Rendering work on grounds of act of election in executive organs of territorial self-government units In the elaboration the author performs a fragmentary analysis of a legal relation which constitutes grounds of carrying out duties by peo-ple holding a role of executive organs in territorial self-government units (exercising public powers). One should differentiate two situa-tions: to be in charge of a function as a regular post (in the scope of elec-tion as an extracontractual employment relationship) and as an extra-post (honorary). Existence of this dualism is not accompanied by sepa-rate regulations concerning a professional situation of people elected to these organs, which can cause essential doubts in practice of application of the law. Both the Labour Code (art. 73–75 KP) and other normative acts, among others act of 21.11.2008 on self-governmental employees do not contain a detailed regulation of an election as a ground for establishing an employment relationship, particularly in the scope of its change and termination. A catalogue of posts, providing an election as a ground for employment among self-governmental employees, is closed. The act of election to a managerial function in a territorial self-government always leads to establishing an organisational-legal relation, and if a given per-son is to be employed on a ground of particular provisions of a statute, as well as in relation to heads of communes (mayors, presidents of cit-ies) – it also constitutes a ground of establishing an employment rela-tionship. Thus only at a level of an administrative district, province and unions of territorial self-government units it is possible to resign from establishing an employment relationship and to limit merely to organ-isational-legal bonds. In relation with this, a question arises whether 50 such differentiation of a legal status of people fulfilling the same tasks is justified, what legal regulations are to be used towards these people, who are not employees in understanding of labour law. Nowadays a question is quite often posed on justification of main-taining in self-governmental administration an employment relation-ship by election. Finally the elaboration refers to the issue, i.e. whether and possibly in what direction should a concept of development of this extracontractual ground of employment head to.
The paper presents the quantitative changes that have occurred in employment among the rural population of Opole Voivodship after Polish accession to the European Union - over the years 2006-2010. Determination of these changes was possible because in 2006 and in 2010 there had been conducted quantitative research on the same sample group and with usage of the same research method. The comparative analysis of results of the research proved that within four years both the number of people working permanently in Poland and working abroad have changed. The results also indicated significant differences in the trends of changes between the two groups of the population living in Opole Voivodship - among the autochthon population who have the Polish and German citizenship and among non-autochthonous population who have only Polish citizenship.
In Lower Silesian Voivodeship the structure of employment, measured by a percentage share of employed persons in sections of an economy, has been evolved in 1999- 2010 years. The main changes took place after 2001 year. The application of Wroclaw taxonomy to the analysis of the structure of employment in Lower Silesian Voivodeship shows two homogenous sets of objects during period 1999-2008. First set covers period 1999-2001 and second covers period 2002-2008. Changes in the second set were smaller than in the first one. Structures of employment in Lower Silesian Voivodeship and Poland in 1999-2010 are not similar. Only a similar tendencies of changes in both cases are observed
In view of the challenges faced by the Polish labour market and the growing role of foreign labour force, it seems to be necessary to verify the factors stimulating and hindering the use of foreign workers. This article aims to present the factors from the perspective of employers and employees. Establishment of incentives for employment and impede the use of foreign labour force is crucial in the perspective that may appear on the Polish labour market. Already is observed a lack of manpower in certain industries and occupations (e.g. construction, agriculture), which is related to one side of the international migration of native labour force, on the other by mismatch of skills of Polish workers to labor market needs. The article uses the results of studies conducted in the Opole Voivodeship among employers of foreigners and among foreign workers. Employers as barriers of employment of foreigners pointed formal and legal conditions. However, for foreigners the biggest hurdle was the lack of knowledge of Polish language. Among the demands of changes that may facilitate the use of foreign workers, employer pointed reduce of formality and foreigners have mentioned whiling away the time needed for obtaining visa.
Polish legislator has defined social employment as providing certain categories of people who are threatened or affected by social exclusion (e.g. unemployment, homeless or addicted) with some opportunities to either participate in workshops that are run in centres for social integration clubs or take up supported employment. Social employment understood in this way is to aim at social reintegration that leads to restoring and maintaining the skills to participate in the life of a particular local community, and to perform social roles in one's place of work and domicile. In addition, social employment is supposed to result in vocational reintegration that leads to restoring the abilities to provide work on the labour market. The legal institution in question is, therefore, linked to a new meaning of employment that goes beyond the Polish Labour Code provisions. As it has been agreed, work is not only a source of income but it also may help one's recovery of employability and self-confidence.
The article concerns the processes of change in the two clubs competing in football and volleyball, which followed the period of dynamic growth. In the case of the football club investigation period covers the years 2004-2012, and the club volleyball are the years of 1999-2012. The development of these organizations expressed not only through increased sports performance, but also through formal and legal changes, involving the evolution from associations to join-stock companies. These phenomena affect the development of the organizational structure and the appearance of new jobs. The purpose of this article is to present the changes in sports clubs in the managing structure and tasks of the key players on the example of men's soccer and women's volleyball. The methods have been applied are the interview and document analysis. The respondents were longterm employees of clubs, and examined documents were job descriptions of employees. The results show the appearance of many new jobs and expanding existing tasks. Additionally strong impact on the surveyed organizations of competitions in which the team participated and organizational culture of the owners, was observed. The study concludes that all clubs seeking to develop high-quality sports products should consciously optimize their structure and shape the attitudes of employees readiness to change and look for employees with the highest competence, effectively performing the organizational and management tasks. This situation is consistent with trends in sports organizations in the world, which creates favorable conditions for the development of professional sport in Poland.
Jednym z najpoważniejszych wyzwań dla rynku pracy w Polsce jest aktywizacja zawodowa osób w wieku produkcyjnym niemobilnym (powyżej 45. roku życia). Populację tę charakteryzują niskie wskaźniki zatrudnienia i mała aktywność zawodowa. Towarzyszy temu postępujący jej wzrost liczebny. Efektem tego jest odwracanie się tzw. piramidy wieku. Wszystko to wymaga uruchomienia mechanizmów dostosowawczych oraz stosownych rozwiązań instytucjonalnych i systemowych. Szczególną rolę mają do wypełnienia stosowne instrumenty rynku pracy i formy wsparcia aktywności osób starszych.
EN
One of the most important challenges in the labour market is a professional activation of people of the immobile, productive age (over 45 years of age). The features of this population are the low employment rates and low efficiency of professional. This situation is accompanied by a progressive increase in the number of this population. This is the result of the reversal of the age pyramid. All of this requires the implementation adjustment mechanisms and appropriate system and institutional solutions. A specific functions are fullfilled by labour market instruments and support of activity of elderly.
W artykule omówiono problem szacowania liczby pracujących, przeciętnego zatrudnienia i wynagrodzeń według powiatów i z uwzględnieniem podziału na sektory, sekcje EKD i płeć na podstawie danych za 1998 rok.
The deterioration in the general government sector in the EU-countries implied the reduction of budgetary expenditures. According to the analysis of the pertinent data the countries were generally eager to spend money for lowering unemployment rates. This is why the restriction on the expenses from the Labor Fund in Poland in 2011 and 2012 comprised an extraordinary source of savings. Apart from its negative consequences such as depletion of the number of unemployed supported by the forms of active labour market policies, they triggered new pro-effective solutions in employment offices.
W artykule podjęto rozważania dotyczące zatrudnienia w niepełnym wymiarze czasu pracy osób, które przekroczyły 55. rok życia w Polsce. Biorąc pod uwagę, że wraz z wiekiem poziom aktywności zawodowej maleje, podczas gdy udział osób w wieku 55+ w populacji wzrasta, istotna wydaje się możliwość, jaką daje praca w niepełnym wymiarze godzin, pozwalająca na łączenie życia zawodowego z pozazawodowym. Taka forma zatrudnienia może również stanowić ważny etap przejściowy pomiędzy aktywnością zawodową a emeryturą. Celem artykułu, przy uwzględnieniu wymienionych przesłanek, jest przedstawienie zróżnicowania poziomu zatrudnienia w niepełnym wymiarze godzin w zależności od wieku pracowników. Okres badawczy obejmuje lata 2004-2017.
EN
The article discusses different aspects of part-time employment of people aged 55 and over in Poland. Considering that, the level of professional activity is decreasing with age, while the share of people aged 55+ in population is increasing, the possibility offered by part-time work, allowing for combining work and private life, seems important. This form of employment can also constitute an important transitional stage between occupational activity and retirement. Thus, the goal of the paper is to present diversity of part-time employment depending on workers age. The analyses presented in the paper are based on data from Eurostat and include the years between 2004 and 2017.
The search for full employment represents a societal delusion, given that the world does not need and cannot use all of the human labor available and, as time goes on, will need less and less. The pace of technologically created unemployment is increasing, and unceasing efforts to create jobs and to obscure the amount of real unemployment inevitably lead to personal degradation, societal corruption, economic disaster, and global danger. A new social paradigm, which does not posit work as its underlying and overarching value, is needed.
The global financial and economic crisis which started in the autumn of 2008 had a dramatic impact across European labour markets, although in some countries the labour markets initially showed good resilience. Between 2007 and 2010, the average unemployment rate in the EU-15 rose from 6,3%, to 9%. UB systems vary considerably across Europe in terms of their structure, generosity, entitlement and eligibility criteria. Across Europe, Governments have made a range of changes to national UB systems during the crisis, including both increasing (in first period in Mediterranean countries) and decreasing (Anglo-Saxon countries) the generosity of the benefits, adjusting the eligibility criteria, widening access to include certain vulnerable groups, tightening the monitoring of UB claimants.
This article contains the analysis of employment structure in mining companies from 1994 to 2011. It also portrays the condition of polish mining restructuring process based on government programs, as well as the effects of conducted activities in relation to the regional labour market. Finally, the article shows the perspectives and intentions of the mining companies' management boards in the field of directing human resources.
This article is the result of investigative experiences attribution to social employment organization by author. Text shows the general information about number of institutions, selected unemployment and demographic aspect based on Mazovia Voivodship. It is a news report of investigation on research projects: "Social employment as a chance for activity of marginalized people" and "Social-organizational difficulties in activity of social employment institutions". The research projects were sponsoring by The Maria Grzegorzewska Academy of Special Education. The type of organizations described in this article are: the social integration centers; the social integration clubs; the social cooperatives
W ostatnich latach Kraków stał się jednym z najważniejszych miast lokowania centrów usług wspólnych przez światowe korporacje. Celem artykułu jest poznanie sposobu postrzegania pracy w centrach outsourcingowych na podstawie opinii zatrudnionych tam pracowników. Przeprowadzona analiza badawcza wykazała, że praca w centrach usług finansowo-księgowych jest szansą dla młodych ludzi na rozpoczęcie interesującej kariery, szybki awans oraz możliwość rozwoju zawodowego w środowisku międzynarodowym. Łatwość zatrudnienia w innym centrum usług oraz otwarta ścieżka kontynuacji kariery w działach ekonomiczno-finansowych tradycyjnych przedsiębiorstw jest potencjalną szansą na zmiany, które urozmaicają wykonywanie powtarzalnych i rutynowych procesów księgowych, oraz sposobem na radzeniem sobie ze stosunkowo płytką hierarchią.
EN
According to Tholons’ Top 100 Outsourcing Destinations report, Krakow is the best location for Business Service Centres in Europe. The financial SSC workforc consists mainly of young graduates. In general, they are seen as experts in finance and accounting. On the other hand, it is often believed they are treated as number crunchers with little chance of professional development. The purpose of this article is to examine the image of employment in financial SSC. We have conducted a survey among employees, with special focus on job satisfaction. In particular, we have analysed the motivation to start a career in SSC, perceptions of current duties and the prospect of future development.
Health care sector restructuring process that Poland is undergoing during last few years, extensively determines changes seen in whole health care sector. This applies also to nursing professionals. Direction of those, in relation to coming and anticipated dynamic growth of social needs in quantity and quality of health services not only in Poland, but a whole World, may and should be of concern. A need for an answer to a question, if it truly happens in practice and therefore formulate a proper conclusion, was a reason for following aim of this paper: an analysis and evaluate of changes in the structure of employment among nursing professionals, most of all in the context of increasing health care needs of Polish society.
W niniejszym opracowaniu wskazano najważniejsze rozwiązania prawne dotyczące wspierania zatrudnienia osób w wieku 50 lat i więcej. Znajdują się one przede wszystkim w prawie pracy i regulacjach ustawowych dotyczących rynku pracy. Ustanowiono w nich różne instrumenty, których zadaniem jest umożliwienie uczestnictwa na rynku pracy osób defaworyzowanych za względu na wiek.
EN
This study identifies the most important legal solutions for supporting the employment of people aged 50 years and older. They are located primarily in labor law and statutory regulations regarding the labor market. They set up different instruments whose purpose is to enable participation in the labor market people disadvantaged based on age.
Due to the world economic crisis many countries, including Europe, carried out changes within the area of employment protection legislation. The majority of them concerned the reduction of employment protection but there were also examples of its improvement such as Denmark and Great Britain. There were also countries, e.g. Austria and Hungary, which implemented both types of correction. From theoretical point of view the importance of employment protection legislation for economic processes, the observed changes may be explained by its tendency to strive for optimum.
This paper attempts to identify the changes in employment structure and figures that take place in the Polish services sector due to new technologies. The analysis covers the sub-sector of Polish ICT-based services during the 2007-2010 period. The fast development of ICT entails significant changes in the employment structure. The number of people for whom a computer is the primary tool grows rapidly. The analysis has demonstrated that in the aspect of ICT development, Polish economy keeps lagging behind the developed economies of the European Union. The primary impact of the growing use of ICT applications in services has been an improvement in work quality and an enhanced share of highly qualified labour in the total employment figure.
After over 20 years of experience, there is a right to ask about the level of compliance of system's assumptions for the professional activation of disabled people resulting from the state social policy with real effects. In particular, there should be evaluated organizational solutions concerning sheltered employment. The study presents the effects of realization of sheltered employment by economic entities operating in a market economy. The analysis of the process of change in the functioning of protected employment system in the context of changes in the rules of its financing permits us to conclude, that for people managing supported employment enterprises more important are the economic effects of financial support in a competitive market than social aims, and the system is more favourable to the development of entrepreneurship in general than to solving social problems. At the same time, the analysis of employment at the level of provinces reveals the glaring disparities in the availability of people with disabilities for sheltered employment. This condition reinforces the conclusions on the need for radical changes in the rules of the sheltered employment functioning.
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