Search results - CEJSH

1

Pojem významu ve světle pražské poetiky a estetiky

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Kubínová M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 2

98-102

EN

The word “meaning” appears often in the work of Jan Mukařovský. He does not, however, define this concept explicitly; thus we must deduce its content retrospectively, based on individual instances of its use. We then encounter a surprising ambiguity manifested even within a single text in literature studies. That is, when Mukařovský describes the structure of a literary work, he refers to its three basic components: sound, meaning and theme. “Meaning” is thus associated explicitly with merely one particular aspect of the text. But Mukařovský then goes on to say that thematic elements (motifs) operate as bearers of meaning in literary texts, and even that meaning should be understood as the “common denominator” of all components. Meaning in a strictly linguistic sense is thus rivaled by meaning of artistic form – i.e. the entire aesthetic effect in which the equivalent of the “meaning-aesthetic object” can be found. This “meaning-aesthetic object”, discussed in Mukařovský’s works on aesthetics, is at the same time characteristically presented as the fluctuating component of the work; with respect to the recipient as a historical variable, the Prague School preconceives the issue of the fluctuating identity of a work and several methodological principles of reception aesthetics.

2

Argentinská španělština: mezi indiánskými jazyky a italštinou

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Zajícová L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 3

202-218

EN

The article opens with a brief overview of past and present research activities in the field of Argentine Spanish, and of the most important publications in recent years. Then it summarizes the most important characteristics of Argentine Spanish in its phonetic, morphosyntactic and lexical levels. Based on a comparison of several important peculiarities, like the pronunciation of the /y-/ at the beginning of a syllable, the /-s/ at the end of a syllable and the phenomenon voseo, which affects pronouns and verb morphology, the article points out the main differences between the regional varieties of Argentine Spanish. Finally, the article gives a brief description of Argentine dialect zones, pointing out the historical, social and linguistic causes of the variation of Argentine Spanish.

3

Mluvená čeština v televizních debatách: korpus DIALOG

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Čmejrková S., Jílková L., Kaderka P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 4

243-269

EN

The DIALOG corpus is one of two collections of spoken language gathered in the audio-visual studio at the Czech Language Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences. The article begins by recalling the establishment of the corpus in 1997 as part of the project “Dialogue in a World of People and Machines”, defines the aim motivating the collection of data for this corpus, formulates distinctive criteria for this corpus as a specifically “spoken” one in terms of time, interaction and genre and partially even as topic-specific, and attempts to define the types of spoken dialogues which the corpus can aid in analysing. It characterizes speech in the media, which makes up a focal point here, and details the procedures for storing audio and video recordings of this speech and the resulting transcriptions. The second part provides an overview of the fundamentals of transcription systems and offers theoretical support for transcription method selection as determined by the aim of capturing segmental, supra-segmental, sequential, para-linguistic and extra-linguistic phenomena, including several examples of practical solutions. The third part reports on how this corpus has been thus far utilized in linguistic research, both in the creation of a contemporary Czech theory of dialogue and in the analysis of specific features of spoken Czech. The article concludes by detailing the prospects for further use of this corpus.

4

Úvahy o Mathesiově pojetí vědy, jazyka a gramatiky

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 2

83-97

EN

The then-non-standard conviction of V. Mathesius – that science is an ongoing process of constructing truth and that human cognition represents a simplified reduction or epistemological stylization of experience – now appears to be in accordance with major present-day philosophical approaches. Mathesius’s viewpoint followed primarily from his pronounced activist nature and self-reliant way of thinking, partly influenced by the ideas of E. Sapir, A. Marty, and analytical philosophy. In this study, the philosophical ambience of the Prague Linguistic Circle at that time is also examined. Mathesius understood language as communicative competence, implying communication skills in addition to the system of means. Given that he viewed the utterance (the processes of its encoding and decoding) as alegitimate object of linguistic study, he appears to be a predecessor to modern text linguistics. This study reconsiders Mathesius’s functional grammar project, inspects the development of the ideas behind it more closely and states its psycholinguistic basis.

5

Jazyk československý na českých a slovenských středních školách mezi učebními osnovami z let 1919 a 1927

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Šmejkalová M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 1

32-47

EN

The official attempt to introduce the “Czechoslovak language” as a common state language with two literary varieties, Czech and Slovak, influenced the overall concept of teaching the mother tongue, and its application in schools caused strained relations between Czech and Slovak secondary schools shortly after the birth of the Czechoslovak state. The first curricula for the teaching of the “Czechoslovak language” during this period revealed a marked imbalance in the scope of the subject matter between its Czech and Slovak variants. The demands for the knowledge and skills in the second variety of the literary language were higher for Slovak students than for the Czech students, which was considered unjust by much of the Slovak public as well as in Czech professional circles. This was the main impetus for the creation of the new curricula drafted following extensive discussions in a special committee headed by Jaroslav Vlček and the correction of the deficiencies which had been the object of criticism. The process of creating these new curricula thus revealed not only the efforts to eliminate the imbalanced situation, but also the close connections between secondary and post-secondary school education, linguistics and school administration in the Czechoslovak Republic prior to World War II.

6

Existenciální věty v historické perspektivě: osudy indoevropského *es-

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Savický N. P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 4

261-269

EN

In many languages, existential sentences form a separate type, not only in a semantic sense, but also in their formal aspect (surrounded by a belt of transitional phenomena). In Indo-European, the verb *es- expressed the meaning of existence and was opposed to zero copula. As this verb attained the function of copula (e.g. in West European languages), in many cases the need for new means of earmarking the existential meaning appeared. This led to the formation of constructions of the type there is, il y a, es gibt, hay; this process supported the tendency opposing the prevailing direction of movement towards unification of syntactic structures. Delbrück, for example, expressed doubts as to where the real subject was in the sentence es ist ein Gott. These facts arouse a special interest from the standpoint of a theory which seeks the dialectical unity of analogising and anomalistic tendencies in the development of languages.

7

Modely řečové produkce v současné psycholingvistice

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Bordag D.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 3

180-193

EN

The purpose of this article is to introduce three psycholinguistic models of speech production: the Levelt Model, the Interactive Activation Model of G. Dell and the Independent Network Model of A. Caramazza. The architecture of the models and the processes they assume are described and compared. The models differ both in the data on which their authors base their claims, and also in some crucial assumptions like succession of activation of the three basic networks of speech production (semantic, grammatical and phonological), the mechanisms of selection of the individual units within these networks and the presence or absence of feedback between them, etc.

8

Řeč hudby a řeč o hudbě

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 1

3-18

EN

This essay discusses several topics concerning the relations between language (linguistics) and music (musicology). The first section deals with the problems of the semiotic interpretation of music (instrumental and absolute) and finds that the difficulties in arriving at clear-cut solutions to them follow from the problematic and unclear status of the signatum of musical works. In the following section, the question of “musical content” is discussed on the basis of two classically opposing standpoints: aesthetic autonomy and aesthetic heteronomy. A further issue examined is the existential mode of musical works (with emphasis on their interpretive essence) and the position of “text” in musical discourse. A small set of established Italian and Czech terms indicating the manner of execution are examined and their semantic vagueness and heterogeneity stated. The final section briefly comments on the various manners and genres of talking and writing about music. In particular, several texts from sleeve notes are critically examined and the usefulness as well as the problematic musicological status and mixed linguo-stylistic qualities of various concert guides, program booklets, etc. are examined.

9

Řečový akt, řečové jednání a komunikační funkce výpovědi

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Hirschová M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 3

163-173

EN

The article deals with the meaning and mutual relations of the terms speech act, speech action (Sprachhandlung) and communicative function of an utterance. The author’s goal is to determine whether they can be considered synonymous. While the term speech act is synonymous with ‘illocutionary act’, the conceptual meaning of the other two terms differs. Though it is difficult to draw a sharp line between a speech act and a speech action/behavior, time span and demarcation (boundaries) are differentiating criteria. The most important distinguishing criterion is the concept of language (speech) behavior, which can be viewed not as a singular event (act), but rather as a complex event consisting of mutually mixed acts or as a continuum (sequence) of sub-acts resulting in one macro-act. A speech act is a static unit, received and comprehended as a result of dynamic speech action (activity), seen as a process without sharp boundaries. A speech act can be a constituent of a speech action, but not vice-versa. Any given language utterance operates on several levels of communication simultaneously, and each of these operations can be seen as a communicative function. When describing a communicative function, it is necessary to distinguish which respective level of communication is being analyzed.

10

Konstantnost syntaktické funkce mezi jazyky

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Dušková L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 4

243-260

EN

This article presents the findings of a detailed inquiry into syntactic constancy between English and Czech; the clause elements under discussion include the subject, object, adverbial and subject complement. The project assumes the general validity of the principle of end focus (basic distribution of communicative dynamism) as a superordinate factor with respect to syntactic structure. Since the primary word order principle differs in English (grammatical function) and Czech (functional sentence perspective or FSP), the presentation of identical content in the same linear order may involve a different syntactic structure. These assumptions are tested by comparing parallel texts. Instances of divergent syntactic structure are collected and analyzed against the background of identical syntactic renderings which provide the constancy measure. Clause elements are considered with respect to syntactic function, including the formal indicators thereof, sentence position, and the FSP function. The role of FSP as a factor of syntactic divergence has largely been confirmed especially where the divergence involves the subject. In the case of postverbal elements, motivating factors were primarily found in different verb valency and the more nominal character of English. These two factors play a role in the English-Czech translation direction, besides greater compliance of syntactic with semantic structure.

11

Pasivum v češtině

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Karlík P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 2

83-112

EN

Analysis of Czech data within the theoretical framework of Modified Valency Theory (Karlík, 2000) shows that the syntactic derivation of passive voice proceeds in two phases. The first phase, which I call (A), can be referred to as deagentization. Given the passive morphology of a verb, A-1 (i.e. the subject or external argument of the verb) is blocked. When the verb is transitive, A-2 (i.e. the object or the internal argument of the verb) enters the caseless subject position “e” of a verb with passive morphology, i.e. the -n-/-t- participle in Czech. The resulting structures are sometimes called syntactically ergative, as shown by ‘PROA-1 chválit NPaccA-2 → e(i)A-2 chválen-Ø/-a/-o t(i)’, as opposed to lexically ergative, as illustrated in the example ‘PROA-2 blednout’. The second phase, which I call (B), can be referred to as raising. For transitive verbs, this is the movement of A-2 from the subject position “e” of a verb with passive morphology, where it fails to receive a case, into the subject position of the verb být, ‘to be’. The verb ‘to be’ does not assign a Θ-role, however, in this position, A-2 can obtain case and thus be lexically realized: Petr(i)A-2 je e(i) chválen t(i). In the description of the passive voice, it is necessary to distinguish expressions with deverbal adjectives because these are produced through a single phase. Deverbal adjectives are generated earlier in the lexicon.

12

Od školské spisovnosti ke standardní češtině: výzva k diskusi

100%

Čermák F., Sgall P., Vybíral P.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 2

103-115

EN

This paper recalls difficulties in the functional and social stratification of Czech and the codification of its literary norm. These difficulties make it necessary to discuss the possibility of a transition from the current post-purist viewpoint to a more realistic and liberal one. The point is to abandon the unavailing efforts at a sharp specification of “literary” morphemic forms and to aim for an approach which works with a gradual division of standard and non-standard phenomena, viewed as a rich cline of functionally diversified forms. This theoretical approach may reveal that informal discourse in Czech also has its standard even though it includes frequent oscillation between items from different registers. It is a substantial task to apply this approach in education, where bookish forms are still currently required in communicative situations for which bookish style is inappropriate.

13

Strukturalismus - fenomenologie - avantgarda

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Mathauser Z.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 3

163-175

EN

Czech literary theory and historiography face a task similar to that of Holenstein’s uncovering of the link between Jakobson’s linguistics and Husserl’s phenomenology. Ties between the structuralism of Prague School literary theory and Husserl’s phenomenology can be detected in the work of Jan Mukařovský. They are suggested by the notions of reduction and essentiality; by transparency as well as by the opacity of the avant-garde poetry which accompanied Russian formalism and Czech structuralism; by the apsychologism that is common to phenomenology, structuralism and the avant-garde. The question as to whether the principal phenomenological value, i.e. transcendental subject, was reflected in avant-garde poetry can be answered only on the basis of a demanding and non-traditional analysis of its utmost achievements. On the other hand, the cult of things in avant-garde poetry is highly conspicuous: within it is a glimpse of one of many meanings of the “things themselves” persistent in the phenomenology of Husserl and Heidegger.

14

Nad knihou Jazyk, média, politika

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Daneš F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 4

270-285

EN

Two groups of Czech and Slovak linguists collected extensive linguistic material comprising video recordings of parliamentary sessions broadcasted on television, audio recordings of radio debates, video recordings of television interviews and discussion programs, and political advertising material from television and radio. This material was stored in archives (corpora), with the relevant parts of it transcribed, entered into special databases, analysed and evaluated. The book under review is theoretically and methodically well-founded in its evaluative analyses of three typical examples of Czech mass-media political debates and two contributions characterizing political communication in the Slovak media. These content analyses are supplemented by an introductory chapter on polemical features in political discourses. The reviewer, after having critically examined and commented on the individual chapters of the book (adding several personal observations on the issue), concludes that the work is a significant and praiseworthy achievement, successfully highlighting the present state of Czech and Slovak text linguistics, esp. dialogue studies, through both subject relevance and high scientific standard.

15

Gramatika v korpusu, korpus v gramatice: příspěvek k diskusi o vyhledávání gramatické informace v korpusech

100%

Uhlířová L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 1

16-23

EN

This article discusses some aspects of searching for grammatical information in corpora. It argues that any search procedure must consist of at least three principally different steps. First, a hypothesis regarding some grammatical property of the language system must be formulated in terms of an available “tagging” menu. Second, general instructions concerning the sample size, relevant context size, etc. must be stated, and only then can the third step, i.e. the proper search and interpretation of the attested data, be taken. Examples from the Czech National Corpus are offered to show that the boundary between grammaticality and non-grammaticality of a phenomenon or category is represented by a probability scale with more than just two opposing values and that the corpus may serve as an important tool for locating the most probable (favorite) point on the scale. The issue of zero or non-zero occurrence of a phenomenon is discussed in greater detail. It is argued that if no example of a phenomenon is attested in the corpus, it does not necessarily follow that the corpus is too small and that it is necessary or significant to intervene in favor of a larger one.

16

Požadavky na úroveň diskuse o spisovné/standardní češtině

100%

Oliva K.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 4

278-290

EN

This text is a methodological rather than a “research-based” reaction to the article by F. Čermák, P. Sgall and P. Vybíral (2005). Its central topic is constituted by a detailed survey of individual statements in the article. In many cases, these statements are shown to be in conflict with empirical facts (mainly with corpus evidence) or, even worse, with each other. In the final section, the current paper argues for either producing valid, consistent, and, last but not least, new argumentation in the discussion called for, or for dropping the idea altogether, since it might otherwise endanger the scientific level of Slovo a slovesnost. The appendix presents a list of relevant literature which must be considered, should the discussion take place.

17

Využití statistických metod při popisu neverbálních kolokací

100%

Blatná R.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 1

24-52

EN

This article investigates the statistic function mutual information (MI-score) as applied to various types of lexical combinations, such as multi-word proper names, multi-word terms, idioms and systemic and textual collocations. As a basis for comparison, combinations of the following parts of speech were considered: group A – noun+noun, group B – adjective+adjective, group C – adverb+adverb, group D – adjective+adverb, group E – adjective+adverb, group F – preposition+noun and group G – noun+preposition. MI-scores with values of 15–23 highlight different types of lexical collocations: proper names in group A, terms in group B, idioms in group C, terms in group D and terms in group E. MI-scores with values of 7.0–7.1 relate mostly to systemic or textual collocations. Prepositional collocations are evaluated in the range of the MI-scores 17.5–7.0. The most typical collocations are systemic-textual collocations for group F and multi-word proper names for group G.

18

Jazykový úzus vs. postoj k jazyku v Čechách: výsledky empirického a sociolingvistického výzkumu v západních Čechách a v Praze

100%

Bayerová-Nerlichová L.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 3

174-193

EN

This article summarizes a publication (Bayer, 2003) based on two studies of language use and attitudes conducted in West Bohemia and Prague in 1998 and 1999 in which language material from a total of 105 participants was analysed. The bases for analysis were the phonetic and morphological characteristics of Standard Czech (SC) and Common Czech (CC). Participant selection was based on gender, education level and place of residence. Interviews were conducted in both formal and informal situations. The results of these interviews were compared with those of a concurrently conducted survey, in which the participants interviewed then provided information indicating their attitudes towards SC or CC. This comparison revealed a relationship between actual language use and attitudes toward the two language varieties – a discrepancy between the positive attitude towards SC and the great infrequency of its use. The gender and regional affiliation of the speakers had only a very minor impact on this relationship, whereas education proved to be an important factor. Finally, the causes of the discrepancy identified were investigated. On the basis of comments, primarily those made by student participants, the insufficiency of the linguistic education in schools is postulated.

19

K čemu je dobrý obrat k jazyku a jiné: polemika s Romanem Göttlicherem

100%

Nagy M.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2005

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vol. 66

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issue 2

116-128

EN

This essay is a reaction to Roman Göttlicher’s article Communication, Silence and Speech in Christianity (2003). It aims to show that Göttlicher does not provide just cause to deduce the insufficiency of natural language and the superiority of silence, as the article’s concluding passages state. In addition, the article’s indirect criticism of the Linguistic Turn and related appeal for a turn away from language is an unsuitable approach to the context of this philosophical scheme as well as to paragraph 7 of Wittgenstein’s Tractatus. I argue that a) in communication, silence cannot be conceived as a sign above natural language because the two are complementary – silence acquires meaning only in relation to verbal response, b) claiming the insufficiency of natural language is a question of religious disposition and is not supported by any linguistic arguments in Göttlicher’s article, c) the Linguistic Turn has actually helped to reveal the role of natural language in our conception of the world, and natural language has become an essential basis for philosophical exploration, and d) Göttlicher’s use of citations from Wittgenstein’s Tractatus is not well-founded, because Wittgenstein addresses problems in describing the world using language, not the sufficiency of language for communication with God.

20

Nominativ a instrumentál predikátového substantiva v současné češtině: sonda do korpusu

100%

Štícha F.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2004

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vol. 65

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issue 2

113-132

EN

Statistics from about 17,000 occurrences of the structures “N1 is N1” and “N1 is N7” have proved that (a) there is a functional difference between the two predicative cases and (b) there are strong norms for selecting one of the two cases in communication. The nominative case is a strong norm if the communicative function of the sentence predicate is to (a) identify a sort of denotation in a demonstrative act, (b) identify a sort of denotation in a nominative act, (c) define using qualification or (d) qualify in an expressive manner. The nominative is preferred when stating a person’s profession, in most cases (except for professions such as minister, director, manager etc., especially in a specific sentence structure and discourse function). The statistics show that (a) for 630 different predicate nouns (PN), only the nominative is used and for 270 PN, only the instrumental is used; (b) for 900 PN, one of the two predicative cases is used either exclusively or with a strong preference; (c) for only 89 PN, the use of the two cases is balanced. The corpus statistics for the two predicative cases show that the selection of one of these cases is semantically determined and to a great degree lexically bound.

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