Search results - CEJSH

1

Involuntary Manslaughter in The New Romanian Penal Code

100%

Zazula B. A.

Journal of Legal Studies

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2015

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vol. 16

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issue 30

31-38

EN

The defense of the person‟s life and health represents a constant concern for all legal systems. The person’s life and health were protected as primary and absolute values of any society in any social regime, and state had the task of creating some mechanisms that would ensure the protection of the social values against some approaches that are not according to the law.

2

Zasada domniemania niewinności — próba spojrzenia materialnoprawnego

80%

Lipiński K.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2016

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vol. 41

55-71

EN

The article concerns the relationship between presumption of innocence and elements of the dogmatic structure of crime, particularly guilt. It appears that the presumption of innocence has nothing to do with guilt conceived as personalized blame, and it is doubtful to what extent — if at all — it extends to other elements of criminal act. The presumption of innocence seems to be domain of facts, not necessarily law.

3

Rozkład materialnego ciężaru dowodu w sprawach o zniesławienie

80%

Liżyńska K.

Nowa kodyfikacja prawa karnego

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2014

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vol. 32

31 - 41

EN

In defamation proceedings there occurs the reversal of roles with regards to the distribution of the burden of proof. The defendant, in order to gain impunity of his or her actions, must prove that his or her pleas made to the prosecutor are true. And when we deal with defamation made publicly, when it does not apply to persons performing public functions, the defendant must also prove that the plea was used to achieve socially legitimate interests. The author presents de lege lata and de lege ferenda conclusions trying to answer the question of whether the reversal of the general principles of substantial burden of proof is justified.

4

Guilt is never to be doubted? A novel experimental procedure

80%

Muniak P., Kulesza W.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2020

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vol. 51

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issue 1

44-50

EN

The literature shows that researchers used a wide variety of types of guilt manipulation. A common feature of these studies was that the subjects were not able to doubt their guilt. Additionally, these methods did not take into account the psychometric measurement of this emotion, as well as the possibility of simultaneously inducing other feelings, such as sadness or anger. In a carefully designed experiments, we found a method that is approachable to arrange, which additionally seems to be free from these methodological flaws. In our study participants were shown an arranged message suggesting that the experimenter’s work has been destroyed. In experiment 1 (N = 44), we showed that the method proposed by us significantly affects guilt. In experiment 2 (N = 89), we replicated our result, additionally demonstrating that our procedure significantly affected only the emotion of guilt (compared to other emotions) - which is a novelty. It also has been shown that complying with the request of the victim (conditional forgiveness) makes us feel less guilty, but it does not restore liking to this person - which was established by previous research. The discussion section summarizes the results, indicates their limitations, and proposes directions for future research.

5

Guilt of the employee and the liability for the damage inflicted on a third party – some remarks with regard to the polish labour code regulations

80%

Moras-Olaś K.

Roczniki Administracji i Prawa

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2016

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issue 16/2

351-361

PL

W przypadku wyrządzenia przez pracownika podczas wykonywania przez niego pracowniczych obowiązków szkody osobie trzeciej wyłącznie odpowiedzialnym za jej naprawienie jest pracodawca na podstawie art. 120 ustawy z dnia 26 czerwca 1974 r. Kodeks pracy. Regulacja ta nie przewiduje wprost żadnego wyjątku od odpowiedzialności pracodawcy powiązanej z wyłączeniem odpowiedzialności pracownika wobec osób trzecich. W doktrynie powszechnie jednak przyjmuje się, iż nie dotyczy to sytuacji wyrządzenia szkody z winy umyślnej. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę oceny zasadności takiego stanowiska, z uwzględnieniem analizy pojęcia winy w prawie pracy.

EN

In the case of causing by the employee in the performance of his labour duties damage to a third party solely responsible for its repair is the employer on the basis of art. 120 of the Act of June 26, 1974 Labour Code. This regulation does not expressly provide any exception. The scholarship generally accepts, however, that this regulation does not apply if the damage has been inflicted with intentional guilt. This article is an attempt to assess the correctness of such a standpoint, based on a thorough analysis of the concept of guilt in labour law.

6

The Unnatural in „Fair Eckbert”: a Struggle Arising from Desire and Guilt

71%

Jensen B. A.

Lublin Studies in Modern Languages and Literature

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2018

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vol. 42

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issue 2

DE

Der Band enthält die Abstracts ausschließlich in englischer Sprache.

EN

The sibling incest is an aspect that does not fit into the realistic (conscious), nature-related, or unreal (magical) action levels of this literary fairy tale. The reason for this unnatural sexuality may lie in the abnormally stunted forms of the desires and guilt exhibited by Bertha and Eckbert: unconscious versus purposeful striving and ethical ersus moral culpability. This article argues that only during their unnatural deaths in the respectively “wrong” realms does each partner gain the missing attributes so that their natural and normal existence is paradoxically – and romantically! – restored.

FR

Le numéro contient uniquement les résumés en anglais.

RU

Том содержит аннотаций на английском языке.

7

Psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Body and Apperance Self-conscious Emotions Scale (BASES)

70%

Razmus M., Razmus W., Stachyra A., Castonguay A. L., Sabiston C. M.

Roczniki Psychologiczne

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2018

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vol. 21

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issue 3

231-253

EN

The studies were aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of a Polish version of the Body and Appearance Self-Conscious Emotions Scale (BASES; Castonguay, Sabiston, Crocker, & Mack). In Study 1, data from student (n = 325) and community samples (n = 385) provided evidence for the four-factor structure of the Polish BASES and its adequate construct validity. Data from a separate sample (n = 443) in Study 2 supported the four-factor structure of the Polish BASES, as well as its convergent validity through significant correlations between BASES scores and other variables related to body image and well-being. Sex invariance was also tested and confirmed, although mean scores for guilt and shame were higher for women. The Polish BASES is an appropriate and psychometrically sound measure of body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions.

8

Sugar in disguise or healthy indulgence: A cross-cultural comparision of the perceptions of dietary vice/virtue bundles

70%

Jiraporn N., Charinsarn A. R., Sheridan M.

Management & Marketing

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2016

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vol. 11

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issue 2

410-430

EN

Consumers often choose virtue food to attain health goals and vice food to achieve indulgence goals. However, food and beverage companies have begun to nullify the vice and virtue categories by bundling vice and virtue ingredients into a single item (e.g. Yogurt with Oreo topping). This research contrasts how consumers from Asian and Western cultures evaluate such vice/virtue food bundles. Building on the perceptual processes and regulatory focus literatures, two cross-cultural experiments using participants in Thailand and the U.S. shows that Westerners prefer virtue-heavy bundles to vice-heavy bundles while Asians show similar preference across both types of bundle. Process measures revealed that Asians perceive greater fit between vice and virtue components in the bundles than Westerners and this perceived fit mediates the effect of culture on their food choice. Study 2 reveals the boundary condition. Specifically, when regulatory focus was manipulated, the effect of culture is no longer significant. The findings provide managerial implications for food and beverage companies as well as contributions to consumer behavior literature.

9

A comparative analysis of legal versus cultural and psychological connotations of the term ‘guilt’: implications for cognitive linguistics and for legal sciences

70%

Strębska-Liszewska K., Strębska-Liszewska K.

Linguistica Silesiana

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2020

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vol. 41

10

L’ABSURDE, UN MIROIR DU DÉSACCORD AVEC LE MONDE

70%

Dărăbuş C.

Concordia Discors vs Discordia Concors: Researches into Comparative Literature, Contrastive Linguistics, Cross-Cultural and Translation Strategies

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2009

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vol. 1

56-67

EN

Originating in existentialism, the absurd is a response offered by the analysis of the existence in the works of Franz Kafka and Dino Buzzati. The 20th century was a century of great innovations in the field of literature, of philosophy, of the arts in general. The preoccupation for the human condition is a form of responsibility for the human destiny. The elements invading Josef K. and Giovanni Drogo’s lives (the characters in The Trial and The Desert of the Tartars) all of a sudden are more powerful than their will; therefore their tragic end is explained not by the fact that they are guilty, but by their not being able to justify their existence.

11

Lord Jim: Between Shame and Guilt

70%

Pacukiewicz M.

Yearbook of Conrad Studies

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2021

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vol. 16

99-109

EN

Trying to classify the cultural patterns of behaviour, modern anthropology offers the distinction between “shame cultures” (which rely on external sanctions for good behaviour) and “guilt cultures” (which internalize the conviction of sin). Correspondingly, shame and guilt create specific ethos and therefore could be treated as factors indicating cultural meaning and function of the notion of honour in different cultural contexts. The article is an attempt to analyse the role of guilt and shame phenomena in the creation of Joseph Conrad’s Lord Jim.

12

Signs of the Subjective Element of Criminal Offences Against the Energy Security of Ukraine

70%

Hyrych O.

Internal Security

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2025

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vol. 17

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issue 2

45-58

PL

Zniszczenie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Ukrainy podważa stabilność gospodarczą, powoduje kryzys humanitarny poprzez przerwy w dostawach energii elektrycznej i ciepła oraz osłabia potencjał obronny kraju. Uszkodzenia infrastruktury energetycznej powodują masowe przerwy w dostawach energii elektrycznej, zakłócają pracę przedsiębiorstw i utrudniają życie ludności. Ważnym warunkiem skutecznego przeciwdziałania tym niebezpiecznym działaniom jest nakładanie odpowiednich sankcji za ich popełnienie, które są zapisane w przepisach prawa karnego. Dotyczy to w szczególności ustalenia elementów przestępstwa, w przypadku gdy udowodniono obecność ich wszystkich. Jasne zrozumienie przedmiotu, , strony obiektywnej i strony subiektywnej przestępstwa pozwala ustalić, jakie konkretne przestępstwo zostało popełnione i jaką konkretną odpowiedzialność karną należy zastosować. W każdym przypadku należy zwrócić szczególną uwagę na zbadanie strony subiektywnej. Strona subiektywna jest nie tylko jednym z elementów przestępstwa, ale także kluczową cechą pozwalającą zakwalifikować przestępstwo, odróżnić je od innych czynów społecznie niebezpiecznych oraz wymierzyć karę. Jednocześnie należy zaznaczyć, że obecność strony subiektywnej (winy) nie zawsze wystarcza do ustalenia całej treści (okoliczności) przestępstwa. Są to cechy opcjonalne, takie jak cel, motyw i stan emocjonalny. Udowodniono konieczność obowiązkowego ustalenia niektórych cech opcjonalnych w konkretnych przestępstwach w dziedzinie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Ukrainy. Na przykład udowodnienie istnienia celu jest warunkiem koniecznym do pociągnięcia winnej osoby do odpowiedzialności karnej. Chociaż motyw nie ma wpływu na kwalifikację, to w niektórych przypadkach sąd obowiązkowo bierze go pod uwagę jako okoliczność obciążającą. Biorąc pod uwagę wyniki badania, przedstawiono własną wizję dotyczącą prawidłowości stosowania środków prawa karnego w celu ochrony bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Ukrainy, gdzie cechy opcjonalne są obowiązkowe do wskazania.

DE

Die Zerstörung der Energiesicherheit der Ukraine erschüttert die wirtschaftliche Stabilität, verursacht durch Unterbrechungen der Strom- und Wärmeversorgung eine humanitäre Krise und schwächt die Verteidigungsfähigkeit des Landes. Die Schäden an der Energieinfrastruktur führen zu massiven Stromausfällen, stören den Betrieb von Unternehmen und erschweren das Leben der Bevölkerung. Eine wichtige Voraussetzung für eine wirksame Bekämpfung dieser gefährlichen Handlungen ist das Vorhandensein geeigneter Sanktionen für deren Begehung, die im Strafrecht festgelegt sind. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Feststellung der Straftatbestandsmerkmale, wenn das Vorhandensein aller Elemente nachgewiesen wurde. Ein klares Verständnis des Gegenstands, der objektiven und der subjektiven Seite der Straftat ermöglicht es festzustellen, welches konkrete Verbrechen begangen wurde und welche konkrete strafrechtliche Verantwortung anzuwenden ist. In jedem Fall sollte besonderes Augenmerk auf die Untersuchung der subjektiven Seite gelegt werden. Die subjektive Seite ist nicht nur ein Bestandteil der Straftat, sondern auch ein entscheidendes Merkmal, das es ermöglicht, die Straftat zu qualifizieren, sie von anderen sozial gefährlichen Handlungen zu unterscheiden und eine Strafe festzulegen. Gleichzeitig ist anzumerken, dass das Vorliegen eines obligatorischen subjektiven Merkmals (der Schuld) nicht immer ausreicht, um den gesamten Inhalt (die Umstände) einer Straftat festzustellen. Dabei handelt es sich um optionale Merkmale wie Ziel, Motiv und emotionalen Zustand. Es wurde nachgewiesen, dass bestimmte optionale Merkmale bei bestimmten Straftaten im Bereich der Energiesicherheit der Ukraine obligatorisch festgestellt werden müssen. Zum Beispiel ist der Nachweis eines Ziels eine notwendige Voraussetzung, um eine schuldige Person strafrechtlich zur Verantwortung zu ziehen. Obwohl die Motivation keinen Einfluss auf die Qualifikation hat, berücksichtigt das Gericht sie in einigen Fällen zwingend als erschwerende Umstände. Unter Berücksichtigung der Untersuchungsergebnisse wurde eine eigene Vision hinsichtlich der ordnungsgemäßen Anwendung strafrechtlicher Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Energiesicherheit der Ukraine vorgestellt, wobei optionale Merkmale zwingend anzugeben sind.

RU

Разрушение энергетической безопасности Украины подрывает экономическую стабильность, вызывает гуманитарный кризис из-за перебоев в снабжении электроэнергией и тепла, а также ослабляет обороноспособность страны. Повреждения энергетической инфраструктуры приводят к массовым перебоям в снабжении электроэнергией, нарушают работу предприятий и затрудняют жизнь населения. Важным условием эффективного противодействия этим опасным действиям является наличие соответствующих санкций за их совершение, которые закреплены в положениях уголовного права. Это касается, в частности, установления составных частей преступления в случае, когда доказано наличие всех его элементов. Четкое понимание предмета, объективной и субъективной сторон преступления позволяет определить конкретное преступление которое было совершено и какая конкретная уголовная ответственность должна быть применена. В каждом случае особое внимание следует уделять изучению субъективного аспекта. Субъективный аспект является не только одним из элементов преступления, но и ключевой особенностью, позволяющей классифицировать преступление, отличать его от других общественно опасных деяний и назначать наказание. При этом следует отметить, что наличие обязательного признака субъективной стороны (вины) не всегда достаточно для установления всего содержания (обстоятельств) преступления. Это факультативные признаки, как цель, мотив и эмоциональное состояние. Доказана необходимость обязательного установления некоторых факультативных признаков в конкретных преступлениях в сфере энергетической безопасности Украины. Например, доказательство наличия умысла является необходимым условием для привлечения виновного к уголовной ответственности. Хотя мотив не влияет на квалификацию, в некоторых случаях суд обязательно учитывает его в качестве отягчающего обстоятельства. С учетом результатов исследования представлено собственное видение правомерности применения мер уголовного права для защиты энергетической безопасности Украины, где факультативные признаки являются обязательными для указания.

EN

The destruction of Ukraine’s energy infrastructure and the undermining of its energy security threaten economic stability, generate humanitarian crises through electricity and heat outages, and weakens the country’s defence capacity. Damage to energy infrastructure results in large-scale power cuts, disrupts the functioning of enterprises, and significantly affects the daily lives of the population. An important prerequisite for the effective counteraction of such socially dangerous acts is the existence of adequate criminal sanctions, as provided for by criminal law. This is particularly relevant to the establishment of the constituent elements of a criminal offence, which requires proof of all its components. A clear understanding of the subject, object, objective element and subjective element of an offence enables the proper legal qualification of the act and the determination of the appropriate criminal liability. In each case, particular attention must be paid to the examination of the subjective element. The subjective element is not only one of the structural components of a criminal offence, but also a key criterion for its qualification, for distinguishing it from other socially dangerous acts, and for determining the appropriate punishment. However, the existence of a mandatory feature of the subjective element (guilt) is not always sufficient to establish the full scope of the offence. Optional features, such as purpose, motive and emotional state, may also be relevant. The study substantiates the necessity of establishing certain optional features in specific offences against the energy security of Ukraine. For instance, proving the existence of a specific purpose may constitute a necessary condition for imposing criminal liability. Although motive does not affect legal qualification, it may, in certain circumstances, be taken into account by the court as an aggravating factor. On the basis of the research findings, the author presents a position concerning the proper application of criminal law measures aimed at protecting Ukraine’s energy security, emphasising the obligatory establishment of relevant optional features.

13

Wina jako węzeł moralności

61%

Wiśniewski R.

Filozofia Chrześcijańska

|

2012

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vol. 9

7-21

EN

The author analyzes the main problems in defining semantic, psychological and social dimensions of conscience. Starting with etymology and with the research of linguistic tradition he distinguishes causative fault and guilt. Internalisation of guilt is treated as the most important issue for morality. This issue essentially creates a major “knot” of morality, however, it points to the objectified, social sense of guilt. From the perspective of conscience guilt reveals and makes possible genuine morality and the chance to adapt human own guilt in view of their personal development and of preserving dignity. The perspectives of the conscience analysis distinguished in the article require a thorough examination and discussion.

PL

The author analyzes the main problems in defining semantic, psychological and social dimensions of conscience. Starting with etymology and with the research of linguistic tradition he distinguishes causative fault and guilt. Internalisation of guilt is treated as the most important issue for morality. This issue essentially creates a major “knot” of morality, however, it points to the objectified, social sense of guilt. From the perspective of conscience guilt reveals and makes possible genuine morality and the chance to adapt human own guilt in view of their personal development and of preserving dignity. The perspectives of the conscience analysis distinguished in the article require a thorough examination and discussion.

14

“...Not by the German people, but in the name of the German people”. Adenauer and the Narrative of the Centre Ground

61%

Wild V., Ferdinand J.

Przegląd Zachodni

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2019

|

issue 3 (327)

221-248

EN

The study reconstructs the development of the historical narrative that Konrad Adenauer communicated in his public statements about National Socialism and the role of the Germans in it. It can be expressed in the succinct formula that the misdeeds of the regime had been committed “not by the German people but in their name”. In these few words we see the kernel of a historical narrative that was the general consensus for a long time in West German politics. Up to now no explicit, comprehensive analysis of the development of Adenauer’s narrative has been forthcoming, one that involved an engagement with his key speeches covering the whole of the post-war period down to his death in 1967.

15

Techniki siebie według Seneki

61%

Symbolae Philologorum Posnaniensium Graecae et Latinae

|

2012

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vol. 22

|

issue 2

23-31

EN

In the article the technologies of self-reflection described by Seneca in his moral essays are discussed. The analysis is based on Foucault’s distinction between two conceptions of technologies of the self created in Antiquity and Early Christianity. One of them is related to an idea of self-studying and auto-creation with reference to social (or religious) rules, what was the main principle in Christian system. Different conception concerns technologies of the self understood as a care of the self in absolute meaning. It is an idea in which happiness and good of an individual are formulated from the subjective point of view. Senecan concept of selfworking is the specific fusion of these two conceptions. Mnemonic technologies discovering Nature’s order in a human being are connected with independence on external world of objects. This stoic view modified by Seneca, who had focused his attention on a role of will and conscience in an examination of the self, is the main issue discussed in this article.

FR

L’article traite de la notion d’auto-réflexion décrite dans les essais de Séneque. La base de l’analyse est la distinction faite par Foucault, qui a identifié deux catégories des techniques de soi. Considérant les concepts auto-défini dans l’Antiquité et au début du christianisme, Foucault indique la méthode de Séneque comme l’idée reflétant ces deux catégories. Dans ce concept Séneque combine la conception stoicienne de la nécessité de découvrir les principes de la nature chez l’homme avec l’idée d’indépendance par rapport au monde extérieur, tant en physique et mentale. Cette méthode exige un engagement de volonté et de conscience, que Séneque définit comme un témoin et un juge d’ humain. Une création de soi dans le systeme de Séneque a été conçu pour développer une attitude de consentement a la réalité crée par fatum. Travailler sur soi doit conduire a une situation d’etre en harmonie avec soi-meme compatible avec une situation de consentir a des conditions de fatum.

16

Strona podmiotowa a wina – wzajemne relacje

61%

Kowalewska-Łukuć M.

Acta Iuris Stetinensis

|

2018

|

issue 21

183-194

PL

Artykuł porusza problematykę wzajemnych relacji między stroną podmiotową a winą w prawie karnym. W ramach analizy tych relacji naświetlone zostają dotychczasowe poszczególne teorie winy. Autorka artykułu podejmuje ponadto próbę uchwycenia istoty winy w oparciu o badania z dziedziny psychologii i filozofii. Poczynione w artykule ustalenia w przedmiocie winy zostały następnie zestawione z pojęciem strony podmiotowej w polskim prawie karnym.

EN

The article discusses the issue of mutual relations between the subjective side and the guilt in criminal law. As part of the analysis of these relations, the theories of guilt are highlighted. Moreover author attempts to establish the essence of guilt basing on psychological and philosophical findings. Conclusions about guilt made in article are then compared with the notion of the subjective side in Polish criminal law.

17

Students’ Coping with Mental States Caused by Intrapersonal Conflict

61%

Pitulko K., Li O., Kolosova O., Sedova T., Antonova N.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2022

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vol. 53

|

issue 1

8-14

EN

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of internal conflict’s intensity among students according to three parameters (loneliness, guilt, and resentment), taking into account digital technology use. The research was conducted in 2020 in Moscow (Russian Federation) among 98 university students, who were diagnosed with intrapersonal conflict. Interviewing methods and Gestalt therapy were used to reduce the intensity of internal conflicts. The level of three parameters among students at the beginning and at the end of the study was taken into account: loneliness, resentment, guilt. The number of students with a high level of loneliness decreased 25 times (p≤0.001) after therapy. The number of students with an average level of loneliness increased because students with a high level of loneliness moved into this category. The number of students with a maximum level of resentment decreased fivefold, and there was a 17-fold decrease in students with a high level of resentment (p≤0.001). There were no students with a maximum level of guilt after the consultation, while the number of students with a high level of guilt decreased only 0.5 times (p≤0.05) because students from the previous category moved to this one. The most popular activities among students were Internet use (100% of students), reading books (61 students, p≤0.05 compared to the Internet use), and watching TV (32 students, p≤0.01).

18

Identity in adolescence and emerging adulthood: relationships with emotional and educational factors

61%

Piotrowski K.

Polish Psychological Bulletin

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2013

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vol. 44

|

issue 3

266-276

EN

In the processual approach to identity, the role of the interaction between subjective and contextual factors in the process of its development is emphasized. Based on the model of Luyckx et al. (2008) relationships between identity and educational context, as well as the tendency to experience shame and guilt were analyzed.. 821 people aged from 14-25 and belonging to six educational groups: (1) lower secondary school, (2) basic vocational school, (3) technical upper secondary school, (4) general upper secondary school, (5) post-secondary school (medical rescue, massage therapy, cosmetology, occupational therapy) and (6) university, took part in the research. Two questionnaires were used: The Dimensions of Identity Development Scale (DIDS), to allow the measurement of the five dimensions of identity postulated by Luyckx et al (2008) and The Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2 (PFQ-2, Harder, Zalma, 1990) to measure of the shame and guilt proneness. The results show that general upper secondary school students in terms of the dimensions of identity are closer to lower secondary school students rather than to their peers from technical and vocational schools. Among general upper secondary school students not only was a higher intensity of an identity crisis observed, but also a strong tendency to experience shame and guilt. Among lower secondary school students and general upper secondary school students, people with diffusion and moratorium as identity statuses prevailed, while in the remaining groups the achievement and foreclosure identity were observed more frequently. A general relationship was also observed, namely, a greater tendency to experience shame was associated with a higher intensity of an identity crisis.

19

Сором і вина як фрагменти емотивної картини світу (на матеріалі української фраземіки)

61%

Zahnitko A., Krasnobayeva-Chorna Z.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

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2022

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vol. 1

273–286

EN

The article belongs to the series of publications devoted to the investigation of fundamental human emotions representated in Ukrainian phrasal verbs. The article examines the psychophysiological patterns of emotions of shame and guilt in Ukrainian phraseology. The subject of the article includes denotation phrases of shame and guilt in the Ukrainian language. A parametric analysis of the semantic structure of the phrase is used as the main method. In Ukrainian phraseology, the studies of the pantomimic expressions of shame and guilt are consistent with cross-cultural explorations and descriptions of fundamental human emotions actualized in kinesthetic phrases. Vegetative body reactions to shame are represented by heat and redness. The eyes, face and body are the main non-verbal indicators of shame and guilt. However, the loci of shame are the soul and the heart. In the Ukrainian culture, there is a connection between shame and public opinion and reputation. Shame and guilt threaten with a potential loss of reputation. The emotion of guilt is also predicated by the intention to ‘scapegoating’ and marked by negative concepts (swamp, dirt, mud, sludge).

20

Artykuł 28 § 1 k.k. po nowelizacji z dnia 20 lutego 2015 r. Uwagi na temat konieczności oddzielania strony podmiotowej czynu zabronionego od winy

61%

Zbigniew J.

Studia Iuridica

|

2016

|

issue 65

25-40

PL

The object of analysis is the amended art. 28 § 1 of the Penal Code, which stipulates that „whoever commits an act while being in justifiable error as to a circumstance constituting a feature of an prohibited act, shall not commit a crime”. The new regulation of 28 § 1 of the Penal Code is the next attempt to statutorily define the concept of an offence based on the methodology of a strict separation of the object of evaluation from the evaluation itself, that is, primarily a radical separation of mens rea of a prohibited act from guilt. Therefore, the authors of the change have consistently attempted to eliminate all normative attributes from the scope of „recklessness” and „negligence”. This is a result of the view that assumes a pure descriptive character of the set of criminal offence features (Ger. „Tatbestand”) including subjective features (offences of intentional and unintentional character). In this context, acts committed while being in justifiable error as to a circumstance constituting a feature of a prohibited act exclude guilt, however the fulfilment of the features of criminal acts of unintentional character is limited to the fulfilment of objective features (a consequence of the concept of the unintentional character of an offence as a plain negation of intent). The negative wording of art. 1 § 3 of the Penal Code, the objective and general interpretation of the term found in art. 9 § 2 „could have foreseen” (a transfer of the so-called objective foreseeability to the category of objective attribution) and the concept of committing an act while being in justifiable error as to a circumstance constituting a feature of a prohibited act excluding guilt lead, in the area of unintentional character of an offence, to the presumption of guilt on the basis of the fulfilling only the objective features of a criminal act. The author of the article demonstrates the inaccuracy of this argument for a strictly descriptive character of the features of a prohibited act, and in particular the features of intent (intentional character of an offence). The object of intent (a feature of a criminal offence) has a evaluative character (evaluation), therefore determining intent can generally constitute a premise for accepting guilt (intended), unless the circumstance of excluding guilt exceptionally occurs. In the case of an unintentional character of an act, such a relation does not occur, and the guarantee functions (the rule of positive establishment of the perpetrator’s guilt) thus require subjective (specific and individual evaluation) interpretation of the premise „could have foreseen” found in art. 9 § 2 of the Penal Code.

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