the change after the World War I. Also the relation to inhabitants changed significantly and Pálffy´s had to cope with it.
Vojenská história
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2016
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vol. 20
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issue 1
70 - 85
EN
The study deals with the attempt of Slovak pro-Hungarian emigrants to influence possible solution of the Slovak question from abroad during the period of so called passive foreign politics of Hungary. The author focuses mostly on their activities in the sphere of secret military plans and propaganda aimed at the break-up of Czechoslovakia. The author points out to the fact that the studied sources of Hungarian origin highlight the significant position of Vojtech Tuka in these plans, or the constant efforts to utilise the conflict potential of the Slovak autonomy against the republic. The study analyses political strategies of pro-Hungarian elite and also points out to the importance of selected representatives of emigration in the Hungarian politics. The study results in analysis of the relationship of individual components of the “Slovak action”, both at home and abroad, however especially in the group around František Jehlička and the Hungarian governmental politics in the activities aimed at reviewing the status quo. In addition to analysing these attempts, the study also points out to the pragmatic realism of the Hungarian ruling elite, which at that time accentuated especially the improvement of the country’s position in terms of international politics and also kept various adventure events under control.
Vojenská história
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2026
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vol. 30
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issue 2
22 – 55
EN
In 1920, during the unification of the Czechoslovak Army, Major Vladimír Jirsa of the Russian Legion submitted a proposal for the establishment of a school for the training of military dogs, complete with a detailed historical introduction on the use of dogs in warfare in the past. For the training itself, pure-bred, untrained German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, and Airedale Terriers aged between 8 and 18 months were to be purchased. On 30 May 1930, the General Staff made a fundamental decision. It concluded that the closure of the school was necessary in view of unsatisfactory results, both in terms of maintaining an adequate readiness of dogs trained for messenger service and in terms of the disproportionate maintenance costs. The Chief of the General Staff, Army General Jan Syrový, agreed to the conversion of the school into a breeding station as of 1 October 1932. On 8 February 1933, the Minister of National Defence, Bohumír Bradáč, agreed to the dissolution of this breeding station and kennel as well, and ordered their closure by 1 March 1933. The relevant proposal was submitted on 11 February 1933. The final decision was published in a decree of the Ministry of National Defence on 18 February 1933.
EN
Art music played a vital role as a means for cultural and political legitimization of the young Czechoslovak state. Critics in Germany above all, as members of one of the 'leading musical nations', were allotted a key role - which further complicated already-difficult relations with the country's 'own' Germans. The intelligentsia wished to convey a completely distinctive image of their country as a cultural nation on a high level, as opposed to the stereotypes of rustic backwardness. A composer like Antonin Dvorak was de-emphasized in his own national cultural tradition, because he was dismissed abroad as 'naive' on the basis of the established Slavic stereotype despite his international successes. On the other hand modernism on the musical scene of the Czechoslovak Republic rose to the highest level of recognition among professionals, but achieved no broad effect and thus also could not function as a vehicle for political legitimization.
EN
The paper deals with the analysis of election results, in particular parliamentary election, to the Chamber of Deputies of the National Assembly in the interwar period. Districts Levice, Rožňava and Veľké Kapušany are compared. The attention is focused on the national composition and social structure and its effect on the political process and parliamentary results in mentioned districts. District Levice had about the same population as district Rožňava. District Veľké Kapušany was in terms of population smaller but in all studied districts was approximately equal percentage of representatives of the Hungarian minority. The election results from 1925, 1929 and 1935 show that despite a weaker representation of the Hungarian minority, when compared to the German minority, the representation of minorities in ČSR was fair and certainly better than the representation of the non-Hungarian nationalities in the pre-1918 Hungarian Parliament.
Vojenská história
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2022
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vol. 26
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issue 2
76 - 106
EN
The study introduces lazaretto and frontline war cemeteries in the territory of north-eastern Slovakia, built as a result of the World War I battles. They are a historical phenomenon unparalleled in Slovakia. They are unique mainly in the method of their foundation as well as in high concentration in a relatively small territory. Most of these memorial sites were not completed during the war. Their construction process therefore had to be finished in the interwar period. The newly established Czechoslovak Republic had to deal with this situation due to the commitments resulting from the post-war international peace treaties. The study focuses on the extent to which the Republic succeeded and by what means and procedures, being compiled to a large extent from the knowledge gained from studying primary archival sources, supplemented by known facts, captured in the specialised literature, related to the studied issue.
EN
Most of the Polish interwar messianists was centered around Jerzy Braun and the journal „Zet” which was edited by him. One of the frequent topics raised by messianists was the independence aspirations of the Ukrainians. Braun and his colleagues didn’t deny Ukrainians’ rights to hold their own country, however, they insisted that they must refrain from undermining the borders of Second Polish Republic. In return, they offered help in winning independence for territories situated at the east side of Zbrucz River, while assuming that the only solution to release Ukraine from Soviet domination was by forcing it through war. They also deprived of hope those Ukrainian communities that were counting on German assistance in the implementation of the aspirations for independence, stressing that Germany treat Ukrainians instrumentally and will not allow to build a fully sovereign state. It was also emphasized that Germany, unlike the Poles, have no emotional ties with the Ukrainians, which could make them act in accordance with their interests. The cooperation didn’t finally take place due to hostility of the majority of the Ukrainian elite of the Polish country and the lack of strong communities who were ready to give up claims to ownership of Eastern Galicia. In addition, actions made by neighboring powerful countries, particularly Nazi Germany, made countries and nations of Central and Eastern Europe having to adapt to dynamically changing international situation. At the end of the 30s, opportunities for Poland to create a reality in this part of Europe became increasingly smaller.
Mesto a dejiny
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2017
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vol. 6
|
issue 1
67 – 78
EN
One of the significant features of the city in the inter-war period was a relatively developed public transport system. Types, mode of operation, network density, timetable, rates and types of used vehicles have more or less to meet the legislative, economic, economic and social requirements imposed on this sector. Last but not least, the demographic and urban factors played a key role in relation to the character of public transport, respectively, the characteristics of which city. In Slovakia, the situation was more problematic given its economic and economic specifics. However, it is also possible to talk about relatively integrated and also developing urban transport systems in relation to interwar Slovakia. With the gradual development of motoring, buses and also passenger cars began to appear in addition to trams, omnibuses and carriages, but that was not a necessary rule. During the inter-war period, bus transport in Slovakia was accompanied by numerous problems, mainly related to the economic aspect of its operation and the insufficient fleet. In the present study, special attention is paid to Bratislava in the context of the development of trade taxis and its position in the public transport system in Slovakia for several reasons. Bratislava was (and is) the most demographic and urbanized city in Slovakia. It had one of the oldest public transport systems within its territory, in terms of typology, respectively, the used riding top used by several types of means of transport, from carriages, tramcars, trams, omnibuses, trolleybuses, buses to "propeller", transporting passengers between the banks of the Danube river. In connection with its motorisation, taxis began to penetrate into its system with number of own specifications. The aim of the study is, on the example of the interwar Bratislava, to bring the development of the freight taxis with a view to its legislative definition and practice, while defining, respectively, to reflect on the specific position of taxis in the complex public transport system in the interwar period under review.
EN
The study is directed towards the problem of the functioning of state enterprises in interwar Czechoslovakia, their theoretical basis, economic situation and position in the state economy. The study considers the state enterprises from the point of view of their functions, as one of many expressions of the relationship between various institutions in the economic and political system. Widening of the state enterprises represented an unprecedented source of political capital. The state enterprises of interwar Czechoslovakia can be described as unambiguous proof of the growing intervention of the state into the private sphere, and strengthening of the mixed economy model.
EN
This paper deals with the comparison of regional differences of demographic characteristics in Slovakia in 1930 and 2001. The paper examines how regional demographic variability in 1930s affected today‘s regional demographic variability. It examines changes of regional variability of fertility, non-marital fertility, age at marriage, divorce rate, infant mortality, and age, ethnic, religious, educational and economic structures of population. For both years, districts are used as regional units. Firstly, regional differences in 1930 and 2001 are compared by visual examination of thematic maps. Districts are then ranked by values of demographic indicators and ranks in 1930 and 2001 are compared by scatter plots and Spearman‘s rank correlation coefficients. The results show that regional differences in most of the demographic characteristics have substantially changed. It means that present-day regional demographic differences are affected more by development in the past 70 years than by the situation in 1930. The exceptions are in ethnic and religious structure with a strong relationship between regional variability in 1930 and 2001. Special attention is paid to the districts which have undergone extreme change in rank between 1930 and 2001. The paper also describes two historical demographic data sources – 1930 Population Census of Czechoslovakia and interwar Czechoslovak Vital Statistics.
EN
The increasingly critical situation of the Jewish minority and the bankruptcy of the previously dominant political orientations within the Jewish community created a new set of opportunities for a group, the General Jewish Workers’ Alliance, or Bund which had played only a marginal role in both Polish and Jewish politics between 1920 and 1935. The growing strength of the Bund was clearly evident in the municipal elections of late 1938 and early 1939 which saw it emerge as the largest Jewish party in towns such as Warsaw, Łódź, Vilna and Białystok. This article seeks to evaluate the Bund’s reaction to its heightened importance in Jewish politics in Poland.
Vojenská história
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2026
|
vol. 30
|
issue 2
7 – 21
EN
The study examines the legal-historical and security aspects of carrier pigeons keeping in the territory of Slovakia during the period of the First Czechoslovak Republic. It focuses on the development of legislative regulation of carrier pigeons keeping, its normative foundations in Austrian-Hungarian law, and in particular on the adoption of Act No. 2/1924 Coll. on carrier pigeons as the first systematic legal framework governing this area. The study analyses how state authorities perceived carrier pigeons as a potential security factor and instrument of intelligence activity and it addresses the mechanisms of state supervision, registration, and control that were introduced in this context.
EN
Tinker´s craft as a door-to-door occupation was formed in the north part of Trenčín County (upper Považie and Kysuce) and later in some villages of northern Spiš. As a specific (non-agricultural) occupation of male population in Kysuce, it is a phenomenon, which influenced traditional culture of the region considerably. It brought some local and regional specifics into relatively uniform character of traditional way of life and thus created new types and variants in the structure of traditional culture. The aim of the paper is to present the impact of tinker´s craft on family and social life in Kysuce region in interwar period.
19
75%
EN
This article deals with the shaping of the opera company of the Slovak National Theatre in the interwar period. Its main focus is on the characteristics of Karel Nedbal’s era (1928–1938), but neither does it ignore the contribution of his predecessor Oskar Nedbal, who, besides other things, improved the quality of the opera orchestra in Bratislava and helped the Slovak National Theatre establish relations with similar institutions abroad. The ten years of Karel Nedbal’s work, which theatre scholars consider one of the most significant eras in the theatre’s nearly one hundred years’ history, are characterised in terms of dramaturgy, staging and music and vocal production. The article confronts facts that have been published several times elsewhere with the opinions and views that Karel Nedbal expressed especially in his memoirs Půl století s českou operou (Half a Century with Czech Opera).
EN
The paper focuses on the literary representations of Bratislava in Czech travelogues and formulates various narratives of those depictions of the city that are related to the establishment of the Czechoslovak Republic in 1918. The paper compares Karel Kálal’s and Ivan Hálek’s travelogues of the so-called pre-coup period – the period before 1918 – with texts of the same genre written during the First Czechoslovak Republic (Jakub Deml, Josef Váchal, Karel Čapek, Marie Majerová, S. K. Neumann). The travelogues drew attention to the traditional culture of Slovaks (represented by Karel Plicka’s photographs) and sought new forms of Czech-Slovak relations in the political atmosphere of the so-called Czechoslovakism. Bratislava, which entered new cultural relations with the establishment of the new republic, occupied a specific place in these. The reconstruction of the image of Bratislava in the analysed texts shows that it did not become the main symbol of the changes that took place after 1918. The travelogues represent it only marginally and Bratislava corresponds to the perspective of the so-called null morpheme. The article employs the theory of imagology and, marginally, also theories of post-colonialism.
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