Search results - CEJSH

1

Konflikty v rodině původu, osobní pohoda a duševní zdraví v dospělosti

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Hamplová D., Trusinová R.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2018

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vol. 54

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issue 2

199-218

EN

The article explores the relationship between conflict in the family of origin and an individual’s wellbeing in adulthood. It examines to what extent the negative effects of a childhood spent in a conflict‑ridden family can be explained by economic deprivation in childhood, a disrupted life course, and a person’s sociodemographic situation in adulthood. Empirical analyses are conducted on data from the 7th wave of the ESS from 2014 and three indicators of personal wellbeing are used: a depression scale, self‑reported happiness, and life satisfaction. The analyses show that spending childhood in a conflict‑ridden family affects mainly the emotional side of personal wellbeing (happiness, depressive symptoms). The relationship between the cognitive side of personal wellbeing (satisfaction with life) and a high‑conflict environment in childhood can be explained by sociodemographic factors.

2

Personality variables and depression as determinants of problematic use of mobile phones in Poland.

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Izdebski P., Kotyśko M.

Polish Journal of Applied Psychology

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2013

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vol. 11

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issue 3

111-126

EN

Our research concerns the problematic use of a mobile phone, which was carried out on a Polish sample. We adapted an instrument to measure that construct, created by Bianchi and Phillips – Mobile Phone Problematic Use Scale (MPPUS). The Polish equivalent of this scale, developed by Izdebski and Kotyśko, is called the Problematic Cell Phone Use Questionnaire (PCPUQ). Our main goal was to determine if personality variables and depression are related to using a mobile phone. The study included 315 mobile phone users between the ages 18 to 62. Results showed that problematic mobile phone use was related to a young age, extraversion, low agreeableness and a high level of depression.

3

An investigation into the correlation of marital adaptation with stress, anxiety, depression and sexual function and its components

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Yazdanpanahi Z., Beygi Z., Bagheri S., Akbarzadeh M.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2019

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issue 3

264-269

XX

Background. Marital adjustment is an evolutionary process between a husband and wife that is created, strengthened or weakened in life. Mental health and healthy and pleasant sexual functioning seem to be important in promoting it. Objectives. The aim of this study was to determine any correlations of marital adaptation with stress, anxiety, depression or sexual function and its components. Material and methods. This cross-sectional study was done on 514 women of reproductive age who were referred to health centers in Shiraz and were chosen by random sampling. The Spinner marital adaptation questionnaire, the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (Dass-21) were the study tools. The statistical tests applied for data analysis were the t-test, Fisher’s, chi-squared and Pearson’s coefficient correlation. Results. Marital conflict was reported in 54.7% of women. The average score of sexual function was significantly less in maladaptive patients than in adaptive ones (22.32 ± 7.05 versus 26.53 ± 5.01). There was a significant link between marital adaption and components of sexual function (p < 0.05). The mean scores of stress, anxiety and depression in the maladaptive group were 9.14 ± 4.74, 6.60 ± 4.56 and 7.75 ± 4.79 versus 6.53 ± 4.62, 4.48 ± 3.93 and 4.06 ± 4.21, respectively, which was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Conclusions. As to data analysis, sexual function, stress, anxiety and depression affect marital adaptation. Therefore, providing the necessary relevant education can improve the family health, couples intimacy and marital satisfaction.

4

Psychiatrists and patients suffering from depressive disorders and schizophrenia in one organization basing on the hospitals in Lodz region

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Warzyńska-Bartczak Z.

Przedsiębiorczość i Zarządzanie

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2014

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vol. 15

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issue 2

51-61

EN

Collaboration between doctors and patient is a perfect example of a specific kind of collaboration in the organization. Difficulties with establish proper relations between psychiatrists and patients with depressive disorders and schizophrenia is the subject of the paper. The thesis of the work assumes that psychiatrists and patients belong to the totally different “worlds” what is the cause of inability to create proper mutual collaboration between them. In 2009 a questionnaire survey was conducted at public mental hospitals of the Lodz region. Both doctors and patients notice a number of communication barriers and factors hampering the mutual cooperation, at the same time demonstrating the will to agree and cooperate. The proper contact and collaboration affect mental disposition and motivation for the process of recovery from the illness. Conclusion: To a large extent not only a course of the treatment, but also a correct social functioning of both groups of the patients depends on the quality of the interrelation between them and psychiatrists. It appears, however, that the hierarchy of obstacles of successful therapy is completely different among the doctors and patients

5

V odlišnosti stejní? Psychopatologie v interkulturní perspektivě

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Kolman L., Chamoutová K., Chýlová H.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2010

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vol. 1

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issue 1

95-100

EN

This paper outlines the development of intercultural psychopathology in recent decades and points out the consequences of this development for the theory and practice of diagnosis, psychotherapy and patient care. The main part of the paper gives a description of specific developments in China which have evidently been responsible for the fact that depression is almost unknown in that country, where – unlike in Europe – neurasthenia is a common diagnosis. General conclusions are then drawn from the information presented.

6

CORONAVIRUS COVID-19 DISEASE, MENTAL HEALTH AND PSYCHOSOCIAL SUPPORT

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STANKOVSKA G., MEMEDI I., DIMITROVSKI D.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 2

33-48

EN

The current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic is a particular and rare situation. COVID-19 has affected and is likely to affect people from many countries, in many geographical locations. We are in the midst of a worldwide pandemic, with cities and even entire countries shutting down. The coronavirus has affected nearly every aspect of our lives, from school to work, to sports, to where we eat and what we do. All these changes affected people physically, but also psychologically. It is understandable that during times like this, people may be feeling afraid, worried, anxious, and depressed due to the constantly changing alerts and media coverage regarding the spread of the virus. Hence, the main aim of our paper is to explore the linkage between the coronavirus COVID-19 disease and mental health conditions, such as stress, anxiety and depression. Everyone may experience fear of the consequences of the infection with a potentially fatal new virus, and might experience mental stress, anxiety, loneliness, depression. Based on experience from past global serious viral experiences, the development and implementation of mental health assessment, support, treatment, and services are crucial and pressing goals for the health response to the COVID-19 outbreak. Human beings have an incredible ability to adapt and survive, through altruistic and co-operative means. So for each one of us is important to look after ourselves and each other.

7

Attitudes towards depression and symptoms of depression among Polish and British adults

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Anna Nagórska A.

European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine

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2018

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issue 3

190-197

EN

Introduction. Depression is a mental illness widespread in the population and is the most common mental disorder. There has been an increase in number of depression diagnoses among the wider population in the past few years. Aim. The aim of the study was to gain knowledge regarding the attitudes towards depression and to measure the occurrence of depression symptoms among open populations of Polish and British people. Materials and methods. The study was conducted from March to May 2015 by posting an electronic survey on a social network in Polish and English language. 143 completed questionnaires were obtained. The method of diagnostic survey was used in this study. The research tools was a survey created by the authors and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results. Every third respondent acknowledged that they have a sufficient knowledge of depression. Based on BDI results, 75% of Poles and 39% of British did not show any signs of depression. Conclusions. The British understand the term “depression” correctly more often than Poles. The inhabitants of Poland and Great Britain take a positive attitude towards people with depression. The British have depressive symptoms more frequently than Poles. Nationality and age do not affect the severity of depressive symptoms in both groups.

8

Osobnosť, depresivita a problematické používanie internetu

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Kopuničová V., Baumgartner F.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2016

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vol. 7

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issue 1

81-92

EN

Problematic internet use (PIU) is considered as a relatively new area of risk taking behaviour, which deals with uncontrolled use of the Internet with negative outcomes (impact) on individuals (Caplan, 2010). This paper focuses on relationship between personality factors, depression and problematic internet use among students of secondary schools and universities in Ostrava region. The aim of the paper was to determine whether personality factors and depression predict problematic internet use among young students. Studies dealing with problematic internet use (Caplan, 2010; Young 1998; Davis, 2001 etc.) show that personality is one of the factor which may be associated with internet addiction or other forms of risk behaviour (Kolibáš, Novotný, 1996; Kopasová, 2000; Hemochová, Vaňková & Drlíková in Výrost & Slameník, 2001). Personality was measured by the questionnaire HEXACO (Ashton & Lee, 2009), depression was measured by a modified version of Beck Depression Inventory (M-BDI; Schmitt, Beckmann, Dusi, Maes, Schiller &Schonauer, 2003), the problematic internet use was measured by Generalized problematic internet use scale (GPIUS2; Caplan, 2010). The research sample consisted of 279 students of secondary schools and universities in Ostrava region. There were 200 (71.7%) high school students while the number of the university students was 79 (28.3%). The mean age of the sample was M = 18,5 years, SD = 2,73 and 79,9% were women. The results of Pearson correlation coefficients showed a positive relationship between depression, emotionality and PIU. Between the personality factors honesty-humility, extroversion and conscientiousness was a negative relationship with the PIU. Results of the regression analysis showed four factors - conscientiousness, depression, honesty-humility and emotions that explain 26% of the variance of the Problematic internet use among our research sample. The results confirm the importance of examining personality factors and depression in relation to the PIU. It can be said, that these findings confirm the importance of examining the modern global social issue - problematic Internet use among students at secondary school and universities. It is also important to pay attention to the occurrence of depressive symptoms in adulthood. Results can be used as a basis for development of preventive programs, education programs or trainings programs, which could help to raise awareness in the field of information technologies and their negative impact on the mental life. This study has several limits. There is unequal representation of men and women as well as greater representation of secondary

9

Leczenie żywieniowe depresji

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Majkutewicz P., Tyszko P., Okręglicka K.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2014

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issue 1

48-50

PL

Wypierana latami przez przemysł farmaceutyczny niefarmakologiczna forma kuracji żywnością obecnie ponownie znajduje swoje zastosowanie we współczesnej terapii chorób o podłożu psychicznym. Obserwuje się ograniczone możliwości i sposoby ich leczenia, dlatego obecnie można zauważyć wzrost zainteresowania alternatywnymi formami leczenia tych schorzeń. Sugeruje się istnienie związku między niedoborami żywieniowymi, rozpowszechnieniem typowej diety zachodniej oraz odmiennością przebiegu niektórych procesów metabolicznych (w tym wzmożony proces oksydacyjny) a wystąpieniem chorób o podłożu psychicznym. Nie są jednak znane dokładne przyczyny wzrostu zachorowania na te zaburzenia w ostatnich latach. Brak optymizmu w prognozach dotyczących liczby nowych diagnoz zmusza do podjęcia skutecznych działań zapobiegawczych oraz opracowania nowej strategii leczenia. Sugeruje się, że współczesna dieta deficytowa w składniki odżywcze – głównie witaminy i sole mineralne – a obfitująca w cukier, nasycone kwasy tłuszczowe oraz nienasycone kwasy tłuszczowe typu trans i omega-6, może mieć wpływ na wzrost zachorowania na depresję. Innymi faktorami wpływającymi dodatnio na rozpoznanie zaburzenia jest wystąpienie choroby w rodzinie oraz te pochodzenia socjalnego i środowiskowego. Możliwy pozytywny efekt terapeutyczny mogą wywierać takie składniki, jak: kwasy tłuszczowe omega-3, witaminy z grupy B, tryptofan i inne aminokwasy niezbędne do syntezy neuroprzekaźników oraz cynk. Indywidualnie dobrana dieta powinna mieć swoje uzasadnienie i być prowadzona pod opieką specjalisty we współpracy z lekarzem rodzinnym. Potrzebne są dalsze badania nad wpływem związków zawartych w żywności na choroby o podłożu psychicznym

EN

Over the years, displaced by the pharmaceutical industry drug-free, nutritional therapy again finds its application in contemporary treatment of psychiatric disorders. There is a limited capacity and possibility of treatment, so now we can see a growing interest in alternative forms of treatment for these diseases. It is suggested that there are associations between nutritional deficiencies, the spread of typical Western diet, the difference in some metabolic processes (including increased oxidative process) and the occurrence of psychiatric disorders. However precise reasons for the increased incidence of these disorders in recent years is not known. No optimistic forecasts for the number of new diagnoses necessitate to take effective preventive measures and to develop new treatment strategies. It is suggested that the modern diet, deficit in nutrients – mainly vitamins and minerals – and rich in sugar, saturated fat and trans and omega-6, may have an impact on developing depression. Other risk factors include depression incidence in the family and those of the social and environmental origin. Possible positive therapeutic effect may have components such as omega-3, B-vitamins, tryptophan and other amino acids required for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, and zinc. Individually selected diet should be justified and should be conducted under the supervision of a specialist in cooperation with Family Doctor. More research is needed on the effects of compounds found in foods on psychiatric illness.

10

Depression symptoms, anxiety and personality traits in patients with coronary artery disease versus patients with chronic pancreatitis hospitalised due to exacerbation of the disease

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Szalewska D., Szidlewska M., Skoczkowska-Niedoszytko M., Amr Elkady M.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2016

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issue 4

477-481

11

Functioning of a child with depression in the school environment

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Czerwiec K., Purchałka M.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis. Studia ad Didacticam Biologiae Pertinentia

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2016

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issue Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia ad Didacticam Biologiae Pertinentia VI (2016)

62-70

12

Psychologia starości w ujęciu psychoanalitycznym i perspektywy psychoterapeutyczne

100%

Przewłocka-Alves A.

Theologica Wratislaviensia

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2015

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vol. 10. Widoki na starość. Interdyscyplinarne studia gerontologiczne

27-36

EN

Psychology of old age is a new field that attempts to explain the functioning of the psyche during the final stages of life. Psychoanalysis was initially very skeptical towards older patients, but faced with increasing number of senior adults, the fields of psychology and psychoanalysis had to adapt, searching for explanations and answers aimed at understanding human aging. The goal of geriatric psychotherapy is to assist elderly individuals in their psychological mentalization, including the mental process of mourning their "self," which goes through a difficult period of losses, so that they do not fall into psychosomatic symptoms or depression. Psychotherapy can thus support a positive sense of identity.

13

Guidelines of the Polish Psychiatric Association – Wroclaw Division, the Polish Society of Family Medicine and the College of Family Physicians in Poland for diagnosis and treatment of depressive disorders in primary health care

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Piotrowski P., Gondek T., Rymaszewska J., Beszłej J., Czachowski S., Parmentier H., Kurpas D.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2017

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issue 3

335-346

14

Revmatoidní artritida jako psychický problém

100%

Kaas J., Tóthová V., Martinek L.

Psychologie a její kontexty

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 2

71-80

EN

The article deals with the issue of psychic problems of rheumatoid arthritis patients. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory motor system disease with comprehensive impact on the patient's life. The disease is often considered an exclusively physical disease. But such approach is insufficient because the disease is accompanied by motor limitations of different intensities, by pain and by fatigue that cause considerable exhaustion to the patient. The patients often must give up their hobbies and in some cases even their jobs. In most serious cases, even common daily activities including self-servicing actions become an obstacle to the patient. It is therefore logical that the psyche of a patient with such disease is considerably strained. One of the partial goals of the study consisted in mapping the subjectively perceived quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients in facet 8, "negative feelings", and in ascertaining whether there is statistically significant relation to facets 1, "pain and discomfort", and 2, "energy and fatigue". Another goal consisted in comparing the subjectively perceived quality of life between men and women with rheumatoid arthritis, as well as between population of rheumatoid arthritis patients and control healthy population. The study was implemented within the research project of the Grant Agency of the University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice number 120/2012/S, "Reflection of quality of life in nursing", under use of two standardized questionnaires, WHOQOL-100 and HAQ. This article presents exclusively the data acquired based on the WHOQOL-100 questionnaire. The research set consisted of patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis from all over the Czech Republic. The size of the set was determined by a statistician at 200 individuals suffering from the disease, in a ratio of 150 women and 50 men. The selection set was derived from the basic set of rheumatoid arthritis patients and can therefore be considered representative with regard to the whole Czech population of rheumatoid arthritis patients. The actual selection of respondents was carried out based on quota selection, at specifying two quotas: presence of the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis" and "gender". The data collection took place from January to May 2013. 214 questionnaires were distributed in total, to achieve the required return amount of 200. The return rate was 93,5 %. The statistical data analysis was performed in two stages. The first degree of data sorting was implemented in the SASD program (Statistic Analysis of Social Data); the second degree was implemented in the SPSS program (Statistical Package for the Social Science), version 15.0. It was ascertained based on the study that up to 90 % of respondents feel problems of different intensity in psychic area. 73,5 % of respondents perceive the problems as obstacle of different intensity to daily life. 66 % respondents reported actual feelings of depression. A very surprising finding consisted in the result of comparison of facet 8, "negative feelings", between the population suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and the control healthy population. Based on the comparison, it was found out that the control healthy respondents reported psychic problems in almost the same frequency and intensity as the rheumatoid arthritis patients. Such a high frequency and sameness to rheumatoid patients occurred probably due to wrong interpretation of the question from the respondents' perspective, particularly in healthy population that uses the term of "depression" relatively often for different common feelings of sadness and mood changes every person faces repeatedly in common life. It is not possible to admit that such a high percentage of healthy population suffers from actual depression. No statistically significant difference was found from the perspective of genders, based on comparison of results of facet 8, "negative feelings". Based on evaluation of relations between facet 8 (negative feelings) and facet 1 (pain and discomfort) and 2 (energy and fatigue), it was found out that there is statistically significant relation between the facets. It can be therefore accepted that patients feeling more intensive fatigue and pain experience more psychic problems and vice versa. The results evidence that therapy of rheumatoid arthritis as somatic disease is not sufficient and that comprehensive approach considering all patient's aspects should be applied in this area.

15

The psychosocial factors at work related to depression among female white-collar workers in Vilnius (Lithuania)

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Stanislavoviene J., Pajarskiene B., Jankauskas R., Veniute M.

International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health

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2011

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vol. 24

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issue 2

166-176

EN

Objectives: The aim of this study is to establish which psychosocial factors at work are related to depression among female white-collar workers in Vilnius. Materials and Methods: The data was collected in a case-control study in 2002-2004. The cases were selected from patients treated at Vilnius mental health centers. The controls were randomly selected from employed Vilnius residents. A descriptive statistic and logistic regression was applied. Results: 3 psychosocial factors and possible confounders within the evaluated model were statistically reliable (model χ²: 44.47, p < 0.05 ). The adjusted odds ratio for uneven work distribution was 2.17 (95% CI: 1.38-3.51, p < 0.005), the odds ratio for possibility to control was 10.81 (95% CI: 2.13-54.71, p < 0.005), and the odds ratio for family esteem was 2.13 (95% CI: 1.01-4.59, p < 0.005). Conclusion: This study suggests that work distribution, possibility to control and family esteem, together with stressful life events and mental health disorders in the family, are related to depression among female white-collar workers.

16

Vnímanie depresie v kontexte tradičných škôl a evolučnej psychológie

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Durkáč D.

E-psychologie (E-psychology)

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2014

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vol. 8

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issue 2

29-39

EN

This theoretical article first highlights the need for the study of depression, due its increasing occurrence and impact on life. Then it describes its causes through traditional paradigms and also shows the possibility to enrich the traditional perceptions of the causes of major depressive disorder with the insight applying ideas of evolutionary psychology into the area of self-regulation. Thus it is possible to perceive depression as evolutionary advantage that extends the capabilities of adaptation and therefore improves the quality of life. From a scientific perspective, this view can lead to a deeper and more comprehensive understanding of depression as a disorder. Based on these findings practical and theoretical implementation is discussed.

SK

Tento teoretický príspevok v úvode poukazuje na potrebu štúdia depresie kvôli nárastu jej výskytu a vplyvu na život. Následne popisuje príčiny jej vzniku prostredníctvom tradičných škôl a tiež poukazuje, ako by bolo možné obohatiť bežné a tradičné vnímanie príčin depresívnej poruchy o pohľad, ktorý aplikuje myšlienky evolučnej psychológie do oblasti sebaregulácie. Takto je možné vnímať depresiu ako evolučnú výhodu, ktorá rozširuje možnosti adaptácie, a tak zvyšuje kvalitu života. Z vedeckého pohľadu tento pohľad môže viesť k hlbšiemu a komplexnejšiemu pochopeniu depresie ako poruchy. Na základe týchto poznatkov diskutujeme, ako by bolo možné použiť tieto poznatky na teoretickej a praktickej úrovni.

17

Metaphorical conceptualization of some notions in depressive disorders: Is PLEASURE an insipid milky jelly?

100%

Bartczak M.

Psychology of Language and Communication

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2008

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vol. 12

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issue 1

85-102

EN

The study concerned the process of metaphor creation in a group of depressive and of non-depressive people. It was assumed that due to some deficits in working memory and inhibition processes, depressive people would have difficulties with metaphorical processing and would produce fewer metaphors than do healthy individuals. It was also presumed that subjects with depression as compared to non-depressive individuals would produce more metaphors for negative notions, and generally would create more negative metaphors, independently of the semantics and valence of a notion. The results obtained in this study aren't univocal. However, it seems that there exists a tendency to produce a smaller number of metaphors in depressive people (especially concerning the notion of FUTURE), which could indicate the existence of some difficulties in metaphorical processing connected with depression. Furthermore, depressive subjects produced more negative metaphors for some notions but not for all of them. This points to the need of attention to semantics in studies on the mechanisms of metaphorical processing in a group of depressive people.

18

Depression of the Cities: Key to Healing

100%

Lidin K.

Prace Komisji Geografii Przemysłu Polskiego Towarzystwa Geograficznego

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2015

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vol. 29

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issue 2

171-179

EN

The problem of search of an authenticity of the cities looks very actual and draws attention of numerous researchers. In the article the analogy between the human person and the city in this problem is used. For the person, as well as for the city, awareness of own identity is necessary to resist depressive tendencies. It is shown that symptoms of depression of the person are similar to the ones for depression of the cities. The identity of the city necessary for opposition of a depression is offered to be looked for in two planes – historical and geographical (to be looked for in historical and geographical plane). The historical plane is made by local myths and legends of the city and its inhabitants. The geographical plane of identity is concentrated on features of relief, climate, flora and fauna of that region in which the city is located.

19

Zaburzenia nastroju u osób z otyłością

100%

Kędzierska J., Ponikowska I., Makowska-Ofiarska K., Adamczyk P., Adamczyk P., Ossowski R., Sobieralska-Michalak K.

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne

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2013

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vol. XVIII

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issue 3

333-345

EN

Obesity is a growing public health concern in modern societies. This is a major health concern. It has been implicated as a risk factor for several physical illnesses, functional limitations and poor quality of life. However, while the physical consequences of obesity are well established, the relationship between obesity and mental health is still unclear. The question this study aimed to answer was whether the associations between obesity and mood disorders are occurring in the sanatorium patients population. The results found a significant association between obesity and mood disorders. It is still unclear whether the relationship between obesity and depression is causal, and if so, whether obesity causes depression or depression causes obesity. Implications for health care providers and suggestions for future research are discussed.

20

Aktywność mózgu podczas wykonywania testu Stroopa u osób z depresją w przebiegu choroby afektywnej jedno- i dwubiegunowej – przegląd wyników badań neuroobrazowych

100%

Markowska A., Tomaszewska M., Borkowska A.

Polskie Forum Psychologiczne

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2012

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vol. XVII

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issue 2

260-275

EN

The article is a review of neuroimaging studies performed during the Stroop paradigm based tasks among individuals suffering from unipolar and bipolar depression. The aim of the article is to highlight the validity od Stroop paradigm in neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis of depressin, used as a tool for assessing cognitive functioning, but also claryfying the etiopathology of depressive disorders. The first of the article is a review of previous reports, describing resting brain activity abnormalities in affective disorders called neurocorrelates of depression. Then the most common cognitive dysfunctions represented by unipolar and bipolar patents will be discussed brefly and the impact of these dysfuctionts on Stroop test performance. In the last two parts of the article you can find a review of neuroimaging studies during Stroop task performance among healthy individuals and also the comparisons of brain activity during the Stroop interference effect in the group of healthy and depressive subjects. Different brain activity during stroop task among patients suffering from depression comaring with healthy individuals and some differences in brain pattern during the same cognitive task among unipolar and bipolar individuals may indicate the validity of Stroop test in neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric diagnosis.

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