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"Cestovní ruch" na vesnici před I. světovou válkou

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EN
Jan Blažek, a correspondent of the Czech Ethnological Society, wrote in 1982 a text that described representatives of selected socio-professional groups in the Czech countryside before World War I. He paid attention to beggars, vagrants, wanderers, and barrel organ players. Even though those people usually were on the margin of society, the author identifies peculiar features of each of the mentioned groups and he differentiates between them (he creates a particular characteristics for each of them). He deals with their social and material situation, majority ́s relationship to them (including possible stereotypes and expressions of solidarity), their life conditions (diet, accommodation, clothing etc.) and other features (way of earning livelihood, typical behaviour, or verbal expressions).
EN
The goal of this paper is to investigate the communication emotions used by internet users when facing a situation in whichwhen a needy person asks for food; and, as well as to explore socio-emotional discourse practices for constructing a cultural image of a giver and a receiver of help. The results are discussed in light of Arlie Russel Hochschild’s concept of the emotion management and feeling rules and Candance Clark’s concept of sympathy margin.
EN
The problem of the sick, poor, old, orphans and those who are in need continuously appeared throughout human civilization. The Church played a huge, even dominant role in providing assistance to these people, as its doctrine of mercy inspired his followers to support the needy. This aid was rendered primarily through hospitals – which until the Enlightenment functioned as poorhouses; to a lesser extent by brotherhoods of charity. However, the most common form of assistance was a handout called „daily mercy”; according to the medieval concept of mercy, a „gold” and universal remedy for all human misery, because available for all the people from different classes and social groups. Giving handouts was something natural and done every day, something inherent in the mentality of medieval and modern society. It was an important part of all church and family ceremonies, public meetings, gatherings, and travel. There were different forms of giving handouts. One of them was a handout from individuals, which was usually practiced in the form of so-called testamentary handouts bequeathed in wills. Bequests and dispositions concerning handouts were made both to individuals (beggars and the poor) and a group of people living on the streets or in their homes. Also, the authors of their wills often bequeathed part of their wealth to charitable institutions, primarily hospitals and residents living in them. Informal handouts were rendered even more often; they were given by individuals in a spontaneous manner either to people who were in hospitals, or beggars who were not connected with any charitable institutions. Another form of supporting the needy was a funeral handout, distributed by the family of the deceased to beggars participating in the funeral. Sometimes it resulted from the will of the deceased, who before his death obligated relatives (in his will or by his words) to bestow handouts on the poor present in the burial ceremony. Beggars also received support participating at the funeral reception. The above-mentioned types of handouts can be defi ned as non-institutional ones. Sometimes, however, handouts were given by various institutions and organizations such as parishes, monasteries, hospitals and charitable brotherhoods, which were appointed for this very purpose, e.g. brotherhoods of the poor, hospitaller brotherhoods or brotherhoods of charity. Institutional forms of assistance include the ones provided by bishops, monarchs or municipal offi ces. Finally, there were also handouts coming from criminal penalties, because an accused or convicted person was obliged to help the needy as a substitute for any other type of sanction, for example fl ogging or prison. Sometimes the courts did not charge administrative fees, allocating them to beggars.
EN
The aim of this article is to show the position of beggars in the Old Polish period. They had one of the lowest positions in the hierarchical and class society in the Republic of Poland. As they did not belong to any recognized social group (e.g. family or guild), had no assets and were often homeless, they were despised and people suspected the worst of them. They often belonged to the margins of society, or the so-called people of the road. They were therefore excluded from the basic social structures. Residents of recognized institutions, such as hospitals, were also engaged in begging. At the same time, beggars were paupers and as poor men they had the face of Christ. The so-called poverty was a necessary goal of charity resulting from the basic principle of Christianity, i.e. love. Alms – different forms of donation – were a prerequisite for salvation. In return, donors expected that the donated would pray for them. Thus, on the one hand, beggars were humiliated and despised; on the other hand, they were a necessary condition for the proper functioning of Christian charity.
PL
Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie sytuacji żebraka w okresie staropolskim. W hierarchicznym i stanowym społeczeństwie Rzeczypospolitej zajmował on jedną z najniższych pozycji. Bez przynależności do uznanej grupy społecznej, np. rodziny, cechu, nie posiadając majątku, często bezdomny, był pogardzany i podejrzewany o najgorsze cechy. Często należał przy tym do marginesu społecznego, do tzw. ludzi luźnych, ludzi gościńca, a więc wykluczonych z podstawowych struktur. Żebraniem trudnili się również pensjonariusze uznanych placówek, czyli szpitali. Z drugiej strony żebrak był biedakiem, a biedak miał przecież twarz Chrystusa. Tak zwane ubóstwo było niezbędne jako cel charytatywności. Ta z kolei stanowiła wyraz miłosierdzia wynikający z podstawowej zasady chrześcijaństwa, czyli miłości. Jałmużna – datek pod różną postacią był konieczny w dziele zbawienia. W zamian oczekiwano od obdarowanego modlitwy na rzecz darczyńcy. Tak więc żebrak – z jednej strony poniżany, pogardzany, wyrzucany poza obręb społeczeństwa, z drugiej strony stanowił warunek konieczny dla właściwego funkcjonowania chrześcijańskiej charytatywności.
EN
For centuries, charitable activity in Poland was one of the main missions of the Catholic Church. Until almost the beginning of the 20th century, parishes of the then Diocese of Lublin maintained buildings known as poorhouses or parish hospitals, where the poorest inhabitants – living off alms and funds granted by wealthy residents of nearby localities – found shelter. In this overview article, the author discusses the charitable work conducted within the Diocese of Lublin and presents the historical architecture of hospital buildings that existed in parish areas until 1939 and were gradually dismantled after 1945. Using examples of specific parishes, the article also outlines the living conditions, means of subsistence, and endowments of impoverished parishioners, as well as the transformations of these buildings throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries. In a few parsonages in the Lublin region – such as Kazimierz Dolny, Końskowola, Sawin, Lublin, or Wąwolnica – one can still find buildings preserved in their original architectural form, representing historical structures that functioned as poorhouses (hospitals) for the needy. The text also presents examples of demolished hospital buildings, for instance, in Matczyn or Kraśnik. The source query covered materials from: the Archives of the Archdiocese of Lublin in Lublin, the State Archives in Lublin, the archives of St. Anne’s Parish in Lubartów, the archives of the Parish in Wąwolnica, the archives of the District Youth Cultural Centre in Lubartów, the Archives of the Provincial Office for the Protection of Monuments in Lublin, the Society for the Protection of Historical Monuments, and the Central Records of Religious Authorities at the Central Archives of Historical Records in Warsaw. These collections contained valuable documentation – manuscripts, post-visitation protocols, architectural designs, and photographs – which were used in the article.
RU
На протяжении веков благотворительная деятельность в Польше была одной из основных программ Католической церкви. Почти до начала XX в. в приходах тогдашней Люблинской диоцезии существовали строения, называемые приютами или приходскими больницами, где находили укрытие самые бедные жители приходов, жившие попрошайничеством, а также за счёт средств, предоставляемых зажиточными жителями соседних населённых пунктов. В настоящей обзорной статье автор рассмотрел благотворительную деятельность, осуществлявшуюся на территории Люблинской диоцезии, и представил историческую архитектуру больничных строений, существовавших в приходах до 1939 г. и постепенно разбиравшихся после 1945 г. На примере конкретных приходов показаны также условия жизни, способы существования и материальное обеспечение бедных прихожан, а также трансформации архитектуры на протяжении XIX в. и начала XX в. На немногих приходских дворах Люблинского воеводства, в том числе в Казимеже-Дольном, Консковоли, Савине, Люблине и Вонволнице, до сих пор можно найти здания, сохранившиеся в оригинальной архитектурной форме, составляющие исторические комплексы приютов (больниц) для бедных. В тексте также представлены примеры снесённых больничных зданий, например, в Матчине и Краснике. Источниковое исследование охватило материалы: Архива Люблинской архиепархии в Люблине, Государственного архива в Люблине, архива прихода св. Анны в Лубартуве, архива прихода в Вонволнице, архива Районного дома культуры для молодёжи в Лубартуве, Архива Воеводского управления охраны памятников в Люблине, Общества охраны памятников прошлого, Центральных актов религиозных властей в Главном архиве актов в Варшаве. В этих архивах ценными документами были, среди прочего, рукописи, визитационные протоколы, архитектурные проекты, фотографии, которые использованы в статье.
PL
Przez wieki działalność dobroczynna w Polsce była jednym z głównych programów Kościoła katolickiego. Niemal do początku XX w. w parafiach ówczesnej diecezji lubelskiej znajdowała się zabudowa zwana przytułkami lub przyparafialnym szpitalami, w których schronienie odnajdywali najbiedniejsi mieszkańcy parafii, utrzymujący się z żebractwa oraz funduszy przyznawanych przez zamożnych mieszkańców okolicznych miejscowości. W niniejszym przekrojowym artykule autor omówił prowadzoną na terenie diecezji lubelskiej działalność dobroczynną oraz przedstawił historyczną architekturę zabudowy szpitalnej, która do roku 1939 istniała na terenie parafii, a następnie po 1945 r. sukcesywnie była likwidowana. Na podstawie konkretnych parafii zaprezentowano również warunki bytowe, sposoby utrzymywania się i uposażenie ubogich parafian, a także przeobrażenia zabudowy na przestrzeni XIX w. i początku wieku XX. Na niewielu probostwach województwa lubelskiego, m.in. w Kazimierzu Dolnym, Końskowoli, Sawinie, Lublinie czy Wąwolnicy, można jeszcze odnaleźć zachowane w oryginalnej formie architektonicznej budynki, tworzące historyczne zabudowania o funkcji przytułku (szpitala) dla ubogich. W tekście zaprezentowano również przykłady rozebranych budynków szpitalnych, np. w Matczynie czy Kraśniku. Kwerenda źródłowa objęła zasoby: Archiwum Archidiecezjalnego Lubelskiego w Lublinie, Archiwum Państwowego w Lublinie, archiwum parafii św. Anny w Lubartowie, archiwum parafii w Wąwolnicy, archiwum Powiatowego Młodzieżowego Domu Kultury w Lubartowie, Archiwum Wojewódzkiego Urzędu Ochrony Zabytków w Lublinie, Towarzystwa Opieki nad Zabytkami Przeszłości, Akt Centralnych Władz Wyznaniowych Archiwum Akt Głównych w Warszawie. W archiwaliach tych cenną dokumentację stanowiły m.in. rękopisy, protokoły powizytacyjne, projekty architektoniczne, fotografie, które wykorzystano w artykule.
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