Cultural goods can be said to determine a state’s wealth. Consequently, their protection in peacetime and wartime is essential. First of all, the protection of cultural goods results from the natural need to ensure their survival. The protection mainly consists in securing them so that they will not be lost, destroyed, damaged, vandalised or transported abroad. In this paper, the author discusses the most important aspects of the protection of cultural goods.
Heretofore conservation of cultural legacy monuments was concentrated predominantly on the protection of their material stratum. Non-material, extramaterial, and absent legacy was not guaranteed proper attention despite the fact that its co-existence was noticed. Consequently, many monuments and sites became deformed and even deprived of this type of heritage. Upon the threshold of the twenty first century, the ability to define and protect the cultural qualities of the non-material legacy, conceived as tradition, custom, cultural space, as well as extra-material legacy, in which sensitivity to colour, scent, sound, and texture of material is a factor that characterises both the object itself and historical space; it is decisive for the new quality of the protection of cultural legacy. In a wider range, analyses and protection are due to absent heritage, i.e. the sort which had been liquidated as a result of wars or for other reasons. The process of rendering this type of legacy indelible in social consciousness compels us to seek suitable forms of its expression and presentation. A complex approach in the protection of the material and extra-material aspects of cultural legacy will generate a new quality which, presumably, will speak to the contemporary recipient more comprehensively.
The case of Al Mahdi in the International Criminal Court is a landmark case, though being a controversial one. On 27th of September 2016 the ICC for the first time issued a judgement concerning the war crime of intentionally directing attacks against buildings dedicated to religion, education, art, science or historic monuments, provided they are not military objectives. The case of Al Mahdi is a starting point for the historical analysis of the notion of culture in the international law – from the cultural property, protected in the times of armed conflicts, through cultural heritage in its tangible form, to intangible heritage. By understanding culture as dynamic and pivotal for local societies, as well as for international community, cultural heritage is now being perceived as an important part of human dignity and thus human rights.
PL
Sprawa Al Mahdiego przed Międzynarodowym Trybunałem Karnym jest sprawą przełomową, niepozbawioną kontrowersji. 27 września 2016 roku Międzynarodowy Trybunał Karny po raz pierwszy w historii wydał wyrok dotyczący zbrodni wojennej polegającej na zamierzonym kierowaniu ataków na budynki przeznaczone na cele religijne, edukacyjne, artystyczne, naukowe lub pomniki historyczne, pod warunkiem że nie są one celami wojskowymi, powołując się tym samym na art. 8 ust. 2 lit (e) (iv) Statutu Rzymskiego. Sprawa Al Mahdiego stanowi punkt wyjścia dla historycznej analizy znaczenia kultury oraz jej ochrony w prawie międzynarodowym – od wąsko postrzeganego przedmiotu ochrony w postaci dóbr kulturalnych, w czasach konfliktu zbrojnego, poprzez ochronę dziedzictwa kulturalnego w jego materialnym wyrazie, do ochrony dziedzictwa niematerialnego. Obecne rozumienie kultury jako tworu żywego oraz dostrzeżenie znaczenia, jakie kultura oraz dziedzictwo odgrywają zarówno dla lokalnych wspólnot, jak i społeczności międzynarodowej, czyni dziedzictwo istotnym elementem ludzkiej godności i tym samym praw człowieka.
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, in Poland in 2020 was an event that affected the functioning of the Museum of the City of Łódź on an unprecedented scale. It had to quickly adapt to work in a completely new, changed reality, for which it and many similar institutions were not prepared. More than a year after the put in force of the first sanitary restrictions and despite the continuous epidemic threat, an attempt can be made to characterize the activities undertaken by the museum, aimed at adapting the everyday life of the institution to the new conditions. In order to outline the challenges and problems faced by the Museum of the City of Łódź, the activities undertaken by the institution were described in three spheres: organization of internal work, maintaining and building an audience through digital activity, and making exhibitions and collections available in the sanitary regime. The intention of the analysis is to indicate the key remedial tasks undertaken by the museum.
PL
Wybuch pandemii koronawirusa w Polsce w 2020 r. był wydarzeniem, które na niespotykaną wcześniej skalę wpłynęło na funkcjonowanie Muzeum Miasta Łodzi [dalej: MMŁ]. Szybko musiało przystosować się do pracy w zupełnie nowej, zmienionej rzeczywistości, do której zarówno ono, jak i wiele podobnych placówek, nie było przygotowane. Po ponad roku od wprowadzenia pierwszych obostrzeń sanitarnych i pomimo ciągłego trwania zagrożenia epidemicznego, można podjąć próbę charakterystyki przedsięwziętych przez Muzeum działań, których celem było dostosowanie codzienności instytucji do nowych warunków. Na potrzeby stworzenia zarysu wyzwań i problemów, z którymi przyszło się zmierzyć Muzeum Miasta Łodzi, podejmowane przez instytucję działania opisano w trzech sferach: organizacji pracy wewnętrznej, utrzymania i budowania publiczności poprzez działalność cyfrową oraz udostępniania wystaw i zbiorów w reżimie sanitarnym. Intencją analizy jest wskazanie kluczowych zadań zaradczych wykonanych przez Muzeum w 2020 r. oraz przedstawienie wniosków dotyczących jego dalszego funkcjonowania.
The protection of cultural property at the time of an armed conflict comprises an extremely essential problem. International law foresees detailed guidelines concerning this issue in its Convention on the protection of cultural property in the case of an armed conflict, the Executive rules to this convention and the Protocol on the protection of cultural property in case of an armed conflict, signed at The Hague on 14 May 1954. These documents list the instruments and legal institutions protecting historical monuments during this particularly dangerous time. From the practical viewpoint, particular importance is attached primarily to a detailed definition of the object of protection. The instruments of protection include the specially noteworthy special protection, the International Register of Cultural Property under Special Protection, as well as the storage and transport of cultural property. Apart from the above mentioned detailed rules, which have not as yet been accepted by all countries, cultural property is protected according to assorted general principles. International law indubitably exerts direct impact on the contents of domestic law. Nonetheless, importance should be attached not only to law, but also to suitable social policies which ought to focus universal awareness on the necessity of preserving material cultural heritage for successive generations.
Rekomendacja warszawska w sprawie odbudowy i rekonstrukcji dziedzictwa kulturowego w punkcie 10 podkreśla potrzebę bycia świadomym „nowych możliwości, jakie stwarzają rozwijające się technologie, w szczególności w zakresie cyfrowego zapisu 3D i odtwarzania w wysokiej jakości materialnych atrybutów dóbr dziedzictwa kulturowego”. W rzeczywistości coraz więcej projektów tworzenia i zarządzania cyfrowymi informacjami na temat dziedzictwa kultury przyciąga uwagę. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu rozwinięcie kilku przemyśleń na temat cyfrowych informacji o dziedzictwie kulturowym w odniesieniu do koncepcji autentyczności. W tym celu omówiono, w jaki sposób zaawansowane technologie dotyczące cyfrowych informacji o dziedzictwie kulturowym wpływają na zarządzanie tym dziedzictwem w celu zachowania warunków autentyczności, opracowanych głównie w instrumentach ochrony światowego dziedzictwa. W artykule przeanalizowano również możliwy wpływ rozwoju technologii metawersji na napięcie między autentycznością a integralnością i innymi dualistycznymi koncepcjami.
EN
The “Warsaw Recommendation on Recovery and Reconstruction of Cultural Heritage” in para. 10 highlights the need to be conscious of “the new possibilities offered by evolving technologies, in particular for very high-definition 3D digital recording and reproduction of material attributes of cultural heritage properties”. In fact, increased examples of projects for creating and managing digital information on cultural heritage attract attention. This paper intends to develop a few thoughts on digital information about cultural heritage in relation to the concept of authenticity. For this purpose, it discusses how advanced technologies concerning the digital information of cultural heritage affect heritage management works to preserve the conditions of authenticity, elaborated mainly in the instruments on world heritage conservation. Also, the paper examines possible impacts that the development of metaverse technologies may have on the tension between authenticity and integrity and other dualistic concepts.
2022 marked the 50th anniversary of the adoption of the 1972 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. On the occasion of this anniversary, the article uncharacteristically contains criticism of both UNESCO itself and doubts about the 1972 Convention. However, all these remarks flow from concern for the fate and future of this international organisation, whose activities and achievements in the protection of the world cultural heritage ultimately deserve recognition. The problems do not merely arise within UNESCO, but rather with other members of the international community, particularly some states and their actions toward the organisation. Problems also arise from the implementation of and compliance with international law. The allegations against UNESCO are organised and discussed here according to three criteria: formalism, time and costs. On the other hand, the 1972 UNESCO Convention itself is presented from two perspectives – first, in the normative layer as an international legal act, which serves as a sui generis constitution of the world’s protection of cultural and natural heritage; and second, in the empirical layer. In the latter context, attention was paid to the role of the UNESCO World Heritage List. Regardless of the criticisms, as well as the weaknesses and problems highlighted, it is clear from the article that it emphasises the value of both the 1972 UNESCO Convention, one of whose main advantages is that it has resisted the passage of time, and the great role of UNESCO itself, as an important international organisation with considerable achievements and merits.
PL
W 2022 r. przypadało 50-lecie przyjęcia Konwencji UNESCO w sprawie ochrony światowego dziedzictwa kulturalnego i naturalnego z 1972 r. Artykuł – nietypowo jak na jubileuszowy – zawiera słowa krytyki zarówno wobec samego UNESCO, jak i wątpliwości co do Konwencji z 1972 r. Jednak wszelkie te uwagi wypływają z troski o losy i przyszłość tej międzynarodowej organizacji, której działalność i osiągnięcia w zakresie ochrony światowego dziedzictwa kultury finalnie zasługują na uznanie. W ocenie autora problemy nie leżą tylko po stronie UNESCO, lecz często bardziej po stronie innych członków społeczności międzynarodowej, w szczególności niektórych państw i ich działań w stosunku do organizacji. Problemy rodzi także implementowanie oraz przestrzeganie prawa międzynarodowego. Zarzuty wobec UNESCO zostały tu uporządkowane według trzech kryteriów: formalizmu, czasu i kosztów. Natomiast sama Konwencja UNESCO z 1972 r. została przedstawiona z dwóch perspektyw – po pierwsze, w warstwie normatywnej jako międzynarodowy akt prawny, który pełni funkcję sui generis konstytucji światowej ochrony dziedzictwa kultury i natury, po drugie, w warstwie empirycznej. W tym ostatnim kontekście zwrócono uwagę na rolę Listy Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Niezależnie od uwag krytycznych, a także zaakcentowanych słabych stron i problemów, z artykułu jednoznacznie wynikają znaczenie i wartość zarówno samej Konwencji UNESCO z 1972 r., której jedną z podstawowych zalet jest to, że oparła się upływowi czasu, jak i ogromna rola samego UNESCO jako ważnej i mającej niemałe osiągnięcia i zasługi organizacji międzynarodowej.
Artykuł zawiera analizę kazusu Bruce’a Lee przedstawiając ostatnie i zarazem przecierające nowe szlaki mechanizmy ochrony prawa własności intelektualnej na terytorium Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na prawo znaków towarowych, jak również nowe spojrzenie na naruszenie praw osobistych, w szczególności prawa do wizerunku w znakach towarowych. Nasuwa się zatem pytanie, jakie czynności prawne powinny zostać podjęte przez spadkobierców Bruce’a Lee, aby chronić ich prawa. Co więcej, w artykule porusza jest również kwestia interesu publicznego w prawie znaków towarowych, a także autorzy poszukują odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób zrównoważyć prawa prywatnych właścicieli z interesem publicznym. W celu przedstawienia hipotetycznych scenariuszy, artykuł w pierwszej kolejności odnosi się do samego kazusu oraz nowelizacji prawa znaków towarowych w Chinach, w dalszej zaś części do rozważań na temat Bruce’a Lee jako elementu składowego kultury współczesnej, należącej do całej ludzkości. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest więc znalezienie rozwiązania dla trudnych przypadków, w których celem staje się pogodzenie mechanizmów ochrony praw własności intelektualnej ze wspólnym dziedzictwem kultury.
EN
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of Bruce Lee’s case by presenting the intellectual property rights mechanisms in the People’s Republic of China. The aim of this paper is to bring attention to the trademark law as well as to shed new light on infringements of personality rights, in particular portrait rights, in trademarks. This begs the question as to what kind of legal action should be undertaken by Bruce Lee’s heiress to protect her rights. Moreover, the article touches upon the conflict between the public interest and trademarks and tries to answer the question how to balance private holders’ rights with the public interest. In order to provide some hypothetical scenarios, the study focuses primarily on Bruce Lee’s case background and the new amendments to trademark law in China, bringing the authors to final deliberations on Bruce Lee as part of modern culture belonging to mankind as a whole. Therefore, our research aims to find a solution to the challenging problem of reconciling intellectual property rights protection mechanisms with the common cultural heritage.
Jednym z głównym celów artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na materiały biblioteczne jako na komponenty dziedzictwa kultury tak samo istotne jak zabytki i muzealia. W pierwszej części zostają przedstawione definicje legalne wskazanych przedmiotów. Część druga została przeznaczona na omówienie sposobów ochrony materiałów bibliotecznych, muzealiów i zabytków oraz wskazanie ewentualnych mechanizmów wspólnych. Zaakcentowane kwestie stanowią wstęp do dalszych badań podjętych w 2016 r. na Uniwersytecie Gdańskim.
EN
The main purpose of the article is drawing attention to library materials as components of the cultural heritage legacy which are as significant as monuments and museum exhibits. In the first part, legal definitions of the objects are presented. The second part discusses ways of the protection of library materials, museum exhibits, and historic monuments and indicates possible shared mechanisms. The discussed issues are an introduction to further research undertaken at the University of Gdańsk.
The article discusses the contemporary comprehension of the concept of the cultural heritage against a wider background of the heritage of culture. The authoress considered the significance of time and the value of historical monuments assessed according to the classical Riegel systematic as well as contemporary experiences that recommend taking into consideration the dynamics of processes caused by the monuments. The article introduces a static differentiation and the currently indispensable dynamic model of an analysis of the value of monuments, with due consideration for complex monument-society interactions. Special emphasis is placed on the economy - monuments relation, which lately has assumed particular significance. The authoress also discussed questions associated with the concept of authenticity judged along the axis of time and the role of original matter as an information carrier determining the existence of all the other assets of a historical monument. In doing so, she distinguished three types of transformation to which the monuments were subjected in the past and still are today, dividing them into non-invasion, annexation and absorption. The text delves into the consequences of choosing the type of transformation for the retention of the authenticity and integration of the monuments. By embarking upon the question of integrity, the text mentions two categories - technical and aesthetic. Next, the authoress examined the outcome of the latter's violation and the possibility of avoiding its negative effects. Additionally, she drew attention to the fact that monuments comprise irreplaceable resources, and hence unsuitable conditions and undertakings that eliminate contact with the authentic monument also destroy its non-material values. Situations that blur the antiquity of historical monuments by changing them into buildings indistinguishable from their contemporary successors are evidence of nearsightedness. More, they are contrary to economic, conservation and social purposes.
By the decree of the President of the Republic of Poland on November 15, 2023, the palace and park complex in Lubostron was recognized as a monument of history. The classical residence of Count Fryderyk Skórzewski, built in 1800 and inspired by Andrea Palladio’s Villa Rotonda near Vicenza, Italy, is surrounded by an English-style park and stands among the most valuable monuments in Poland. Until 1939, the property was owned by the Skórzewski family, who upheld patriotic values and national traditions during the country’s subjugation. After World War II, the palace was nationalized. Its inclusion on the list of monuments of history confirms the significant value of the palace and park complex, deeply intertwined with the history of Poland and its cultural heritage.
PL
Rozporządzeniem prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 15 listopada 2023 r. zespół pałacowo-parkowy w Lubostroniu został uznany za pomnik historii. Klasycystyczna rezydencja Fryderyka hrabiego Skórzewskiego, wzniesiona w 1800 r., wzorowana na Villi Rotonda w pobliżu Vicenzy Andrei Palladia, otoczona założeniem parkowym w stylu angielskim, należy do najcenniejszych zabytków w skali Polski. Do 1939 r. obiekt był w posiadaniu przedstawicieli rodu Skórzewskich, pielęgnującego wartości patriotyczne i tradycje narodowe w okresie niewoli kraju. Po II wojnie światowej pałac został upaństwowiony. Wpisanie na listę pomników historii stanowi potwierdzenie wysokiej wartości zespołu pałacowo-parkowego, trwale związanego z historią Polski i polskim dziedzictwem kultury.
The development of technology and means of production has always been an inherent element of the development of humankind. However, the 19th century has brought an unprecedented leap forward in this respect, when in a relatively short period of time, a rapid technological progress occurred, and we could talk about industry as one of the branches of the economy for the first time. In many areas across Europe numerous mining and manufacturing plants were established and attracted masses of labourers. This influx of people made it necessary to build flats, cultural centres, healthcare centres and places of worship for them. This way, they became dependent on their place of employment, often for several generations. The process was also noticeable in the area of today’s Poland, and it was the most intense in the region of today’s Katowice Conurbation. The fact that significant hard coal seams were found there and could be extracted using more and more technologically advanced equipment had a substantial influence on the shape of the landscape and the future of the region. Establishing new mines, mills and other plants necessary for them to function, as well as the development of other branches of industry, e.g. textiles, led to mass migrations into this area, which in turn resulted in new urban organisms being created. Industrial plants were lined1 with residential and public buildings. Typically, most of the cities in the Conurbation come from as late as the 19th century. The 20th century was tragic for the region, especially in the last decades, when a considerable part of the industry of the region was liquidated or restructured as a result of changes in the economy, its modernisation and due to extraction restrictions. It significantly influenced the social, economic and environmental situation in the whole voivodeship. It turned out that in this relatively small area, there was a mass of people with no employment opportunities, who had developed their culture, identity and their famed work ethics there over dozens of years, but now are often unable to adjust to the new reality. There was more and more poverty of an unprecedented scale, which caused an increase in crime. There has been a considerable impact on the environment – the degree of soil pollution has been substantial, and the necessity to rehabilitate the land requires great financial outlays and many years of active work. The economic impact has also been significant – the areas that remained after the plants closed down are largely located in city centres and have no owners or have been bought only for someone to obtain land in the city centre for next to nothing – they are run-down and are definitely not a positive mark of the region. These are the problems that the authorities of all the cities in the Katowice Conurbation are facing. The most common barrier in overcoming the situation, apart from the frequently unclear ownership of the land, are financial problems. The lack of funds has been standing in the way of restructuring the post-industrial areas for a long time. After Poland joined the European Union (EU), the situation began to change, and new funding opportunities for this kind of activity appeared, as providing new functions for post-industrial areas is one of the more important EU policies. However, it was not only the funds that were preventing the revitalisation of the area, but also, or maybe above all, the lack of local communities’ and regional authorities’ sensitivity to industrial heritage. The idea that industrial buildings are unaesthetic persisted. It was considered that they don’t have any artistic value, so it is not worth looking after them and preserving them for future generations. It wasn’t until fairly recently that it was observed that what reflects the building’s significance is not necessarily its artistic or architectural value. What matters is the historical value, bearing testimony to the region’s and its inhabitants’ identity. Industrial buildings and areas started to be gradually documented and identified. In the Silesian Voivodeship, the Voivodeship Database of Postindustrial Areas (Wojewódzka baza terenów poprzemysłowych) was created within the Regional Spatial Information System (Regionalny System Informacji Przestrzennej, RSIP). In spite of the lack of clear features of a monument-study or conservation character (and being neither complete, nor widely accessible), the database is an important start on the path to creating a single resource, where it will be possible not only to obtain information about the areas that require revitalisation and rehabilitation, but also about those that have already been adapted for new purposes. An additional spur to act for the protection of indusrial heritage and provide it with new functions is definitely a growing number of people interested in this kind of heritage from the not-so-distant times, who want to visit the region and learn about its history through the history of the industry. Industrial tourism is one of the more dynamically developing branches of tourism in the world, winning more and more enthusiasts, and at the same time driving the economy of cities and regions through the creation of new jobs. Post-industrial heritage requires protection and preserving for future generations as a testimony and reflection of the past ages and history. It provides one of the potential forms of regional development.
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