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Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 5
403-412
EN
In this paper, the autoress has twofold aim: First she wishes to show to what extent the Husserlian Theory of Intersubjectivity can be relevant for contemporary empirical research and for ancestral wisdom traditions, both in their experiences and in their conceptual tools; and secondly she intended to rely on some empirical results and the experiential mystical/practical reports in order to bring about some more refined phenomenological descriptions first provided by Husserl. The first aim will be the main concern here, while the second will only be broached by way of initial steps towards further development.
EN
The constitution of internal consciousness of time plays crucial role in the Husserlian phenomenology of time. Flow/stream of consciousness constituting internal time refers to the surrounding world and the Other as a regular element of this world. There are not only the analyses of flow of the consciousness but also the most crucial text included in late considerations of Husserl on the issue of intersubjectivity of the consciousness. The author takes consideration into (1) activation of subject by primordial source playing most important role in constitution of the consciousness of time (the original 'I' and manners of temporalizations of 'I'); (2) proposition of model of the consciousness of inter-monadic time of social world; (3) complementary coexistence of what is constituted within inter-monadic time; (4) description of internal conditions of temporalization of the Other's consciousness [Ich-Spaltung, einfuehlende Vergegenwaertigung]; (5) reference to the actual moment of change creating the consciousness of the 'now'. Also inter-monadic time as coexistence and overlapping of temporal horizons of identity plays important role in the context of temporal socialization (Husserl, Waldenfels).
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2007
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vol. 62
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issue 8
668-674
EN
There are more forms of intersubjectivity or more ways of how we experience the overlaps of our subjectivity to the other, to the alter in his different forms. The paper focuses on some selected aspects of this problem, which are related to the phenomenological reduction and situated at the intersection point of two theses: Subjectivity is intersubjectivity; Intersubjectivity is subjectivity. The discussion is based on selected texts of Edmund Husserl and Natalie Depraz.
Avant
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2010
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vol. 1
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issue 1
EN
We argue that phenomenology can be of central and positive importance to the cognitive sciences, and that it can also learn from the empirical research conducted in those sciences. We discuss the project of naturalizing phenomenology and how this can be best accomplished. We provide several examples of how phenomenology and the cognitive sciences can integrate their research. Specifically, we consider issues related to embodied cognition and intersubjectivity. We provide a detailed analysis of issues related to time consciousness, with reference to understanding schizophrenia and the loss of the sense of agency. We offer a positive proposal to address these issues based on a neurobiological dynamic-systems model.
EN
This article seeks to formulate a theory of aesthetic experience, which includes a historical dimension. It first takes some historical examples of aesthetic experience and looks for similarities amongst them. It then presents a personal reading of Jauss's theory of aesthetic experience, which, though historicist, presents a general or universal structure. The article aims to demonstrate that Jauss's theory is highly productive for the purpose of the current argument, but offers no satisfying solution to the problem of intersubjectivity. To solve this problem, the author turns to a recent reading of Kantian aesthetics, providing a complement to a general theory of aesthetic experience, which includes a non-relativistic factor of historicity.
EN
The article presents Jean-Luc Marion’s phenomenological method, treating philosophical spiritual exercises and conversion as its central threads. On the one hand, Marion constantly emphasizes the importance of phenomenological reduction in the phenomenalization process, but on the other, he links reduction with the ultimate principle of givenness. Such a radicalization of reduction in the service of auto-givenness of the phenomenon makes it possible to interpret the basic feature of his method as spiritual exercises and conversion, understood here as the acceptance of the epistemological conditions posed by the given, rather than by the transcendent subject of metaphysics. Philosophy as conversion (spiritual exercise as method) presupposes an earlier conversion of philosophy (Phenomenology as the first philosophy, after the death of metaphysics). Here method becomes more of a counter-method devoid of any a priori; intentionality is turned into counter-intentionality, while truth reaches the third degree of “erotic truth”.
EN
This article is a preliminary proposal of how to redefine basic narratological notions in reference to issues and analytical methods of cognitive narratology. In light of the latter, literary narrative constitutes an experiment in accepting and representing someone else's perspective (cognitive, emotional, perceptual). This fact has to do with the properties of one of the basic forms of human consciousness - namely, the functioning of intersubjectivity as a permanent orientation of consciousness toward presence of other people being perceived as intentional and mental subjects. The possibility of taking into consideration another person's perspective is one of the most important features of human cognition, one being of great importance to cooperation and communication. The authoress' original creation of a character and the reader's mental representation of the latter can be considered to be an act of imaginary simulation of somebody else's perspective. Making use of the cognitive model of intersubjectivity in the theory of narrative enables a new interpretation of phenomena related to literary communication, literary character, and reception of literature. It also allows for extending the issues of consciousness in literature beyond the limits of conventions of presenting the character's internal speech.
EN
The article presents two main philosophical approaches to the problem of intersubjectivity. The first, which may be called ethical transcendentalism, has to do with metaphysical problems involving the origin and the very possibility of the experience of another self. The second approach refers to issues related to the epistemological dimension. Corresponding to these contexts we find two senses of intersubjectivity. The article analyses these two approaches and points out the difficulties involved in applying the concept of intersubjectivity as construed in ethical transcendentalism to the empirical self. 
EN
It is said that transcendental phenomenology faces an unavoidable aporia, according to which it is perfectly justified to accept the claim that the transcendental ego constitutes the sense of all external being, including other subjects, as well as the claim that other subjects constitute the sense of all external objects, since they are a community of transcendental egos. The essence of the aporia is that it is impossible to accept both of these claims if one accepts the conceptual schema of transcendental phenomenology. In the article, I present an interpretation of transcendental phenomenology which allows one to avoid such consequences. Firstly, the static theory of intersubjectivity presented in Ideas of Pure Phenomenology and Carthesian Meditations is reconstructed and analyzed. Attention is devoted to the issues of phenomenological reduction and constitution of sense. Afterwards, it is argued that one should distinguish two kinds of constitutive processes: one understood as an activity of the sole transcendental ego (self), and the second one as an activity of the community of transcendental egos. It is claimed that both processes are mutually connected. Moreover, it seems that the second kind of constitution is metaphysically prior then the former one. This claim will allow one to overcome solipsistic interpretations of transcendental phenomenology and to overcome the aporia presented.
EN
Contemporary philosophy of law often relies on the heritage of the classical German philosophy. This is connected with the decline of the traditional positivistic model of law as a collection of rules established and executed by a sovereign. The main issue behind that change - universality of norms in the contemporary philosophy of law - has its roots in Hegel's thought and his theory of intersubjectivity. That is why the interpretation of this theory is highly important for questions concerning the possibility of reconstruction of such philosophy of law which would permit the inclusion of a formally procedural model of law as something original vis-a-vis every possible material legal order, and whose content would emerge from its form (Inhalt aus der Form). In this context the leading motif of the article is a critique of Manfred Riedel's reconstruction of Hegel's theory of intersubjectivity. Riedel reduces the Hegelian concept of intersubjectivity to the dimensions of emancipation and socialization processes. He neglects thereby the fact that Hegel's theory also has a strong onto-political dimension which makes 'the ethical life' possible.
EN
This essay presents a phenomenological analysis of the functioning of symbols as elements of the life-world with the purpose of demonstrating the interrelationship of individual and society. On the basis of Alfred Schutz’s theory of the life-world, signs and symbols are viewed as mechanisms by means of which the individual can overcome the transcendences posed by time, space, the world of the Other, and multiple realities which confront him or her. Accordingly, the individual’s life-world divides itself into the dimensions of time, space, the social world and various reality spheres which form the boundaries or transcendences that the I has to understand and integrate. Signs and symbols are described as appresentational modes which stand for experiences originating in the different spheres of the life-world within the world of everyday life, within which they can be communicated, thereby establishing intersubjectivity. Schutz’s theory of the symbol explains how social entities – such as nations, states or religious groups – are symbolically integrated to become components of the individual’s life-world. The following paper reconstructs Schutz’s concept of the symbol as a crucial component of his theory of the life-world, which is seen as an outstanding phenomenological contribution to the theory of the sign and the symbol in general.
EN
This research paper presents initial findings from a long-term research project which aims to depict how people use Internet in their everyday life. One of the processes which eventually results in becoming an Internet user is adaptation to online communication environment. Research strategy used in this project combines elements of biographic approach with analytic procedures of Grounded Theory Methodology. Narrative interviews, semi-structured interviews and field notes from observations were the basic empirical material used for analysis.
EN
The essay presents a phenomenological analysis of the functioning of symbols as elements of the life-world with the purpose of demonstrating the interrelationship of individual and society. On the basis of Alfred Schütz’s theory of the life-world, signs and symbols are viewed as mechanisms by means of which the individual can overcome the transcendences posed by time, space, the world of the Other, and multiple realities which confront him or her. Accordingly, the individual’s life-world divides itself into the dimensions of time, space, the social world and various reality spheres which form the boundaries or transcendences that one has to understand and integrate. Signs and symbols are described as appresentational modes which stand for experiences originating in different spheres of the life-world within the world of everyday life, within which they can be communicated, thereby establishing intersubjectivity. Schütz’s theory of the symbol explains how social entities — such as nations, states or religious groups — are symbolically integrated to become components of the individual’s life-world. The following paper reconstructs Schütz’s concept of the symbol as a crucial component of his theory of the life-world, which is seen as an outstanding phenomenological contribution to the theory of the sign and the symbol in general.
EN
This research paper presents initial findings from a long-term research project which aims to depict how people use Internet in their everyday life. One of the processes which eventually results in becoming an Internet user is adaptation to online communication environment. Research strategy used in this project combines elements of biographic approach with analytic procedures of Grounded Theory Methodology. Narrative interviews, semi-structured interviews and field notes from observations were the basic empirical material used for analysis.
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