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EN
Subjective well-being encompasses several distinct but interacting aspects of people’s feelings, attitudes, and experiences. This paper assesses the state of the art for measuring these dimensions of people's lives, which typically involves analyzing self-reports of subjective well-being collected in survey instruments; however, other potentially complementary, technology-driven tools are emerging as well. We first answer the question, “what is subjective well-being?” and unpack its multidimensionality. The role of national statistics offices in measuring subjective well-being and deriving official statistics is considered next. We conclude by discussing how different characteristics of well-being constructs shape their applicability to policy. The overarching conclusion is that–while methodological limitations are present and a number of fundamental research challenges remain–understanding of how to collect and interpret data on subjective well-being has made enormous strides in the last two decades, and policies for a wide range of domains are beginning to be usefully informed.
EN
The author of the opinion claims that a Deputy who makes a statement about his/her financial condition, should include information about insurance policy on life as financial resources, which are the subject of art. 35 (1.1) of the Act on Exercise of the Mandate of a Deputy and Senator (in point I of the form of the statement). The obligation of presenting such policy exists only when an insurance contract makes verification of the amount currently being on the account of the insured person possible and that person can manage the funds col‑ lected on the account. A Deputy who does not declare such insurance policy, might be subject to criminal liability, if the not declaring that part of his/her finances was intentional. In such a case, a Deputy might be also subject to statutory responsibility.
EN
The paper focuses on short run macroeconomic dynamics triggered by dem and side shocks. In particular, the paper analyzes, in a general equilibrium framework, the impact of transitory demand side shocks on the behavior of macroeconomic variables and examines the relevance of policy instruments during downturns in economics activity. The paper establishes that transitory shocks can have persistent effects. It shows that stabilization is desirable even if shocks are transitory in nature. In particular, the article reveals that debt financed government spending is a diable stabilization tool and can improve welfare at all horizons even though it inhibits physical capital formation.
EN
The author of the article discusses an important issue related to the Polish defense policy at the beginning of the 21st century. He addresses issues related to national security as well as to political, social, and legal problems.
EN
Mankind seems to be accompanied by conflict since the beginning. Howev- er, as the concept of having a range of meaning, appeared quite late. In poli- tics, there are many sources of conflict. It is important to be able to resolve the conflict even in its early stage. Knowledge of conflict can help solve it. Unless the conflict becomes a tool of the political fight.
EN
Polish educational system has been in the recent years the playground for incessant reforms and experiments. The purpose of that paper is therefore, to present the changes that took place in the last decade, hence influencing Polish educational policy, in particular pedagogical control. Moreover, the analysis of legislative acts, organizational documents and the literature regarding the area of pedagogical control aim at assessing the effectiveness of such policy.
EN
The picture of the contemporary world does not show only a bipolar split between the West and other civilizations. There is a set of “counter forces” and the set of political, religious, interethnic lacunas.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono kontekst teoretyczny i wyjaśnienia dla zrozumienia koncepcji bezpieczeństwa i strategii oraz ich wpływu na politykę Rumunii.
EN
The article is provided a theoretical context and explanations for understanding the concepts of security and strategy and its influence on Romanian’s policy.
EN
The concept of creativity is present in all areas of human activity, including modern foreign languages teaching and learning (the field of pedagogy, didactics and methodology). According to Encyclopedia of Giftedness, Creativity and Talent (2009: 200) "[c]reativity can be understood only if it is clearly defined”. It is vital to note that members of the National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education (NACCCE), established in 1998 by the Secretary of State for Education and Employment and the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport in England distinguish between the idea of teaching creatively (in an interesting and effective manner), and teaching for creativity (developing students' individual abilities to think and act creatively which, as a matter of fact, is carried out in three steps: encouraging, identifying and fostering).
EN
Switzerland is often referred to as a success story for handling its linguistic and cultural diversity. Traditionally four languages have been spoken in relatively homogeneous territories: German, French, Italian and Rhaeto- Romanic (Romansh). The first three have been national languages since the foundation of the Confederation in 1848; the fourth became a national language in 1938. In effect, The Law on Languages, in effect since 2010, has regulated the use and promotion of languages and enhanced the status of Romansh as one of the official languages since 2010. While Swiss language policy is determined at the federal level, it is in the actual practice a matter for cantonal implementation. Article 70 of the Swiss Federal Constitution, titled “Languages”, enshrines the principle of multilingualism. A recent project to create legislation to implement multilingualism across the cantons, however, has failed. Thus Switzerland remains de jure quadrilingual, but de facto bilingual at best, with only a handful of cantons recognizing more than one official language (Newman, 2006: 2). Cantonal borders are not based on language: the French-German language border runs across cantons during most of its course from north to south, and such is also the case for Italian.
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PL
Rozważania zamieszczone w artykule dotyczą spojrzenia na politykę edukacyjną realizowaną współcześnie w Polce przez pryzmat rozumienia, właściwości i funkcji polityki publicznej. Powyższe analizy osadzone zostały w perspektywie metateoretycznej i odniesione do kategorii długiego trwania. Aby pokazać na czym polega uprawianie polityki edukacyjnej jako polityki publicznej poczyniono ustalenia dotyczące tego, co to jest polityka publiczna i jakie są jej źródła teoretyczne, a także cele oraz priorytety jej uprawiania. W konkluzji wskazano wybrane przykłady działań i zjawisk dotyczących negowania polityki edukacyjnej jako polityki publicznej, a także przykłady badań, stanowiących źródło teoretyczne pożądanych zmian.
EN
This article examines the education policy currently implemented in Poland through the lens of understanding, characteristics, and functions of public policy. The analysis is framed within a metatheoretical perspective, referencing the concept of long duration. To illustrate the practice of education policy as a form of public policy, determinations have been made regarding the nature of public policy, its theoretical foundations, aims, and practical priorities. The conclusion highlights selected examples of actions and phenomena that illustrate how education policy deviates from public policy principles, along with research examples that provide theoretical foundations for the desired changes.
EN
Terrorism is a phenomenon that leads to, among others, intimidating citizens and inducing the sense of threat and panic. Anti-terrorist units that exist in most of countries are one of the forms of fighting against terrorism. The article provides definitions of terms such as terrorism, antiterrorism, counterterrorism, and criminal terror. It mentions changes that have been taking place in the anti-terrorist subdivisions of the Polish police over the years. The author of the article characterizes the current structure that acts for antiterrorism in the Polish police. She also uses police statistics regarding the engagement of anti-terroristic units.
EN
This article is a reinterpretation of the unconstitutional change of government in Madagascar between March 2009 and October 2014 plaguing the country into a political and security crisis. The chain of events had begun with the forced removal from power of the incumbent, President Marc Ravalomanana on 17 March 2009. Barely three days later, the leader of the civil society protest group, Andry Rajoelina, announcing that he had assumed power and the presidency. Almost immediately, the sub-regional body, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) during its Extraordinary Summit in Swaziland on 30th March 2009, invoked Article 30 of the July 2002, African Union (AU)’s Constitutive Act, suspending Madagascar’s membership and imposing sanctions until the constitutional order was restored. SADC’s mandate to intervene in order to maintain peace and security in any of the fifteen Member-States was provided under Article 4 (h) and 4 (j) of the AU’s Constitutive Act. Adopting the position taken by SADC, imposing sanctions on the political developments that involved the military unconstitutional change of government, the AU, the United Nations, the European Union (EU), the Organization of Francophonie States (OIF) and the United States also followed suit, effectively isolating the island state from continental and global, diplomatic, economic relations. However, what was not clear then was the role France had played behind the scenes in creating the crisis. Furthermore, it was not fully appreciated how Paris continued to influence and undermining the SADC intervention throughout the period of impasse. It was only at the end of the impasses, when Paris’ proxy and protégé was installed back in power that this became apparent. The common thread running through the French intervention was to dissuade SADC from adopting military measures to restore constitutional order. In achieving this constant, France had invited the United States to become complicit in propping up its foreign policy interests towards perpetuating its “le village Francafriquie” policy in Madagascar, Mayotte and Reunion.
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EN
The aim of the article is the analysis of rules-in-use on an individual as well aggregated level. The taxonomic method, descriptive analysis and critical literature review is used in the article. The European Union countries have been ordered and grouped according to the set of rules in force on the labour market. For a detail analysis, four countries have been selected, one country from each group. The taxonomy method has been used to rank the countries. Descriptive analysis of particular rules-in-use in selected countries is done. The World Bank data, mainly collected within Doing Business project and Mutual Information System on Social Protection, Social Security Programs Throughout the World as the main source of information are used. The article ends with a summary of rules-in-use of selected countries.
EN
Slovakia and Catholic Church rarely become the popular topic of discussion in Poland. However, Catholic Church has built Slovak national identity for over 200 years. That is why it is worth realizing the relationship between the Slovak State, political parties and the Catholic community for the last few decades. The presented article highlights some of the main elements of the Slovak picture and focuses on some cases that nowadays are symptomatic for Slovakia.
EN
The aim of this article is to analyze selected legal and economic aspects of the activities of a municipal administrator (wójt) in Poland. Based on the comparative method as well as on the latest expert studies in the field of law, administration, and economics, the author compares the changes that have taken place in the systemic status and in the activities of wójts. The most important legal acts regarding their powers have been examined. The influence of wójt on shaping the municipality’s budget and managing its assets have been analyzed. The effectiveness of management in the face of the diversity of Polish municipalities has also been compared. Empirical examples of effective public management by wójts have been used. The results of the local government elections in 2018 have also been analyzed as a test of the managerial competence of the wójts under consideration.
EN
Foreign Language Teacher Training Colleges (FLTTC) were established in Poland as an answer to the need for drastic changes in education in 1992. By the year 2001, FLTTC had managed to graduate the number of teachers the market demanded, yet the quality of these programs was questioned. This paper presents an in-depth understanding of the impact of FLTTC on teacher candidates’ learning and development, as described by the participants, and the challenges that FLTTC faced during its early development process. A two-way mixed method was used to better understand the purpose, process, successes, and challenges faced by this alternative teacher education program. The data reveal that the teacher candidates mainly applied to FLTTCs to learn a foreign language, and they used their degrees as a springboard to obtain better-paid jobs. Although the teacher candidates had a positive perception of their teaching skills, building true college-school partnerships was necessary for the development and learning of teacher candidates.
EN
Polish educational system has been in the recent years the playground for incessant reforms and experiments. The purpose of that paper is therefore, to present the changes that took place in the last decade, hence influencing Polish educational policy, in particular pedagogical control. Moreover, the analysis of legislative acts, organizational documents and the literature regarding the area of pedagogical control aim at assessing the effectiveness of such policy.
EN
According the research the family is the highest value in the Poles and the Slovaks. The surveys show that the opinions of Poles and Slovaks about the family are very similar. Nowadays the family policy is becoming one of the most key areas of social policy in the Central European countries. In Slovakia, family policy has been implemented consistently and generously for many years as a result of a multi-party agreement. In Poland, after many years of dismantling the welfare state, there has been a radical socio-political turn by initiating active pro-family policy. 
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