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1

THE POLISH EXPORT IN 1786 (Eksport Korony w 1786 roku)

100%
Guldon Z., Kazusek S.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 2
193-214
EN
Research on foreign trade in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the second half of the 18th c. has been largely neglected for many years, and the basic findings in that area, especially those by Tadeusz Korzon, suggest that the problem should be reconsidered. The topic requires new research first of all in order to verify the unfounded theses about the downturn in the economy being one of the reasons of the political crisis and the fall of the country. This claim seems to be contradicted by the long-established theories about the development of the country's economy, including foreign trade, in the period before the partitions. In view of that, it is difficult to maintain that the recession was one of the reasons of the partitions; it should rather be assumed that it was largely a result of the actions undertaken by the partitioners, especially by the king of Prussia Frederick II. New material to research the topic can be found in the numerous and interesting initiatives to improve the situation in trade which were voiced by publicists at the end of the 18th c. It is also significant that income from customs duty was very important for the state budget. New data can be obtained from the surviving balance sheets of the exports and imports of the Crown of Poland in the years 1786-1790. The article discusses only one of those documents. The data show very precisely the scale of exchange between the Crown and its closest neighbours, i.e. Austria, Prussia and Russia, Turkey and Wallachia taken together. They also point to very characteristic tendencies in foreign trade, including the transit of commodities.
2

THE HOSPITAL PROVOSTRY IN ZAMOSC IN THE 18TH C. (Budowa szpitala na Przedmiesciu Lwowskim w Zamosciu (1774-1775))

100%
Partyka W.
Kwartalnik Historii Kultury Materialnej
|
2009
|
vol. 57
|
issue 1
39-53
EN
The hospital provostry in Zamosc functioned formally in the 18th c. It united two hospitals which were under the authority of the Zamosc chapter, headed by a mitred dean. The institution, together with several others of the type which worked in the town, gave shelter to several dozen poor and homeless people. The Zamosc provostry was endowed with a substantial property; nevertheless it constantly faced financial problems, mostly because of unscrupulous debtors. It was only due to the efforts of the provosts (especially Olszówka and Dabkowski) that it was able to fulfil its role properly. It ceased to work at the end of the 18th c due to financial difficulties as well as to the adverse policy of the occupation authorities. The same happened to many hospitals all over the country at that time.
3

Pierwsi donatorzy luterańskiej biblioteki kościelnej. Przyczynek do dziejów Biblioteki i Archiwum im. Bogumiła Rudolfa Tschammera w Cieszynie

100%
Gabryś M.
Śląski Kwartalnik Historyczny Sobótka
|
2013
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vol. 68
|
issue 1
9–21
EN
This article concerns the origins of the Lutheran Church Library, the current G.R. Tschammer Library and Archive of the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession Parish of Cieszyn. The beginnings of the largest Lutheran antique book repository in Poland, among the most interesting in Silesia, are tied directly with the 1709 consent for building an Evangelical church in the Cieszyn area after the time of Counter-Reformation. The author here presents the most recent developments in research into the beginnings of the Tschammer Library, which were made possible due to access to the parish archive, which allowed for detailed and extensive analysis. Hitherto all publications on the subject paid little attention to the origin of the book repository, due to lack of access to the archives, as well as the lack of detailed analysis of the provenance records in the antique books. The two sources allowed for the date of creation and development of the Church Library to be shifted by nearly forty years, as well as allowing a closer look at their first donors in the years 1710-1730.
4

,Antike‘ Inschriften in der Mährischen Landesbibliothek zu Brno und ihr Fälscher

100%
KEPARTOVÁ J.
Eirene. Studia Graeca et Latina
|
2012
|
vol. 48
|
issue 1-2
105-115
EN
Maps collected in the mid 18th century by diplomat, cartographer, and collector Bernard Paul Moll are now housed in the Moravian Library in Brno and all digitalised. The attached drawings of landscapes, inscribed monuments, town maps, mines and fortresses are very simple and monotonous. The inscriptions shown on the drawings of ancient monuments are bad imitations of ancient texts, whose originals were never found. The author found out that they were produced from a manuscript written in minuscule and inspired by collections of that time. She supposes that this source could come from a historian and personal physician of Ferdinandus I, Wolfgang Lazius, whose library has been integrated into the court library at Vienna. The falsifier could have destroyed it not to be revealed. Also the drawings and plans of landscapes and towns are inaccurate and false and the author(s) had probably never been to the site. Nevertheless, the maps are very good and valuable, some of them being the only specimen in their field.
5
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Ludność katolicka i ewangelicka Kępna w XVIII wieku

100%
Miesiąc-Stępińska A., Rzemieniecki K.
Przeszłość Demograficzna Polski
|
2011
|
vol. 30
53-77
EN
Kępno lies on the border of Wielkopolska and Silesia. In the 18th century it was part of the Ostrzeszów district in the Sieradz province. The local parish comprised a town and two villages. At that time there were three ethnic groups living in the town: Poles; Protestants from Silesia, mainly Germans; and Jews. The basic occupations of the new inhabitants were crafts (they were mostly cobblers, weavers and linen makers) and trade. The analysis is based on birth, marriage and death registers of the Roman Catholic parish of Kępno, in which not only Catholics but also Protestants were listed. The monthly seasonality of weddings in the parish depended largely on the church calendar and work in the fields. Most marriage ceremonies in both religious groups took place in October, November and January. They were usually held on Sundays and, less frequently, on Tuesdays and Mondays. The ceremonies were witnessed almost invariably by men. Only in exceptional cases would a woman be one of the witnesses. There were also dozen or so marriage ceremonies with three witnesses; in several cases the note “and others” was added. Witnesses were usually people of higher standing or popularity in the local community. In both religious communities the biggest number of children were born in September and October, the smallest — in June. 2.8% of children were born out of wedlock — most of them were Catholic children. People asked to be godparents were mainly men and women who were popular in the local community. The distribution of the number of deaths among people living in Kępno and its vicinity was clearly related to the seasons. The number of deaths in the parish was particularly high towards the end of winter and in early spring as well as late summer, a phenomenon characteristic of all urban and rural communities from the 17th–19th centuries studied so far.
6
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Osiemnastowieczne przysłowia w Nowym dykcjonarzu M.A. Trotza z perspektywy współczesnej

88%
Kuryłowicz B.
Białostockie Archiwum Językowe
|
2014
|
issue 14
39-52
EN
The subject of the article are proverbs excerpted from M. A. Trotz’s Nowy dykcjonarz which, for different reasons, have not stood the test of time, have been forgotten or replaced by other, easier to understand and more recent constructions, or which are still present in the contemporary language but in a changed form. The proverbs included in M. A. Trotz’s lexicon are manifestations of a colloquial language. Therefore, in a sense, they imitate the 18th century paremiotic system, which was once used but is now largely forgotten. The presentation and characterization of obsolete proverbs do not only fulfill a documentary and cognitive purpose but, above all, visualize dynamism of changes in a language and the world as well as an ensuing need to reach such areas of the language and culture that have been weathered by history.
7

PRÍRODNÁ KATASTROFA AKO PRÍLEŽITOSŤ K NÁPRAVE

75%
Brtáňová E.
Slavica Slovaca
|
2021
|
vol. 56
|
issue 3
359 - 365
EN
The paper is devoted to the textual analysis of the sermon Sincere Encouragement to True Repentance and Prayer (Věrné probuzení k pravému pokání a modlení), presented by Bohuslav Mezibrodský in the community of Lowland Slovak evangelicals in the village of Eška (Hungarian Öskü) in September 1749. The subject of the sermon is an unusual natural phenomenon – the arrival of locusts, which caused existential fears among the inhabitants and caused huge confusion among them. The same subject was elaborated by Matej Markovič senior in the poetic composition The Mourning Song about the Grasshoppers (Smutná pieseň o kobylkách, 1749), the analysis of which will serve us as a model.
8

KANONICKÉ VIZITÁCIE V ABOVSKO – TURNIANSKEJ ŽUPE V 18. STOROČÍ

75%
Fabová B.
Človek a spoločnosť. Internetový časopis pre pôvodné teoretické a výskumné štúdie z oblasti spoločenských vied
|
2011
|
vol. 14
|
issue 2
-
EN
The subject of this research article is canonical visitations which are used as a primary resource for researching regional history. The article contains an overview of the historiography which deals with this kind of resource. In addition, the article contains also characteristics of the visitation and conscription registries which can be traced to the 18th century of Abov - Turňa County. The special emphasis is placed on a synthesis of knowledge that can be gained from these documents.
9
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Księgozbiory XVIII-wiecznych członków włocławskiej kapituły katedralnej w zbiorach Biblioteki Wyższego Seminarium Duchownego we Włocławku

75%
Iwańska-Cieślik B.
Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne
|
2008
|
vol. 1
|
issue 1
11-24
EN
The Seminar Library in Wloclawek is a great source to research historical private book collections. Its number of books was enlarged by the local Cathedral Library in 1950. There were sometimes small parts of private libraries of prelates and canon men in this collection. Only 31 owners were identified from 18th century. Cathedral chapter was an institution, which gathered well-educated members. They learned in foreign and Polish universities. They used their private collections during studies and working as preachers and judges in the church and civil institutions. Prelates and canon men collected sermons, theological works, writings of church historians, legal works but also dictionaries and grammar books. Private libraries they amassed met their needs and helped in their pastoral, judicial and administrative work.
10

CHÁPANIE VIDU V GRAMATIKÁCH ČEŠTINY A SLOVENČINY V 17. – 18. STOROČÍ NAPÍSANÝCH PO LATINSKY

75%
Lábaj I.
Slovenská reč (Slovak Language)
|
2024
|
vol. 89
|
issue 1
97 – 110
EN
Czech and Slovak studies are familiar with the Czech and Slovakized Czech grammar textbooks dating back to the first half of the 16th century. The authors of these textbooks, written in Latin, structured them on the model of Roman grammarians Donatus and Priscian and tried to apply the same principles and means to describe the category of verbal aspect. Grammar textbooks by Laurentius Benedictus Nudozierinus, Daniel Krman, Pavel Doležal (Doleschalius), and Anton Bernolák are being compared in terms of the description of the verbal aspect. The work of Daniel Krman, especially, often overlooked by scholars due to its existence only in a manuscript form, is presented here partly as a link between Nudozierinus and Doležal, partly as an exception in understanding the aspect because of its stronger ties with the classical tradition.
11

NEPOTIZMUS V SPRÁVE LIPTOVSKEJ STOLICE V 18. STOROČÍ

75%
Janura T.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3
403 – 425
EN
The study presents the results of a new form of research on the official elites in the counties at the time of great changes in the role of county administrations in the 18th century. Evidence of the process of building nepotism comes from uncovering the family backgrounds of members of the Liptov official elite on the basis of registers and genealogical tables. Thus, at first sight, the study adds a new dimension to the uninteresting lists of members of the county administration. There was a dense network of blood and “spiritual” kinship ties in the background of the selection of elected officials. They started with the richest and most influential Liptov families: Okolicsány and Szent-Ivány, members of which were elected to the position of deputy sheriff. Both families relied on help from the sheriff from the Illesházy family, who appointed officials if one died or suddenly resigned from his position.
12

SOCIÁLNE A KULTÚRNE DEJINY UHORSKÉHO SNEMU V 18. STOROČÍ: ČIASTKOVÉ VÝSLEDKY A ZREJMÉ ÚLOHY

75%
Szijártó I. M.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue 2
257 – 269
EN
A renewed interest in the history of the early modern Hungarian estates enables us to review this field of scholarship, to sum up the most recent results of the history of the Diet, the central institution of Hungarian politics in the 18th century, to map the various possibilities offered by social and cultural history, and to point out the opportunity to apply a micro-historical approach. Finally, the essay examines a hypothesis on a decisive change in 18th-century Hungarian politics, a mid-century shift from the ‘confessionalism of the estates’ to the ‘constitutionalism of the estates’.
13

ZDRAVOTNÁ POLÍCIA A MEDICÍNSKE TEÓRIE V DIELACH UHORSKÝCH LEKÁROV (1770 – 1830)

75%
Sechel T. D.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2011
|
vol. 59
|
issue 3
427 – 441
EN
In the last decades of the 18th century, physicians in Hungary and Transylvania emphasized direct contagion as the main way of plague transmission. The region with the common borders between Wallachia, Moldavia, Serbia and indirectly, with the Ottoman Empire was considered as a reservoir of plague. A. Chenot’s and F. Schraud’s most important contribution to knowledge and prophylaxis of plague was the recognition of the connection between movement of population and the transmission of the disease. Thus the medical discourse over contagion drew the attention to both preventive and policing methods in order to eradicate the epidemics. Medical police practices reveal the complex interplay among the economy, politics, and medicine. Moreover, the direct contagion theory suited the police regime developed by Francis I as a consequence of the French Revolution and Napoleonic Wars. The experience of many epidemics legitimized the strengthening of a military cordon on the border as well as the introduction of draconian punishments, including the death penalty, the control of travellers, correspondence, and public meetings.
14

NEPOTISM IN THE ADMINISTRATION OF THE COUNTY OF LIPTOV IN THE 18TH CENTURY

75%
Janura T.
Historický časopis (Historical Journal)
|
2012
|
vol. 60
|
issue suppl. issue
43 – 66
EN
The study presents the results of a new form of research on the official elites in the counties at the time of great changes in the role of county administrations in the 18th century. Evidence of the process of building nepotism comes from uncovering the family backgrounds of members of the Liptov official elite on the basis of registers and genealogical tables. Thus, the study adds a new dimension to the, at first sight, uninteresting lists of members of the county administration. There was a dense network of blood and “spiritual” kinship ties in the background of the selection of elected officials. They started with the richest and most influential Liptov families: Okolicsány and Szent-Ivány, members of which were elected to the position of deputy sheriff. The both families relied on help from the sheriff from the Illésházy family, who appointed officials if one died or suddenly resigned from his position.
15

DOBRÁ ARMÁDA. NÁVRH NA REORGANIZÁCIU ARMÁDY Z KONCA 18. STOROČIA. PECHOTA A JAZDECTVO (I. ČASŤ)

63%
Čičaj V.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 1
104 - 124
EN
In the introduction of the material study, the author states that the new situation in the military development in the 18th century was also connected to the development of the military theory dominated by France. Furthermore, during this era, several practical military manuals and regulations were issued for various command levels and army units. In the published paper, the author addresses the work of Baron Karl Ludwig O'Cahill, where he outlined the period idea of how to build a good army. His work was interesting from the point of view that in many cases we can partially see the differences between the idealistic idea and the period reality of the 18th century armies. We have relatively few detailed information about the author to help us reconstruct his life. He was born in Beelitz in 1746 (Potsdam, Brandenburg) and died in Würzburg between 1804 and 1809. He served as an officer in Baden. In his works, he mentioned his titles and ranks. They imply that he was familiar with the military environment of the late of the 18th and early 19th centuries, when the Napoleonic wars were taking place in Europe. In his youth, he was a Kammerjunker at the Hohenlohe – Waldenburg – Schilling princely court, later becoming the Court Marshall. He served in the infantry regiment of von Jung-Sutterheim. It is probable that he had excellent knowledge of the French language, which is documented by several translations. Compared to his scarce biographic data, O'Cahill’s bibliography was relatively rich. During his time, his works were very popular and were published in several editions. He addressed not only the military topics, military history, current military and political situation but also tried creating prosaic, dramatic and ethical works. In his work about forming a good, ideal army in the second half of the 18th century, he described the tactics, training and organisation of infantry, cavalry, artillery, military engineering, health care and security for military veterans. The benefit of the work consisted in comparing the idealistic ideas about army with their period reality.
16

DOBRÁ ARMÁDA. NÁVRH NA REORGANIZÁCIU ARMÁDY Z KONCA 18. STOROČIA. DELOSTRELECTVO A ĽAHKÉ JEDNOTKY (II. ČASŤ)

63%
Čičaj V.
Vojenská história
|
2021
|
vol. 25
|
issue 2
132 - 148
EN
In the introduction of the material study, the author states that the new situation in the military development in the 18th century was also connected to the development of the military theory dominated by France. Furthermore, during this era, several practical military manuals and regulations were issued for various command levels and army units. In the published paper, the author addresses the work of Baron Karl Ludwig O'Cahill, where he outlined the period idea of how to build a good army. His work was interesting from the point of view that in many cases we can partially see the differences between the idealistic idea and the period reality of the 18th century armies. We have relatively few detailed information about the author to help us reconstruct his life. He was born in Beelitz in1746 (Potsdam, Brandenburg) and died in Würzburg between 1804 and 1809. He served as an officer in Baden. In his works, he mentioned his titles and ranks. They imply that he was familiar with the military environment of the late of the 18th and early 19th centuries, when the Napoleonic wars were taking place in Europe. In his youth, he was a Kammerjunker at the Hohenlohe – Waldenburg – Schilling princely court, later becoming the Court Marshal. He served in the infantry regiment of von Jung-Sutterheim. It is probable that he had excellent knowledge of the French language, which is documented by several translations. Compared to his scarce biographic data, O'Cahill’s bibliography was relatively rich. During his time, his works were very popular and were published in several editions. He addressed not only the military topics, military history, current military and political situation but also tried creating prosaic, dramatic and ethical works. In his work about forming a good, ideal army in the second half of the 18th century, he described the tactics, training and organisation of infantry, cavalry, artillery, military engineering, health care and security for military veterans. The benefit of the work consisted in comparing the idealistic ideas about army with their period reality.
17
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Antoni Ojrzyński – nieznany aptekarz, taternik oraz bibliofil

63%
Górska A.
Toruńskie Studia Bibliologiczne
|
2009
|
vol. 2
|
issue 2(3)
49-68
EN
The article describes life and activity of Antoni Ojrzynski (1871–1967), pharmacist, mountaineer and the keen bibliophile who gathered literature portraying possessions of the Polish society in the cognition and popularizing the Tatras and Podhale over the centuries. Collector displayed his fond of book already in school years, then he started independently broadening his knowledge with a view to filling gaps in the education. Beginning by Ojrzynski concentrating his own library was a result of the self-education. In the idea collection was supposed to have regional character, devoted to the Tatras and the Carpatian. A presence of many outstanding work concerning Tatra issues from 18th century, and ending on thirties 20th century in is characteristic for Ojrzynski collection. The outbreak of the World War II led for partial destroying the library. In order to protect it before more distant devastation in 1947 Ojrzynski handed over survive sets as the deposit to the library of the Polish Tatra Society in Cracow (nowadays known as The Central Mountain Library of Polish Tourist Country-Lovers' Society - Centralna Biblioteka Gorska PTTK). This library constitutes unusually valuable and endless source up till today to the research on history and the development of Podhale and the Tatras.
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