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This article is about the state of research on the German occupation of Polish territory. It also tries to answers the question of a direction of any seek further historical reflection on this issue, indicating gaps and also the cognitive perspective. The author proposes a fundamental thesis that despite the large number of publications concerning the fate of the occupied Polish territories, there are still works missing that could answer questions affecting the contemporary ideas of the German occupation.
EN
The author tries to reconstruct and analyze the acts of sabotage carried out in Poland by the German intelligence from March to August 1939. The fact that there was German diversion in Poland was held back from the world public opinion. Its existence is, however, confirmed by documents of the Polish Government Police, the Polish counterintelligence, the German intelligence service and the German secret service preserved in Polish and German archives. Both, the intelligence and the secret service planned those acts of sabotage in detail. An example of their activity is the series of assaults on German property situated in either Polish or German territory performed in August 1939. The sabotage organization created by the Wroclaw Abwehra at the end of July 1939 numbered around 10 800 collaborators (6800 Germans and 4000 Ukrainians). They were particularly active in Silesia and the provinces of Great Poland (Wielkopolska) and Little Poland (Malopolska).
EN
In the second part of this article German diversion in Poland from August to September 1939 was described. The author tries to make reconstruction and analysis of the German diversion organized and realized by intelligence service of Germany at this time. At the end of August 1939, before the beginning of the Second World War, German diversionist agents reported to Reinhard Heydrich and Wilhelm Canaris made a lot of attacks on Polish-German frontier. The aim of this provocation incident was to give Hitler argument to attacks on Poland. In September 1939 at the beginning of the Second World War German diversionist agents carried out numerous attacks against the Polish army. Mission of German diversionist agents was also aimed at destruction across the rear of the Polish army, bridges, factories, industry, foundry and coal mines.
EN
The publication deals with the legal status of the Polish police in the General Government. This Polish police was established as a result of the transformation of the pre-war State Police by the German authorities, similarly to other institutions of the Second Republic of Poland, such as courts and prosecutor’s offices, incorporated into the occupation system. The legal situation of the Polish police has been presented both in the light of the formally binding occupation law and in the perspective of international law, as well as of the position of the Polish authorities. The basic research problem defining the goal of the topic is the question about the nature of changes caused by the law-making activities of the invader in relation to the existing legal system and international conventions in the field of restoring the domestic police. The theses presented in this publication are the result of the analysis of: (1) the document of Hans Frank of December 17, 1939 on the organization of the Polish police, (2) the regulation of the Council of Ministers at Home on the dissolution of the State Police corps and the duties of its officers of August 1, 1944, (3) the decree of the Polish Committee of National Liberation on the dissolution of State Police (the so-called navy blue police) of August 15, 1944, (4) the Hague Convention IV (1907) concerning the laws and customs of war on land and (5) subject literature. The following research methods were used in this work: institutional and legal analysis, comparative method, lexical method and the method of direct and indirect facts establishing.
PL
W publikacji zajęto się statusem prawnym polskiej policji w Generalnym Gubernatorstwie. Powstała ona w wyniku przekształcenia przedwojennej Policji Państwowej przez niemieckie władze i została, wraz z innymi instytucjami II Rzeczpospolitej, takimi jak np. sądy i prokuratury, włączona do systemu okupacyjnego. Sytuację prawną policji polskiej przedstawiono zarówno w świetle formalnie obowiązującego prawa okupacyjnego jak i w perspektywie prawa międzynarodowego, a także stanowiska polskich władz. Podstawowym problemem badawczym określającym cel podjętego tematu jest pytanie o charakter zmian wywołanych prawotwórczą działalnością okupanta w stosunku do zastanego systemu prawnego i konwencji międzynarodowych w zakresie odtworzenia policji rodzimej. Tezy zaprezentowane w tym artykule są wynikiem analizy: 1) dokumentu Hansa Franka z 17 grudnia 1939 r. dotyczącego organizacji polskiej policji; 2) rozporządzenia Krajowej Rady Ministrów o rozwiązaniu korpusu Policji Państwowej i obowiązkach jego funkcjonariuszy z 1 sierpnia 1944 r.; 3) dekretu Polskiego Komitetu Wyzwolenia Narodowego o rozwiązaniu Policji Państwowej (tzw. granatowej policji) z 15 sierpnia 1944 r.; 4) konwencji haskiej IV (1907) dotyczącej praw i zwyczajów wojny lądowej oraz 5) literatury przedmiotu. W pracy wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: analizę instytucjonalno-prawną, metodę komparatystyczną, metodę leksykalną oraz metodę bezpośredniego i pośredniego ustalania faktów.
Dzieje Najnowsze
|
2024
|
vol. 56
|
issue 2
49-77
EN
The fate and attitudes of Polish Germans during the Second World War are a problem less recognised and presented in the literature than the history of the German minority in the interwar period. This issue has also not received a separate and comprehensive survey of the historiography’s state, which would indicate further research directions. Cognitive gaps were also not defined. The publication formulates the topics, most often presenting the issue of the attitude of Polish Germans to the reality of the occupation. It also indicates the dominant research models and the source base used.
PL
Losy i postawy polskich Niemców podczas II wojny światowej są zagadnieniem słabiej rozpoznanym i przedstawianym w literaturze przedmiotu niż dzieje mniejszości niemieckiej w okresie międzywojennym. Tematyka ta nie doczekała się także oddzielnej i całościowej oceny stanu historiografii, która wskazywałaby kierunki dalszych badań1. Nie zdefiniowano również luk poznawczych. W artykule sformułowano tematy najczęściej przedstawiające problematykę stosunku polskich Niemców do okupacyjnej rzeczywistości, wskazano na dominujące modele badań i wykorzystywaną bazę źródłową.
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