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“Black swans” in administrative law

100%
EN
“Black swans” represent major adverse events having tremendous consequences that are prospectively (though not retrospectively) unpredictable. Fact is that the existing law may provide for certain measures that will be able to cope with some of the consequences of a “black swan”. However, due to the unpredictable nature of “black swans”, their ex ante regulation by the means of law seems to be not entirely possible. This article aims to address – in the light of the COVID-19 pandemic – mutual relations between the features of “black swans” and administrative law.
Radca Prawny
|
2021
|
vol. 28
|
issue 3
192-217
EN
The resolution of the panel of seven judges of the Polish Supreme Court of July 2, 2021 (case file no. III CZP 38/20) is of utmost importance for legal practice. In it, the Court assumed that the landowner’s claim, under Article 231 § 2 of the Polish Civil Code, does not expire. The resolution of the Polish Supreme Court of September 30, 2021, case file no. III CZP 37/20, is of particular importance for legal practice. As indicated by the Supreme Court, the limitation period for a claim for compensation for recovery costs, based on Article 10(1) of the Act of March 8, 2013 on Counteracting Excessive Delays in Commercial Transactions (formerly known as the Act on Payment Terms in Commercial Transactions), is set out in Article 118 of the Polish Civil Code. However, according to the resolution of the Polish Supreme Court of July 6, 2021, case file no. III CZP 34/20 – in the event of bodily injury or health disorder, the court may award the aggrieved party with an appropriate sum as a pecuniary compensation for the harm suffered (Article 445 § 1 in conjunction with Article 4491 § 1 of the Polish Civil Code). Moreover, the Polish Supreme Court stated that the aggrieved party does not bear the burden of proving what caused the dangerous nature of the product.
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Právní aspekty očkování proti covidu-19

71%
EN
Vaccination has been presented as a probable solution to the ongoing pandemic of covid-19 and as such has been applied in the domestic context, and at the moment as a voluntary vaccination. However, there are a number of legal issues and implications associated with vaccination, and the present article seeks to bring at least some of these into focus. Attention is given to the nature of vaccination as a public administration and health service measure, prioritisation in the selection of persons for vaccination, the phenomenon of refusal to vaccinate, the public administration's vaccination campaign, the issue of distinguishing between vaccinated and unvaccinated in the imposition of various restrictions (and the related issue of discrimination on this basis), the legal possibility of compulsory vaccination, the related issue of conscientious objection and, finally, liability for harm caused by covid-19 vaccination. However, given its scope, the text is certainly not in any sense comprehensive.
CS
Očkování je označováno jako pravděpodobné řešení stále aktuální pandemie onemocnění covid-19 a jako takové je uplatňováno také v domácím kontextu, a to v současnosti jako očkování dobrovolné. S tímto očkováním však souvisí řada právních otázek a souvislostí, přičemž předložený článek usiluje o přiblížení alespoň některých z nich. Pozornost je věnována otázkám povahy očkování jako opatření veřejné správy a zdravotní služby, prioritizace při výběru osob k očkování, fenoménu odmítání očkování, očkovací kampaně veřejné správy, problematiky rozlišování mezi očkovanými a neočkovanými při ukládání různých omezení (a související otázce diskriminace na tomto základu), právní možnosti povinného očkování, navazující problematiky výhrady svědomí a konečně odpovědnosti za újmu způsobenou očkováním proti covidu-19. S ohledem na svou šíři však text jistě není jakkoli vyčerpávající.
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