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  1. 19 Filozofia (Philosophy)

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  1. 2 Bielik L.

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  5. 2 Olechnicka A.

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1
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SPATIAL ASPECTS OF THE SCIENCES IN POLAND (Przestrzenne aspekty nauki w Polsce)

100%
Olechnicka A., Ploszaj A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2009
|
vol. 45
|
issue 2(180)
155-171
EN
The article applies some scientometric indicators to evaluate spatial distribution of the Polish science potential. On the base of empirical studies, it discusses the following issues of research: outcomes, cooperation, field specialization, quality, and effectiveness. The authors develop their own research approach based on analysis of bibliometric data as well as scientific projects data. They describe some directions of possible future applications of the presented methodology.
2

THE CURRENT POSITION OF PHILOSOPHY

80%
Doomen J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2010
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vol. 65
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issue 7
672-682
EN
What does the fact that academic philosophy has specialized to a high degree entail its pursuit for? In particular, how can philosophy at present contribute to discussions pertaining to scientific issues? Due to its evolved character, it does not, in contrast to earlier times, when it was still intertwined with the sciences, produce substantial material results. Now the sciences have established themselves as independent domains, its role is limited, being focused on reflection. This does not, however, lead to its demise; in fact, it may, in order to preserve at least the appearance of stability, turn out to be the covering discipline in an ever changing scientific landscape.
3

O POVAHE FILOZOFIE Z HISTORICKO--PRAGMATISTICKEJ PERSPEKTÍVY

80%
Labuda P.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2018
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vol. 73
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issue 5
366 – 377
EN
The aim of the paper is to examine the nature of philosophy from the historical-pragmatist point of view. In the first part, the paper deals with the meaning holism and family resemblance of various exemplifications of philosophy, which are taken as presuppositions of our approach which define philosophy as an activity. In the second part, the paper criticizes those approaches which define philosophy as a quasi-science or a super-science. In the third part, the paper finally offers a definition of philosophy as a two-way intellectual activity consisting in outsourcing and insourcing of open questions and solutions.
4

ŽENY V INTELEKTUÁLNÍCH PROFESÍCH V PRVNÍ POLOVINĚ 20. STOLETÍ

80%
Musilová D.
Studia Historica Nitriensia
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2014
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vol. 18
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issue 1
49 – 61
EN
Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.
5
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EPISTEMOLOGY AND SCIENCE. INTEGRALISM OR SEPARATISM (Epistemologia a nauka. Integralizm albo separatyzm)

80%
Pobojewska A.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2009
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vol. 45
|
issue 2(180)
145-154
EN
Epistemology, confronted with a rapid development of individual branches of science, has been pressed to establish its own status and position as well as to define its relation with science. The multiple perspectives on this issue can be grouped into two major positions: integralism (postulates a close co-existence between epistemology and science) and separatism (argues in favour of a full independence of science and epistemology). In the paper, the authoress analyses the two views and tries to prove that the debate between integralism and separatism cannot be resolved, as the two approaches belong to different and incompatible philosophical traditions: analytical and transcendental. In the article, these issues are examined, and arguments in favour of the separatist view are offered. It is argued for clear separation of epistemology from science.
6

CURIOUS THOUGHT ON THINGS LIKE LITERATURE - WHAT IS IT FOR ?

80%
Janousek P.
Slovak Review. A Review of World Literature Research
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2005
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vol. 14
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issue 1
78-89
EN
The article gives consideration to the question of humane thinking in the context of what is usually perceived under the notion of science. Its argumentation rises from a linguistic paradox: the word 'science' is in nowadays Czech (but as well in other languages) used so to speak entirely in singular - despite the fact that the single/uniform de facto does not exist and the word 'science' is just an abstract notion, which hides a lot of very diverse 'sciences'. The polemic thorn of the reflection points against mechanic identification of all the sciences only with certain scientific branches and against the idea that approaches, methods, customs and criteria used by these sciences have obligatory value for the whole 'science', while the approaches, methods, customs and criteria used by other sciences are unscientific, or at least suspicious. The article gives notice of the fact that in other disciplines common ideas about the science as a synonym for the new discoveries, technologies, approaches, goods or therapeutic methods are not valid. On the example of the thinking on literature points that there exist 'curious' sciences that do not directly change the world of man but they 'just' explain it, for they are devoted to the sphere of human existence, which is practically impossible to reduce to mathematical models. Key words for these sciences are not words as 'exactness, empiricism, experiment and statistics' or words like 'progress and development' but collocations 'creative memory'. It is their own reason, purpose to preserve the awareness of the given society of itself and its ability of creative thinking - leading a ceaseless dialogue with itself and its environment. Another fact arises from this: while in common mechanic concepts 'science' has global dimension, 'curious' sciences are local and are existentially connected with a quite concrete collective, be it defined by nation, language of territory. Without this collective they would not exist - and on the contrary, these collectives would lose constituent part of their identity, which they are distinguished by. Other specific qualities of 'curious' sciences and different ways of their functioning grow from the described features, and these are analyzed in the major part of the article.
7
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FROM SCIENCE TO LITERATURE: THE LIMITS OF ALDOUS HUXLEY’S INTERDISCURSIVE UTOPIA

80%
Shadurski M.
World Literature Studies
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2021
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vol. 13
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issue 4
83 - 93
EN
Throughout much of his writing career, Aldous Huxley contributed to the interdiscursive construction of literature as a utopia, a common ground between scientific and literary discourses. This article explores both the explications and limits of Huxley’s interdiscursive utopia, focusing primarily but not exclusively on his most famous and highly ambiguous novel Brave New World (1932). Read against the background of pertinent criticism and contextualized in 1920s and 1930s debates about the changing prominence of science and the scientist in Britain, Huxley’s enterprise manifests a considerable preserve of social prejudice and hierarchical thinking. This circumstance detracts substantially from the interdiscursivity of his utopia and compromises literature’s claim to a holistic representation of social reality.
8

SLOVENSKÁ TEXTOLÓGIA A EDITORSTVO V DRUHEJ POLOVICI 20. STOROČIA

80%
Hašková Z.
Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)
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2013
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vol. 60
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issue 2
143 – 155
EN
The goal of the article was to at least partly systematize the knowledge gained by the Slovak text studies as a generalizing work in this field does not exist in our country. The ideas built on the scientific articles within text studies written in the second half of the 20th century. The beginning of the Slovak text studies in the 1950s is represented by the works by Jozef Felix, Karol Rosenbaum and Mikuláš Bakoš. Later studies by Nora Krausová, František Miko and Peter Zajac form the next stage of its development and with regard to the future seem to be trend-setting. Owing to their communicative and inspiring nature, the summary can be considered a good starting point for an effective exploitation of their potential. Based on the study of the texts used at the birth of Slovak text studies it can be concluded that the most serious practical problems are related to the way texts are edited and the choice of the basic text. Using the texts written by younger authors the scientific character of the text studies was demonstrated as well as how they are bound with literary theory and why they are important for the correct understanding of literary texts. The summary and assessment of the Slovak text studies in the article map their most important topics and debatable issues, relate the results of the research by the literary scientists engaged in this field and draw attention to their various approaches. They also raise questions about the direction of the Slovak text studies in the future.
9

TRÁPENÍ MŮŽE BÝT KULTIVACÍ. ALE PŘESTÁVÁ TAK BÝT TRÁPENÍM?

80%
Peregrin J.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2017
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vol. 72
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issue 7
581 – 585
EN
This article responds to the criticism of M. Zach, who challenges my view that it makes no sense to try to prove metaphysical realism. The author argues that Zach's criticism is based on several confusions and that the conclusion he eventually reaches is not far from what the author has been claiming from the beginning.
10

FAKTY A HODNOTY: K OTÁZKE HODNOTOVEJ NEUTRALITY VEDY

80%
Szapuová M.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
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2018
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vol. 73
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issue 9
693 – 706
EN
The paper deals with the fact-value distinction within the context of the value-free ideal of science. Drawing on some views of H. Putnam and J. Searle the author criticizes the dichotomy understanding of the fact-value relationship and argues that a strict distinction between science as a world of facts and morals as a world of values is unsustainable. Abandoning the fact-value dichotomy opens the space for rethinking the value-free ideal and for considering various types of values operating in science and influencing knowledge production. The author also tries to show that the recognition that science is free from neither cognitive nor non-cognitive values does not mean that we have to abandon the principle of objectivity. Instead of considering objectivity as an opposition to valueladeness, we should rather conceive it as connected with the social and communal character of knowledge producing practices.
11

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ECOLOGICAL HORIZONS IN THE NEW ERA OF SCIENCE

80%
Melnyk L. G., Dehtyarova I. B., Shevtsov S. V.
Mekhanizm Rehuluvannya Economiky
|
2011
|
vol. 4 (54)
en
EN
The article is dedicated to the scientific issues, which were in the focus of the World Science Forum, held 17-19 November 2011 in Budapest. The article reveals the problems of new scientific superpowers emergence, as well as the emergence of new fields of science, new opportunities for scientific cooperation at the global level, new models and regulations in science policy. The consequences of scientific discoveries and the role of science in solving different pressing global economic, social and environmental problems are tackled in the article.
12
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„ODKOUZLENÍ“ VERSUS SEKULARIZACE?!

80%
Havelka M.
Sociológia (Sociology)
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2012
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vol. 44
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issue 5
564 – 578
EN
In the context of the constitutive antinomy of German intellectual life at the end of 19th century and the bifurcation of subject and object, this essay attempts to reconstruct the original intentions of Weber’s concept of Entzauberung (elimination of magical powers) of life and the world. It shows the weaknesses of a one-dimensional identification of the term Entzauberung with secularisation. It argues that it was not Weber’s aim to capture the cultural and social processes of the de-religionalization of both the public and private sphere, or the process of the expulsion of belief from everyday life. On the contrary, he strove to critically interpret the social and cultural consequences of the development of science and an increasing rationalization of life. There were two consequences, according to Weber. First, religiosity and belief changed in relation to the privatization and subjectification of traditional values (such as good, beauty, hope, etc.) which brought an increased danger in that these values can be externally manipulated. Second, various forms of “religious” ideologies were produced and resurrected. From this perspective, Entzauberung is a phenomenon parallel to secularisation, and not one of its forms.
13
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Sociologie vědy a sociologická metateorie

80%
Petrusek M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2007
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vol. 16/29
|
issue 2
31-59
EN
The article surveys the ways science was thematized as a sociological subject. It starts with the reflections on knowledge and science in the Enlightenment, further reviews the main contributions of Comtean philosophy and sociology of science, stresses Merton's role in making the traditional sociology of knowledge open to empirical research, and traces the subsequent development of the field: the progress of quantitative analyses and ethnographic researches of science, the Kuhnian turn towards historicizing and Foucaultian turn towards the politics of science, the evolution of cognitive sociology of science, as well as the inspirations drawn from works of Bloor, Barnes, and Latour.
14
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WHO EXACTLY IS AN EXPERT? ON THE PROBLEM OF DEFINING AND RECOGNIZING EXPERTISE

80%
Hardoš P.
Sociológia (Sociology)
|
2018
|
vol. 50
|
issue 3
268 – 288
EN
The article tackles the problem of defining and identifying experts. The conceptual analysis of what it means to be an expert relies on existing scholarship in social epistemology and sociology of expertise. It draws a portrait of experts as deeply immersed in specialist habits and practices, whose truth-tracing testimonies, publicity, and standards of inquiry bestow on them a tentative, context-dependent epistemic authority. This definition of expertise is closely connected with the question of their recognition by the lay public, i.e. how experts can (and should) signal their reliability and trustworthiness. The signalling is made possible through the culture of responsibility present in scientific practices along with the institutionalization of certain features of ‘epistemic vigilance’.
15

Společnost jako sociální konstrukce a text

80%
Petrusek M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2008
|
vol. 17/30
|
issue 3-4
5-54
EN
The moderate interpretation of the Thomas' Theorem suggests little more than a failure at the assessment of objective situation. Its radical interpretation allows thinking the existence of new social reality. The postmodern condition facilitates this understanding. The underlying idea is not recent; Marx's theory is a precursor to the constructionist approach. The canonical foundations of social constructionism were laid by Berger and Luckmann, who sought to reconcile Weberian and Durkheimian traditions in their concept of the social construction of reality. Phenomena like gender or consumerism appear to be suitable objects for such an approach. Attribution of meaning in culture nonetheless offers to expand the principle to any domain and, in some cases, such as the labeling theory of deviation, it tries its own limits. Applied to science itself, the principle raises questions about the status of scientific knowledge that circumvent epistemological issues. Social constructionism is itself surpassed by the linguistic turn and discursive theories of society. The notion of society as text may challenge realist and objectivist positions. In order to remain productive, however, the notion must retain the presupposition of order and rules of reading and thus admit that, actually, society is not merely a text.
16

Nauka i jej konteksty w e-wydaniach „Faktu”

80%
Piechota M.
Oblicza Komunikacji
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2011
|
vol. 4
165-180
EN
Poland entered the 21st century with the aim of transforming its economy into one that is based on knowledge. Completing this goal is largely dependent on members of society, who need to continuously develop their expertise, and learn to transfer it to the economy. Such an attitude to education can certainly be shaped by the media, and not only by opinion-forming quality newspapers and magazines, but also tabloids, whose wide readership makes them particularly influential. This article represents an attempt to examine how the tabloid press depicts science, knowledge, and learning. To that end, an analysis is made of a body of science-related texts published between August 2008 and May 2009 in the online edition of the Polish daily tabloid newspaper “Fakt.” For the purposes of this content and style analysis, the texts are broadly divided into two categories: depictions of the work done by scientists and its effects, and narratives about celebrities which are connected with science or learning. The analysis leads to the following conclusions: 1) science and knowledge account for a significant part of news coverage in “Fakt,” 2) scientific achievements are generally presented as positive and applicable to everyday life, 3) the authority of scientists is used to lend credence to unlikely or trivial information, 4) although scientific news in “Fakt” is occasionally sensationalized (a typical feature of nearly all tabloid texts), citing experts and research results seems to primarily serve to systematize the reader’s knowledge and ideas about the world, 5) learning is typically presented in a favourable manner, yet sometimes this process is suggested to be tiresome, 6) because science and research often demand high expenditure, “Fakt” occasionally reports on them using critical overtones, by means of which it fulfils its role as a defender of “social justice.”
17
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Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szaleństwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczości naukowej, metodologia badań naukowych

80%
Bobryk J.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
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2011
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vol. 47
|
issue 1(187)
29-40
EN
(Polish title: Daimonion Sokratesa, neuroza Kierkegaarda, szalenstwo Nietzschego. Psychologia twórczosci naukowej, metodologia badan naukowych). The first part of the paper presents the discussion concerning the relations between psychological development, psychopathology and creativity. Kazimierz Dabrowski's theory of positive disintegration provide the conceptual framework of the undertaken discussion The second part of the paper considers the role of psychological crises and unconsciousness in creative processes and creative behaviors of scientists.
18

ABDUKCIA A JEJ MIESTO VO VEDE A FILOZOFII

80%
Bielik L.
Filozofia (Philosophy)
|
2021
|
vol. 76
|
issue 6
391 – 406
EN
The paper analyses four different aspects of abduction when used in science and philosophy. As a preliminary step, it presents the main kinds of abductive arguments in terms of their logical form and extra logical criteria of evaluation. Subsequently, it discusses the standard functions of abductive inference. Finally, it pays attention to four levels of difference in comparing the use of abduction in science with that in philosophy. In particular, it is argued that the difference between abduction in science and philosophy involves the distinct kinds of hypotheses, a different notion of explanation, a difference in the contexts of abductive reasoning, and different criteria for the hypothesis-selection.
19
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Whitehead's First Coming to Terms with the Legacy of Modern Science and Philosophy

80%
Andrle M.
Teorie vědy (Theory of Science)
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2007
|
vol. 16/29
|
issue 1
75-112
EN
This article summarizes the underlying points of Whitehead's first systematic critique of the 'materialistic' theory, which dominated modern scientific reasoning, as well as the philosophical motivation of his criticism of modern epistemology that originated as a result of a specific link towards science. Together with an outline of Whitehead's critique, this study offers a number of illustrative quotes from the works of thinkers against whom Whitehead delineated his own philosophy since his own texts do not systematically come to terms with primary literature. In conclusion, this study sketches out the key traits of Whitehead's own position representative of the particular phase of his thinking under scrutiny.
20
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Max Horkheimer o relacjach między filozofią i nauką w dobie kryzysu kulturowego

80%
Walentowicz H.
Zagadnienia Naukoznawstwa
|
2011
|
vol. 47
|
issue 3(189)
359-373
EN
The paper deals with Horkheimer’s view on the relation between philosophy and the sciences. It also presents his ideas concerning the aims of study as well as discusses his account of authentic education. These problems are addressed not abstractly, but in the context of Horkeimer’s social and historiosophic diagnosis and prognosis. Moreover, the authoress shows the difference between the results of the Critical Theory and the conceptions grounded in tradition. The main thesis of the paper manifests itself in statement that Horkheimer’s remedy for the crisis of the European culture is the philosophical self-reflection; in other words, he postulates the primacy of philosophy in respect to sciences, that is, wisdom in respect to knowledge.
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