The article presents problems met by Polish translator of Portuguese 'Wieczna przadka' by Mia Couto and ways of solving them according to cognitive-communicative strategy proposed by K. Hejwowski (2004). The annex contains working version of the translation. The best solutions of the described problems are presented in there.
The paper concentrates on the concept of translation, which is the main constitutive part of the actor-network theory. It offers a general definition of the concept and with the help of selected examples it shows its methodical and interdisciplinary potential. The aim is to outline different conceptions of translation as articulated by the representatives of the actor-network theory as well as its applicability in various disciplines. The attention is paid also to the transforming function of the concept in the process of its methodical development.
Descriptive linguistics has in recent years emphasised the equal value of all language varieties and has discredited prescriptivist attitudes to language use. However, descriptivist approaches are inappropriate where evaluation of language use is inevitable: in pedagogical contexts and where public language use by language professionals is involved. The present paper argues that the basis of evaluation for language use is communicative efficiency, and that the observation of language norms, representing habitual, unmarked language use, plays an important role in communicative efficiency. Relevance theory provides a convenient framework for the evaluation of various kinds of language use, including translation. Translators as public and professional language users are expected to be able to operate a wide range of language norms and use them as required by the communication situation. Most translation situations require that the translation should follow prevailing language norms. While translation quality and usability are different concepts, it is desirable that translators should provide the best quality possible under the given circumstances, since translations have an important influence on the quality of language use in general.
Metaphors dedicated to the art of translation are characterised by special intensity and longevity. Translators tend at times to be compared with traitors, lovers, rivals, strategists, slaves, carriers, firemen, surgeons, tailors, barmen, pianists, portraitists, stage-managers/producers. Translatological metaphors: costume-related, painting-related, musical, handicraft-related, transportive, catering-related, catastrophic-rescuing, wrestling-related, clinical-treatment-related, or spiritualistic, when estimated from the standpoint of aptness and power of expression, fulfil instruction/self-teaching tasks, whilst also serving the popularisation of knowledge on the translation art and its placement in culture. They can be divided into axiological and epistemological. The spirit of the original, as juxtaposed against the piece's letter or word, is a metaphor calling for a separate investigation. The history of this juxtaposition is one of disputes over dangers, and also (artistic) benefits, ensuing from word-by-word translation. For some, the spirit of the original is not liable to de-metaphorisation, and it is only replaceable by equally elusive images; others would look for its counterparts amongst notions provided by poetics.
ALexical duals are expressions which are assigned lexeme status and whose semantic description involves the feature (two). In contrast to grammatical duals, lexical duals have not been in the focus of cross-linguistic research. The paper tries to demonstrate that it makes sense typologically to compare lexical duals in the languages of the world. The authors provide a pilot study of translation equivalents of English both in a sample of 120 languages world-wide. This survey of the formal interrelationship of expressions of BOTH and TWO is complemented by four case-studies on lexical duals in Norwegian, Maltese, Ukrainian and Georgian. The authors discuss markedness relations and the structural properties of four language types which emerge from a detailed analysis of lexical duals.
A record Umberto Eco's speech delivered in April 2001 at the Université Paris 7 - Denis Diderot, gathering and re-representing Eco's reflections upon the theory of translation. The source has been the author's double experience, as a translator and as an author whose works have been translated into other languages. Eco quotes various examples of translations (including computer-based), using them in his discussion of the source-oriented and target-oriented translation theories and their consequences (e.g. eignising).
The article is dedicated to Wolfgang Kubin at his sixteenth birthday on December 15, 2005. The author informs about translations of modern Chinese literature in Europe, which started in the 1930s and 1940s, and continued in 1950s and 1960s. After the 1970s even more translations in different, especially Western European countries appeared. Not all translators of the last three decades of the twentieth century are treated in the article. Only three, according to the author's knowledge, the most important, are briefly analysed. They are: Leonid E. Cherkassky (1925-2003), former Russian Sinologist working in Moscow, and later in Israel, Göran Malmqvist (*1924), Professor Emeritus of Stockholm University and a member of the Swedish Academy, and Wolfgang Kubin (*1945), Director of the Sinological Institute of Bonn University.
This article is devoted to the review of scientific researches of the Ukrainian and Polish Slavists for the last 20 years in the field of confrontative studies of the language facts from a minimum of two compared languages. A focus is brought to questions of the most current and prospective studies from the point of view of small light exposure and breadth of their distribution, including translation studies.
Based on Facta et dicta memorabilia by Valerius Maximus, the author discusses a type of moralising history in the ancient times and selected examples of its fates in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods in Europe,Poland in particular. The quoted translations of excerpts from Book IV indicate the need to effect a Polish translation of the text.
The article focuses on textual characteristics of the recently identified Ruthenian translation, made from a printed edition of the Czech Lucidarius in 1563 and present in two Cyrillic manuscript copies written in the late of 16th and the first half of the 17th century. Particular attention is paid to establishing the initial structure of this Ruthenian translation, which reflected its non-extant Czech printed source.
The presented paper explores the almost forgotten and little-reflected translation activity of actress Mária Bancíková (1913 – 1962). Bancíková was among the acclaimed personalities of the so-called inter-generation of actors, embarking on their careers in the 1930s, which was characterised by its inclination towards psychological - realistic acting and also by its accurate work with the Slovak language as a language of the stage. Bancíková was able to make the most of her talent and her feeling for languages not only as an actress, but also as an occasional translator from Hungarian, Russian, and especially Czech. The paper deals with the selected translations of Czech drama that she created for the drama ensemble of the New Stage Theatre of the Slovak National Theatre in a socially complex period at the turn of the 1940s and the 1950s. It focuses on the critical response to Bancíková’s translations, and especially on her ingenious approach and contribution, using the examples of the specific fairy-tale-romantic language of Josef Kajetán Tyl’s Strakonický gajdoš [The Strakonice Bagpiper] or the dialect of Alois Jirásek’s Vojnarka.
The main goals of the paper is to identify the Slovak translation variants of the English term „digital humanities“ and, subsequently, to summarize the translatological strategies which are implemented in using the translation variants. In a number of non-English speaking countries it is common to use the original English term „digital humanities“ or its abbreviation DH. There is a discussion held in those countries as to how to translate this neologism (and whether to translate it at all), and it is considered necessary to open the discussion in the national academic environment, too. What is problematic in the discussion is the contradiction between the effort to systematically develop the particular national terminology and the difficulty to translate the expression exactly and accurately. This contradiction is shown in the national terminology environment by the intention to strictly translate „digital humanities“ into Slovak (most often as „digitálne humanitné vedy“) and by an opposite tendency to keep the term in the original English version. It is believed that mapping of the existing Slovak translations of the term and explanation of the arguments which can support the use of them may help open and productively steer the translatological discussion.
This paper comes out of the will to go beyond inter-linguistic translation and, instead, to dwell on the inter-semiotic, which allows the passage from a literary work to its cinematographic adaptation. In this case, my study starts from the graphic novel, Gemma Bovery, written by the British authoress Posy Simmonds, and arrives at the homonymous French film directed by Anne Fontaine and screened at cinemas in 2014. In particular, I go into the graphic novel and the film, touching on Flaubert’s novel. Indeed, the title of the graphic novel echoes that of the famous work of the French writer, Madame Bovary – dear to the authoress – and by which it is inspired. My analysis starts by reading Simmonds’ graphic novel and Flaubert’s novel and continues with the vision of the French film Gemma Bovery, in order to well understand each work and to compare them. In other words, the aim of my paper is to show an outline of the analogies and the differences between these three works, concerning the events, the setting and, especially, the characters.
The paper deals with the consequences of regressive focussing in Eurotexts translated from English into Hungarian. Regressive focussing means that the verb of the Hungarian sentence fulfils the task of focus selection a posteriori. This may lead to undesirable consequences in translated Hungarian texts, managed by translators and editors with the help of special strategies discussed in the paper. The first consequence of regressive focussing is the blurred borderline between the thematic and rhematic parts of the sentence. In English, in accordance with the SVO word order, the first element of the rheme is always the verbal predicate which serves as a borderline marker between the theme and the rheme. In Hungarian, the first element of the rheme, in accordance with the dominant SOV word order, is often a noun phrase, which does not show formal differences to the thematic noun phrase or phrases, and the borderline between them is indicated only regressively by the verb, which may be the last element in the sentence. Another phenomenon of translated Hungarian texts may be called overburdening of the focus slot, when there is more than one element in focus position. As inverted verbs or semantically weak Hungarian verbs are open to the left, the focus slot can be occupied not only by the stressed postverbal component of the IE clause, but by all the postverbal components. In this case, the Hungarian verb will be pushed towards the end of the clause/sentence. Because of what is often called free word order in Hungarian, the occurrence of the verb in final position will not make the sentence grammatically incorrect, but leads to belated identification of the communicative structure of the sentence. The consequences of this belated identification will be realised by readers only on the level of the whole text, and is a clear sign of translationese.
Translation of literature which refers to the cultural code being a communication tool of a certain community poses a significant challenge. The Dutch translator of Dukla, Karol Lesman, encountered and had to face difficulties resulting from certain cultural differences. The author discusses firstly the theoretical side of this matter, and secondly focuses on the outlined problems and on some of the choices made by the translator so as to draw conclusions concerning the consequences these decisions have for the outcome of the translation process and to state to what extent the couleur locale of the source text has been preserved. The topic in question is analyzed from the perspective of the target text reader using the example of some aspects whichappeared to be vital for the research.
The Greco-Roman Classics form a body of texts that belong indisputably to world literature, yet they are often left outside the scope of comparative literature because of their ambiguous relationship to the concept of national literature. This article describes the current situation of academia in which the comparative approach to the Classics is limited and tests the possibility of regarding them as a code or a language of comparison. The attitudes of various national literatures towards the Classics in different historical periods are revealing not only of ancient literary traditions but also about modern ones, and provide a solid basis for comparison. The second part of the article discusses the presence of Catullan poetry in Hungarian modernist literature as a case study. Roman poetry was invoked mostly by some progressive circles of the interwar literary field to promote the development of various linguistic facets of the modernist poetic discourse. This example shows how the Classics enter the world literary space through national literatures’ active involvement with them.
The paper offers a description on the second project (after the publication of 10 volumes of 'Philosophical Anthology' 1965 - 1977) of the translations of the books of influential philosophers into the Slovak. The project has been carried out in the time of strict political normalization and neodogmatism. In spite of the political conditions the editors managed to publish 20 volumes of classical philosophy, 10 volumes of the Western philosophy of that time and 16 volumes of Marxist philosophy. The impact of the project was far-reaching. First of all, it offered a support to Slovak philosophy, which at that time was on its progressive way to the status of an academic discipline.
Our contemporary research in translation tends to approach translation as one means of intercultural communication. This involves taking into account the relations between cultures and languages entering into contact with one another through translation, as well as investigating into cultural-social effects caused by translation. The article outlines the research grounds for the issues at stake, particularly those being part of the so-called 'postcolonial' current, which has been evolving in recent years also in translatology. Scholars representing this current refer to the fact that translation may form yet another (new) form of colonialism, subordination and preservation of divisions between languages and cultures. The authoresses focus on Polish and French translations of the Lemk poetry, the latter being a peculiar manifestation of ethnic identity.
This work aims to look at certain aspects involved in the translation process, from a linguistic as well as an intercultural and inter-semiotic point of view. Starting from the inter-semiotic translation concept theorized by Roman Jakobson, we will analyse the film adaptation of a pièce, written in 1990 by Jean-Luc Lagarce and filmed in 2016 by Xavier Dolan, in order to highlight the process of re-semantization and multiplication of meaning involved in the transition from the page to the screen. After some theoretical information, through a semiotic analysis and a continuous comparison between written and visual text, we will try to highlight some of the film adaptation’s mechanisms with a particular focus on thematic and figurative isotopies and on the filmmaker’s plastic and stylistic choices.
Textual and literary criticism is an important step in the process of Bible translation. It facilitates the choice of the more original text and helps to understand the differences in textual variants. This article is, by and large, an exercise in textual criticism, with a particular focus on the story of David and Goliath in 1 Sam 17.
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