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PL
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EN
Stanisław Staszic was born on 6 November, 1755 in Piła a to a wealthy middle class family. Staszic played an important role in the development of Polish industry, working at the same time as a geologist and studying nature (in 1825 he published information about the Izerskie and Karkonosze Mountains). In the years 1816–1824 he held the post of the director general of Department of Industry and Crafts of the Congress Kingdom. At that time he devised a plan for redevelopment of the  Industrial Region of Old Poland and, after he had founded in 1816 the Hrubieszow Agricultural Society, he became one of the pioneers of the peasant cooperative movement. He resumed exploitation of coal from the Reden deposit located in the present day Dąbrowa Górnicza. On his initiative a lot of industrial buildings were erected e.g. the first tin smelting works in the Kingdom of Poland (4 smelting works under one name of  "Konstanty" – 1816–1822) and iron ore metallurgy centres. He also wrote a poem entitled “The Human Race 1919–1920”.
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In recent times, more and more clearly new approaches are being presented in business management in which managers realise that they have a significant influence on a fundamental re-evaluation of orientation in terms of objectives, operations and processes of the enterprise. This study presents an environmental management system in a manufacturing company, whose main tool is lean management and virtual organization. Making such an assumption allows one to distinguish a classic environmental management system of the new solution, which is characterized by the elimination of potential waste already at the planning stage of the production process. For this reason, one can indicate a new trend in management, which places special emphasis on the process of green businesses. This process is now becoming an integral part of the effective management of the organization and fosters a smart company and its good image in the proximal and distal environment.
EN
This paper presents a set of word monitoring experiments with Polish learners of English. Listeners heard short recordings of native English speech, and were instructed to respond when they recognized an English target word that had been presented on a computer screen. Owing to phonological considerations, we compared reaction times to two types of vowel-initial words, which had been produced either with glottalization, or had been joined via sandhi linking processes to the preceding word. Results showed that the effects of the glottalization as a boundary cue were less robust than expected. Implications of these findings for models of L2 speech are discussed. It is suggested that the prevalence of glottalization in L1 production makes listeners less sensitive to its effects as a boundary cue in L2.
Research in Language
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2015
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vol. 13
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issue 1
51-60
EN
Methods involving phonetic speech recognition are discussed for detecting Persianaccented English. These methods offer promise for both the identification and mitigation of L2 pronunciation errors. Pronunciation errors, both segmental and suprasegmental, particular to Persian speakers of English are discussed.
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This study was carried out in the context of the student educational mobility. The objective of this study was to provide comprehensive information about Chinese students’ migration flow and to point out reasons and motivation of it. Article also analyze historical and current view of student mobility, the main strategies and policies in place to promote or even regulate mobility in China. The study is based on a qualitative research. Detailed statistics on the mobility of students were collected from national educational reports and reports from OECD, UNESCO and equivalent institutions. In addition, analyze of student’s internet forum were carried out to explore current motivations and reason of Chinese students educational mobility.
EN
It is incontrovertible that acquisition of a sound system of a second language is always a complex phenomenon and presents a great challenge for L2 learners (e.g. Rojczyk, 2010a). There are numerous studies (e.g. Nowacka, 2010; Flege, 1991) which show that L2 learners whose first language has a scarce number of sounds, have problems to distinguish L2 sound categories and tend to apply their L1 segments to new contexts. It may be easily detectable in the case of vowels. There is abundance of studies examining L2 learners’ successes and failures in production of L1 and L2 vowels (e.g. Flege, 1992; Nowacka, 2010; Rojczyk, 2010a). Usually such projects show how difficult it is for L2 learners to separate “old” and “new” vowel categories. However, the situation becomes much more complicated when we think of third language (L3) production. While in the case of L2 segmental production the number of factors affecting L2 sounds is rather limited (either interference from learners’ L1 or some kind of L2 intralingual influence), in the case of L3 segmental production we may encounter L1®L3, L2®L3 or L3 intralingual interference. This makes separation of L3 sounds a much more complex process. The aim of this study is to examine whether speakers of L1 Polish, L2 English and L3 German are able to separate new, L3 vowel categories from their native and L2 categories. Being a part of a larger project, this time the focus is on German /oe/. This vowel was chosen since it is regarded as especially difficult for Polish learners of German and it is frequently substituted with some other sounds. A group of English philology (Polish-English-German translation and interpretation programme) students was chosen to participate in this project. They were advanced speakers of English who did not encounter any difficulties in communication with native speakers of this language and upperintermediate users of German. They had been taught both English and German pronunciation/practical phonetics during their studies at the University of Silesia. The subjects were asked to produce words containing analysed vowels, namely: P /u/, P /ɔ/, P /ɛ/, E /uː/, E /ɔː/ and G /oe/. All examined vowels were embedded in a /bVt/ context. The target /bVt/ words were then embedded in carrier sentences I said /bVt/ this time in English, Ich sag’ /bVt/ diesmal in German and Mówię /bVt/ teraz in Polish, in a non-final position. The sentences were presented to subjects on a computer screen and the produced chunks were stored in a notebook’s memory as .wav files ready for inspection. The Praat 5.3.12 speech-analysis software package (Boersma, 2001) was used to scroll through the audio files in order to locate an onset and offset of target vowels, measure the F1 and F2 frequencies and plot vowels on the plane. All analyses were also performed using Praat. The obtained results shed new light on L3 segmental production and L1 and L2 interference.
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