Search results - CEJSH

1

Individualism and civic participation – an essay on a certain way of thinking about citizenship

100%

Plecka (Karnowska) D.

Political Preferences

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2013

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issue 4

89-98

EN

Individualism, although inherently contrary to the spirit of collectivism, is the basis for the development of modern civic attitudes. For the most part, individualism determines the degree of interest in politics and the quality of democracy. Individualism is also the basis for the development of civil society, as the unique characteristics of each individual impact the civil society dynamics, quality and impact on those in power.

2

Individualism and the Social Contract as Expressions of the Critical Genesis of the State in light of the Views of N. Machiavelli and Th. Hobbes

100%

Małek R.

Folia Philosophica

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2015

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vol. 34

EN

The article discusses modern theories of individualism as the basis of the social contract and hence as the source of the modern state. The author analyses N. Machiavelli’s and Th. Hobbes’ concepts of the state, which emerged as a response to a situation where scholastic visions of the state and the human being had lost their appeal. He also draws attention to the fact that the study of human nature and the ways to control it is the goal of modern political philosophies and that passion as the driving force of human actions first appeared in political philosophical thought thanks to Machiavelli, later to be taken up and developed by Hobbes. According to Machiavelli, individualism is based in a specific self seeking fulfillment, which can attain set goals thanks to two driving forces: virtue and fortune. Machiavelli’s individual treats others as objects; the goal of their actions is the desire for profit. Machiavelli’s thought-a prince establishes the state and devotes himself entirely to it (which is also good for the others as it takes them out of the state of war)-is taken up by Hobbes. A human being is guided by the senses-men have wants and desires. The life’s goal is self-fulfillment; the highest good, self preservation. As in Machiavelli, the pursuit of self realization (striving for peace, that is avoiding war for fear of death) leads to the social contract. The social contract is not the common will of the society but a consensus reached by the parties regarding giving up some of the individual rights, that is a consensus reached by all individuals. Hence, by realizing the self, people realize peace, that is the highest good for individuals (of course, both the state of war and the state of peace are only hypothetical- constructs which justify the State, not empirical facts). In both views the prince is one (for himself), everybody can be the prince, and it is impossible not to want to be the prince (quitting the pursuit means death). The pursuit of the fulfillment of the ego is the only course of action for the prince, and at the same time a course of action good for all other princes by virtue of the social contract. This is the meaning of the state- a contract between princes: always together and always apart.

3

Wspólnotowe społeczeństwa a wzrost gospodarczy. Mechanizmy oddziaływania

100%

Maziarz M.

Ekonomia. Wrocław Economic Review

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2016

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vol. 22

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issue 1

35-48

EN

Recent econometric research showed that there is a positive correlation between collectivism of a society and economic development. In this article, I aim at analyzing the causal mechanisms that connect this dimension of culture and economic efficiency. On the base of the conducted meta-analysis of questionnaires, case studies and other empirical research, I coined the following four possible causal mechanisms that make economies of collectivist-oriented societies grow faster: (1) more efficient business relations among economic agents; (2) rarer egoistic behaviours; (3) increased security due to belonging to a group and (4) positive influence on innovativeness.

4

Conceptual Focus in Social Encounters: the Case of Directives

100%

Pulaczewska H.

Lodz Papers in Pragmatics

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2010

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vol. 6

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issue 1

171-189

EN

The present analysis focuses on highlighting the conceptual focus on groups as a specific property of discourse in young peer groups of Polish speakers. Its alternative is the conceptual focus on individual interlocutors; the latter is implicitly assumed to be an interactive norm in a vast body of pragmatic studies dealing with the performance of speech acts in both monolingual and comparative setups. The analysis is based on empirical material comprising interaction in young peer groups in Poland, Great Britain and Germany under constant experimental conditions, made possible by the international commercial project "Big Brother" belonging to the genre of reality T.V.

5

Kulturowe ramy stylów radzenia sobie ze stresem. Rola indywidualizmu, kolektywizmu i afiliacyjności

100%

Probosz K., Sobczyk A.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia Psychologica

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2012

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vol. 5

101-111

EN

The purpose of this study was to test the association between individualistic, collectivistic and affiliative orientation and stress coping style. It was hypothesised that highly individualistic subjects will mainly choose change, self-blame and problem oriented styles, highly collectivistic subjects will choose emotional regulation and imitative coping style, whereas highly affiliative subjects will prefer the acting out style, defined as a tendency to express negative emotions and discuss problems with others. The Polish version of Lazarus and Folkman’s Ways of Coping Questionnaire (adapted by Łosiak) and Adamska’s Individualism, Collectivism and Affiliativity Questionnaire were used. Individualism was positively correlated with problem orientation, collectivism was positively correlated with resignation and situation accepting styles and negatively correlated with emotional regulation. The affiliative orientation was positively associated with problem orientation and imitative coping styles. The preferred coping style depends on the dominant social orientation.

6

Individualizmus, sloboda a občianstvo ako problém novovekej politickej filozofie

100%

Olejník Ľ.

Prosopon. Europejskie Studia Społeczno-Humanistyczne

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2012

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issue 1(3)

47-53

EN

The author analyzes such aspects of modern political philosophy as: indivdualism, freedom and society development.

7

Próby de Montaigne’a, czyli apologia życia prywatnego

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Waśkiewicz A.

ARGUMENT: Biannual Philosophical Journal

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2022

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vol. 12

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issue 1

11-26

EN

De Montaigne’s Essays, or the apology of private life: The paper presents Michel de Montaigne’s Essays as an apology of his life on the margin of society. Montaigne lives at the time of a civil war in which he refuses to take sides; accordingly, the only thing that he absolutely expects from national government is for it to guarantee peace in the realm. His expectations of the institutional Church are similarly minimalist. Universally respected laws should safeguard public order; all those who invoke philosophical wisdom or religious revelation do is destroy that order. The truly wise ancient philosophers lived outside the polis, aware that it is not reason but common sense that forms its foundation. Having no competences to run a polity, the philosopher has no particular obligations toward it, either. And yet, even with his sceptical philosophy and egocentric personality, Montaigne does not shut himself in an ivory tower, but merely protects his privacy, the right to devote his time to himself. As any philosopher, he highly treasures friendship, which he regards as an intimate relationship, a communion of two souls merged into one. Nonetheless, he needs other people, too, even if it is only to share his thoughts with them: he needs their judgment on his own reflection. He presents this reflection in the Essays in a novel way, drawing the attention to himself, something for which he does not intend to explain himself. For he regards stupidity, including his own stupidity, as a natural human vice; his essays are designed to protect him against it, and him alone, as he will not embark on a crusade against stupidity of others. He does not make his life part of any great narrative: he lives for himself, but he does not argue that the readers of the Essays should imitate him in that. For Montaigne consistently avoids any kind of categorical moralising or viewing human life in terms of obligations.

8

Rodzina w świadomości społecznej. Co (kto) tak naprawdę stanowi rodzinę? Społeczne (re)konstruowanie definicji rodziny

100%

Herudzińska M. H.

Wychowanie w Rodzinie

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2012

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vol. VI

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issue (2/2012)

15-41

EN

“Everyday life” used to be the kingdom of the standard, the principle, the code. It used to be a home to traditions, heritage, habits, and customs [...] It used to be as it had always been because it probably couldn’t have been different [...]. [...] This is what it used to be like. Today, it has changed. Assuming, firstly, that human beings are the prime movers in the social structure because of their ability to produce, reproduce, create the society and its structures by means of free choices in given boundary conditions, and, secondly, that the contemporary Polish family is facing transformation and not a crisis, the author reflects on the social (re)construction of the definition of the family. The author begins with reviewing the definitions of the family existing in the Polish legislation, in the literature on the subject as well as the definition of marriage in the Canon Law. It is followed by the reflection on the definition of the nuclear family, which has been deeply rooted in the literature on the subject since the 1960s (the concept is considered to have been developed by the American anthropologist George Peter Murdock) and the definition of the family proposed by T. Szlendak, which will make it possible to consider the diverse forms of human relationships existing nowadays and, at the same time, to overcome the limitations of Murdock’s definition. The paper confronts the above definitions with the models and patterns of the family life present in the social consciousness, referring both to the naturally occurring data and empirical material based on the author’s research. In collecting the latter, the author employed several research methods and techniques. The results include a socio-visual narrative created by young people presenting their ideas of the family by means of photographs.

PL

„Codzienność” była nazwą królestwa normy, reguły, kodeksu. Była siedzibą tradycji, dziedzictwa, nawyku i zwyczaju [...]. Była taka, jaka zawsze była i będzie, bo pewnie inną być nie mogła [...]. [...] Tak było niegdyś. Dziś już tak nie jest. Przyjmując, po pierwsze, założenie o sprawczej roli jednostki ludzkiej w strukturze społecznej – jej zdolności do produkcji, kreacji społeczeństwa i jego struktur przez dokonywanie wolnych wyborów w danych warunkach brzegowych oraz, po drugie, tezę o przemianach w życiu współczesnej rodziny polskiej, a nie jej kryzysie, autorka przedmiotem rozważań czyni społeczne (re)konstruowanie definicji pojęcia rodzina. Krótki przegląd definicji rodziny funkcjonujących w polskim systemie prawnym, w literaturze przedmiotu, a także definicji małżeństwa w prawie kanonicznym, poprzedza rozważania nad, mocno zakorzenioną od lat 60. XX wieku, definicją rodziny nuklearnej (za twórcę której uznaje się ameryńkańskiego antropologa George’a P. Murdocka) i propozycją definicji rodziny wysuniętą przez Tomasza Szlendaka, która, w jego założeniach, ma umożliwić uwzględnienie współczesnej mozaiki form współżycia ludzi i jednocześnie pokonać ograniczenia definicji Murdocka. Autorka podejmuje próbę ich konfrontacji, przede wszystkim z funkcjonującymi w świadomości społecznej modelami, a także (dominującymi w Polsce) wzorami życia rodzinnego, opierając się na źródłach zastanych oraz wywołanych. Podczas gromadzenia tych ostatnich posłużyła się kilkoma metodami oraz technikami badawczymi. Owocem tego przedsięwzięcia jest m.in. narracja socjowizualna, której autorami są młodzi ludzie, przekazujący – za pośrednictwem fotografii – swoje wyobrażenie o tym, czym jest dla nich rodzina.

9

Typ orientacji społecznej a sposób konstruowania własnej tożsamości przez młodych dorosłych

100%

Czyżowska D., Gurba E., Białek A.

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2012

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vol. 17

|

issue 3

57-68

EN

The research investigates the relationship between an individual’s social orientation and their identity style. The identity style is understood, following Berzonsky (1989), as the manner in which important life decisions are taken, including those related to one’s identity and ways of coping with everyday problems. Having anticipated differences in ways of constructing identity, decision-making, and coping with problems, the author distinguishes three identity styles: informational, normative, and diffuse-avoidant. In turn, the research in social orientations distinguishes an individualistic and a collectivistic orientation (Reykowski, 1999). They are understood as forms of mentality connected with basic intuitions and beliefs related to the question of which type of a relation between an individual and the community is proper and just. The conducted research verifi ed the existence of sex differences in the construction of identity styles and adopted social orientation, as well as the relation between an individual’s identity style and their social orientation. Berzonsky’s revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-3) and a questionnaire for the measurement of vertical and horizontal collectivism and individualism (KIRH; Adamska, Retowski, Konarski, 2005) were used to determine an individual’s identity style and social orientation, respectively. The KIRH enabled to identify two types collectivism (vertical and horizontal) and two types of individualism. The sample consisted of 657 subjects (340 female and 317 male), between 22 and 40 years of age. The conducted analysis revealed differences between female and male subjects as regards identity styles and social orientations as well as the relation between certain identity styles and specifi c social orientations.

10

ZUNIWERSALIZOWANY INDYWIDUALIZM, CZYLI TOŻSAMOŚĆ GLOBALISTYCZNA

100%

Pastuszewski S.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

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2019

|

issue 1(96)

49-59

EN

Since 1950, from the time of rapid acceleration of the globalization process, there have been significant changes in the sphere of human identity. Human identity became liquidated and detached from the communities. The model of an individualized individual identity was developed. This process creates a number of dangers in the personal and social areas. The feeling of lack and loneliness increases, and all this process gave birth to – by a Eric’s Fromm – conception of escape from freedom. This article is an attempt to describe these dangers and suggest measures to reduce their impact.

11

Typ orientacji społecznej a sposób konstruowania własnej tożsamości przez młodych dorosłych

100%

Czyżowska D., Gurba E., Białek A.

Psychologia Rozwojowa

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2012

|

vol. 17

|

issue 3

57-68

EN

The research investigates the relationship between an individual’s social orientation and their identity style. The identity style is understood, following Berzonsky (1989), as the manner in which important life decisions are taken, including those related to one’s identity and ways of coping with everyday problems. Having anticipated differences in ways of constructing identity, decision-making, and coping with problems, the author distinguishes three identity styles: informational, normative, and diffuse-avoidant. In turn, the research in social orientations distinguishes an individualistic and a collectivistic orientation (Reykowski, 1999). They are understood as forms of mentality connected with basic intuitions and beliefs related to the question of which type of a relation between an individual and the community is proper and just. The conducted research verifi ed the existence of sex differences in the construction of identity styles and adopted social orientation, as well as the relation between an individual’s identity style and their social orientation. Berzonsky’s revised Identity Style Inventory (ISI-3) and a questionnaire for the measurement of vertical and horizontal collectivism and individualism (KIRH; Adamska, Retowski, Konarski, 2005) were used to determine an individual’s identity style and social orientation, respectively. The KIRH enabled to identify two types collectivism (vertical and horizontal) and two types of individualism. The sample consisted of 657 subjects (340 female and 317 male), between 22 and 40 years of age. The conducted analysis revealed differences between female and male subjects as regards identity styles and social orientations as well as the relation between certain identity styles and specifi c social orientations.

12

Sense of Community and its Sustenance in Africa

88%

Oyeshile O.

Human Affairs

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2007

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vol. 17

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issue 2

230-240

EN

There is no gainsaying the fact that Africa is inundated with many problems which have made the development and the attainment of social order, conceived in normative terms, daunting tasks. It is also a fact that there are many causes of this scenario such as political marginalization, ethnic chauvinism, economic mismanagement, religious bigotry and corruption in its various facets. However, in this disquisition we identify the lack of the development, internalization and application of the sense of community, loosely tagged community consciousness, as a major factor that has aggravated the African crisis and which if addressed can reverse the order of things positively. It is the contention of this paper that fundamentally in the case of Africa, as shown in countries like the Democratic Republic of Congo, Sudan, Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Liberia and Nigeria, there has been a blind pursuit of private or individual interests to the detriment of the public sphere or public good. Ironically too, when leaders put up repressive laws in the pretense to pursue the public good, the underlying motive has always been the pursuit of selfish private whims and caprices. We noted that in contemporary Africa a major way towards a desired level of social order and development consists in engendering the required sense of community (a situation in which there is mutual co-operation, interdependence and fellow-feeling) on which other developments can be predicated. Although, the quest and realization of the sense of community is not a grand solution to our myriad of problems in Africa, at least it forms the basis on which we can start to address our problems in Africa in a meaningful way.

13

ИСТИНА И ВЫМЫСЕЛ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ МИХАИЛА ВРУБЕЛЯ КИЕВСКОГО ПЕРИОДА

88%

Лагутенко О.

Conversatoria Litteraria

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2016

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vol. 10

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issue -

517-528

RU

The statement of Vrubel "Truth is in the beauty" has become a key in his creativity. The interweaving of canonicity and subjectivity, religiosity and individualism, ancient and modern, reality and fiction is indicative in the works of the artist and in the memoirs of contemporaries about him.

14

From Equality of Opportunity to the Society of Equals

88%

Rosanvallon P.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2015

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vol. 2

83-95

EN

Any attempt to reaffirm equality as a fundamental democratic value faces two tasks: it must respond to social and cultural changes accompanying the most recent phase of capitalist development, and it must reactivate the original context of the democratic transformation that brought equality to prominence, in close conjunction with other aspects of an innovative vision. At the outset, equality was interpreted in terms of “a world of similar human beings, a society of autonomous individuals, and a community of citizens”. In this context, equality was closely linked to liberty, but their interconnections were also open to historical changes. Later developments – including the shift to a more organized kind of capitalism, two world wars and the rise of a temporarily successful rival version of modernity – led to significant upgradings of equality. But during the past half-century, the case for equality has been undermined by historical trends. Mutations of the capitalist economy, on the level of organization as well as production, and the disappearance of a really existing alternative, lent support to a new type of individualism. Drawing on Simmel’s distinction between the individualism of similarity and the individualism of distinction, the present phase can be interpreted as a radicalization and democratization of the individualism of distinction into an individualism of singularity. A social-liberal strategy, aiming at a reconciliation of liberty and equality, must take this new individualism on board and understand it as a social relationship, thus maintaining critical distance from neo-liberal ideology.

15

Individualism in Karel Vorovka’s Scepsis and Gnosis

88%

Vodička M.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2021

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vol. 69

|

issue Special_Issue_1

69-79

EN

The article traces elements of individualism in Skepsis and Gnosis, the main work of the Czech mathematician and philosopher Karel Vorovka (1879–1929). The goal is to describe the specific form in which individualism manifests itself in Vorovka’s thinking and how it differs from radical individualism, as described by Masaryk in his Humanistic Ideals. For this purpose, the article presents an analysis of two main concepts of Vorovka’s work – the concepts of conviction and gnosis. The purpose of conviction is to differentiate the philosopher from the rest of the society by creating his identity and “sealing it” in front of both himself and other people, and for this reason the author considers it an individualistic theme. Gnosis is Vorovka’s method of how one can achieve an authentic conviction, which is by committing individual acts of faith and by attempting autognosis – mystic attempts at attaining self-knowledge. In the final section, Vorovka’s individualistic position is analysed as diverging from the position of radical individualism, which Masaryk in his Humanistic Ideals practically equates with solipsism and ethical egoism.

16

The problem of gerontocracy in Africa: The Yorùbá perspective as illustrated in the Ifá corpus

88%

Adegbindin O.

Human Affairs

|

2011

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vol. 21

|

issue 4

454-469

EN

In the field of African philosophy, there exists the belief among the modernists or professional philosophers that gerontocracy is coterminous with authoritarian traditions in traditional Africa which, supposedly, are responsible for the lack of sustained curiosity to look at issues from different perspectives. Drawing from the Ifá literary corpus as a store-house for Yorùbá philosophy, I argue in this paper that gerontocracy in Africa does not construe the idea that the elderly in Africa are rigid in thoughts or have immutable authority which discourages independence of thought. I conclude that the position of the modernists on the supposed manifestation of authoritarianism in Africa derives its continuing force from a conception of philosophy which gives special overtones to the ideas of individuals as opposed to a collectivistic system of thought and the assumption that the multitude cannot produce philosophy.

17

Nowa polityka Wprowadzenie do ewolucyjności

88%

Korab-Karpowicz W. J.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2017

|

issue 48

23-34

EN

This article introduces a vision of the new politics that emerges from my recent book Tractatus Politico‑Philosophicus. The Tractatus discusses a number of topics. To name just a few, these are: politics, human nature, the state, freedom, solidarity, democracy, civilization, family and marriage, power, international relations, war and peace. Also, it introduces new words, such as sophocracy, ennobled democracy; nativeculturalism (an alternative to multiculturalism); or parentsexuality, a privileged form of sexuality. It addresses many issues that concern today’s political thinkers. The main objective of my work is to demonstrate the necessity of, and provide a guide for, the redirection of humanity. The piece argues that this paradigm shift must involve changing the character of social life and politics from competitive to cooperative, encouraging moral and intellectual virtues, providing foundations for happy societies, promoting peace among countries and building a strong international community. The article attempts to show that the essence of politics is not a struggle for power, which can only be its derivative meaning, but rather the ability to organize society for cooperation and actualize a good life. It also reminds humanity of its high task, which is moral and intellectual perfection, and advancing human evolution.

18

Religion and Individualism in Modernity. Reflections on the Occasion of a Pandemic.

88%

Vázquez García-Peñuela J. M.

Academicus. International Scientific Journal

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2020

|

issue 22

9-20

EN

Modernity in the West had, among other things, the effect of encouraging people to distance themselves, especially from the more cultivated classes, from ecclesiastical structures, at first, and then from the Christian religion itself. This distancing had incidence on individualism, which also led to a modern vision of man and society. This paper discusses the main philosophical, political and cultural motives that directly influenced, especially after the French Revolution, the accelerated process of secularization. This process led to the skeptical and post-metaphysical attitude of the post-modernity of the 20th century. Unlike previous ones, it was a century in which atheism was not an attitude of few individuals among the intellectuals but it spread also to large groups of citizens. However, since the last two decades of the 20th century and the first decades of the 21st, some changes can be perceived that could indicate a return of interest towards religion in the West.

19

Rudolf Steiner o wolności człowieka

88%

Baranowska M., Fiktus P.

Kultura i Edukacja

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2017

|

issue 3(117)

29-42

EN

The purpose of the article was the analysis of two topics: the freedom and new society in Steiner’s philosophy. Steiner in The Philosophy of Freedom postulates that the world is essentially an indivisible unity. He suggests, that freedom can only be approached gradually with the aid of the creative activity of thinking. The ability to think and act independently is a possibility for modern consciousness. The process of free action also includes the liberation from given (unreflected) natural driver, instincts and the commands of reason or authorities. The free action, are those for which we are fully conscious of the motive. He concludes, that freedom is the spiritual activity of penetrating with consciousness our own nature. The most striking feature of Anthroposophy will be deemed, at first sight, to be the cultivation of the soul’s inward life and the opening of the eyes to a spiritual world. But these doctrines are the foes of real life. The best situation would result if one would give people free way. He has the trust that they would find their direction themselves.

20

The Sociocultural and Economic Premises of Quality of Governance and Bureaucratic Efficiency in Central East European Regions in the Context of the EU

88%

Hryniewicz J. T.

Polish Sociological Review

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2021

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vol. 214

|

issue 2

183-198

EN

The aim of this paper is to analyze the impact of historically shaped sociocultural factors and economic resources on the quality of governance and bureaucratic efficiency in Central East European regions. Eastern Europe’s economic heritage is of greater significance for social capital than is affiliation with Catholic or Protestant cultural circles. The impact of individualism on the quality of governance is indirect. Individualism favors trust and self-organizing, and the rivalry and pressure of interest groups contributes to the quality of governance at the national and regional level. In EU regions as a whole, social capital is more important for the quality of governance and bureaucratic efficiency than GDP. In CEE regions, the administrative entities involved in spending EU funds work with greater efficiency than might be expected given the regions’ low economic resources and social capital.

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