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1

Tradycja grunwaldzka w Polsce po 1918 roku. Między polityczną koniecznością a społecznym oczekiwaniem

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Gorycki L.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

170-185

PL

Among the numerous problems that arose along with the regaining of independence, the question of Poles’ national identity played an important role. Naturally, the Polish victory in the battle of Grunwald in 1410 appeared to be an almost perfect binder for the citizens of independent Poland. “Nationalists,” for whom the German threat was the major concern, were basing their ideology on building the national identity around that event. The official governmental factors, however, saw the main enemy of the new Polish nationality in the East, in the Soviet Russia. The lack of official support caused that the Grunwald tradition did not become the leading idea of the national reunion during the interwar period. The memory of “the glory of the Grunwald battlefield” was incorporated into the official governmentpropaganda during the months preceding the German assault on Poland in 1939. Only then it turned out how deeply this tradition is entrenched in the awareness of the Polish society.The September defeat caused that “the second Grunwald” became a slogan of all political powers in occupied Poland and on emigration. The thought of making amends for the crueltiesof the German occupation in the form of “the second Grunwald” was also popular in wide circles of the Polish society. That is why both the powers politically representing pre-war Poland and the new player on the political stage – the Communists supported by the Soviet Union – tried to make use of this idea.The post-war distribution of power in Europe and in the world caused that Poland got into the Soviet zone of influence. The idea of Grunwald constituted a perfect element of theCommunists’ ideology of “the Slavic unity in the fight with the German imperialism.” It led to the renaissance of the Grunwald tradition. Simultaneously, the Grunwald victory becamea subject of numerous abuses of the official propaganda. It resulted in the strengthening of the falsified image of the battle and its significance. After the fall of Communism, the Grunwald tradition which used to be extremely popular among Poles, yielded to commercialisation deepening the plastic, almost “fabulous” image of the battle which was getting further and further from the historical truth.

2

Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman, Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2013, ss. 395.

80%

Białuński G.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2014

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issue 2(284)

295-298

PL

omówienie publikacji: Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman, Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2013, ss. 395.

3

Wizerunek bitwy pod Grunwaldem w podręcznikach szkolnych Litwy z lat 1906–2010

80%

Karvelis D.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

135-146

PL

Grunwald has occupied an important place in every Lithuanian history textbook, in most of them the event is devoted a separate chapter. The author of the article states that the oldertextbooks provided no information on the significance of the battle of Grunwald for Poland. In the interwar period the battle was only a component of Vytautas’ portrayal, a symbol ofthe ruler’s military victories. Grunwald was also used to show historic differences between Poland and Lithuania. We do not come across an interpretation where the Grunwald victorywould not be considered the greatest triumph of the Lithuanian army achieved by the Prince of Lithuania Vytautas the Great – a military genius. In the Soviet period, attempts were made to use the Grunwald victory in politics, as an instrument for the creation of an everlasting friendship between Lithuania and Russia as well as for strengthening the enmity towards the Western countries, especially West Germany. Contemporary textbooks show some remains of the former stereotypes concerning the behaviour of the Polish chivalry on the battlefield. The author looks for the reason for such a state of affairs in inadequate competence of the authors, lack of critical attitude towards the material presented in the former textbooks and their negligent revision. He also shows that the advantage of the contemporary textbooks is that they are based on systematized achievements of historiography. On the cusp of the 20th and 21st centuries, the textbooks started to display the features of the scientific objectivism. Thanks to that, the students can fully realize how meaningful the battle of Grunwald was for Lithuania. The importance consisted in the increase of the authority of Vytautas the Great, reclaiming Samogitia and undermining the military power of the Teutonic Order. As a permanent aftermath of the battle the author also mentions the prevention of a perennialunion of the Prussian and Livonian branches of the Teutonic Order and the creation of firm premises for an immediate baptism of Samogitia. The students also find out that thebattle of Grunwald became an effective prevention of the Teutonic Order’s further conquest of Lithuania, destruction of the Lithuanian nation, ruining its culture and wealth. It is alsoemphasized that Lithuania and Poland became the greatest political power in Eastern Europe. A predominant problem connected with the battle of Grunwald appearing in the textbooks is the person of the Prince Vytautas the Great. The question of the diversionary flight manoeuvre became an undisputable didactic truth. The problem arousing the greatest controversy is the role of King Wladyslaw Jagiello and the Polish army. The author of the article also explores the issue of how the Lithuanian textbooks serve the development of the discourse about the historical memory.

4

Armia króla Władysława Jagiełły w drodze pod Grunwald

80%

Grabarczyk T.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

7-25

PL

For years, the route followed by the Polish-Lithuanian army on its way to Grunwald in 1410 has been arousing controversy as the sources do not allow for its clear-cut determination.From the moment when Jagiello’s army crossed the Vistula river at Czerwińsk (3rd July) until it reached the fields of Grunwald only some of its halting-places are known. The passagefrom Dąbrówno to the battlefield covered on the 15th of July is given special attention in the historians’ discussion. S. Ekdahl claims that the Polish-Lithuanian army pitched a camp tothe north of Dąbrówno and stormed the town from that direction. Other historians incline towards the opinion that the army’s camp was situated to the south of Dabrówno, near the village Kalbornia. As a consequence they assume that the town was also attacked from the south. A few routes of the march from Dąbrówno to the site where the battle was supposed to take place were suggested in the present literature. According to S. Ekdahl, Jagiello’s army moved from the camp situated to the north of Dąbrówno to the east through Samin to stop near Grunwald. In the newest monograph of the 1409-1411 war it was stated that Jagiello’s army got to Grunwald by a route running through previously captured Dąbrówno and later on through Samin to Grunwald Jagiello’s army, after breaking up its camp at Kolbornia, moved east to turn north after a few kilometres and continue its march through Osiekowo, Łodgowo. A. Nadolski did not agree with those assumptions as he believed that from the camp in Dąbrówno the army headed for Turowo and then marched north towards Mielno circumventing the Ulnowo Lake from the east. The author of the article propounds a hypothesis that Jagiello’s army could act both to the north and south of Dąbrówno where the main camp of the Polish-Lithuanian forces was situated. He also considers that the conception of S. Kuczyński criticised by A. Nadolski and S. Ekdahl concerning the final phase of the march should still be taken into consideration as very probable. The author believes that there was no serious discussion on the Grunwald campaign during the last twenty years in Poland. Both the last monograph of the 1409–1411war and this article show that a new view on that topic is still possible.

5

Uwarunkowania rozwoju tradycji grunwaldzkiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku

80%

Hampel J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

126-134

PL

On the cusp of the 19th and 20th centuries the Grunwald tradition was becoming one of the basic instruments of forming the historical awareness, especially among the plebeians, andthe feeling of unity in the period between the annexations. A number of factors that led to the revival of the Grunwald tradition which had been disrupted by the partitions appearedin the 19th century. These factors also influenced the change of the character of the Grunwald tradition, its social perception and mythologization. The process should be associated withthe current state of the “Polish affair” and “Lithuanina affair”, the course of the nationbuilding processes and the international events. The development of historical writing, political thought and literary works of Romanticism, the programmes of the Spring of Nations, cultural and national emancipation as well as the autonomic freedoms of Galicia also had an impact on the revival. The germinasational policy of the Prussian and German authorities was a significant impulse to develop a stereotype of a German resembling a Teutonic Order Knight. The Grunwald celebrations organised in 1902 and 1910 in Galicia, by their course, mass participation and ideological content revealed the extent of the changes that had taken place in the historical awareness of the Polish society in the 19th century. They also showed the role of the Grunwald tradition in the process of nationalisation of the plebeians, especially the peasants. It were the last celebrations, combined with the unveiling of the Grunwald Monument in Cracow, lasting three days and having a central character, with the participation of delegations from other partitions that reverberated not only in the Polish society.

6

Beneficjenci Wielkiej wojny wśród rycerstwa polskiego

80%

Sperka J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

92-112

PL

In the article I tried to present those of Polish knights whom the “Great War” brought measurable benefits, whose political and clerical careers were boosted and fortunes increased. They achieved that thanks to King Wladyslaw Jagiello who knew how to appreciate people serving him faithfully as well as those who proved courageous in that great campaign. In the per iod from the middle of July 1410 to the middle of March 1411, the king rewarded 23 knights bestowing them with 10 villages and charging the crown land with the sum of 2310 grzywnas which meant that the goods were actually transferred into a private property. Adding the bestowals from the autumn of 1411, which can be associated with the Great War, we will have 26 rewarded and the amount of grzywnas will increase to 3310. Among thebestowed included were indigent knights as well as magnates who came from all over the Kingdom of Poland, although the majority was from Małopolska. A dozen of people who weregranted offices or were promoted should be also included into the circle of the beneficiaries. In both cases this certainly was not everyone. Analysing the later careers of the knights, theheroes of the war enumerated in Jan Długosz’s chronicle, one thing can be noticed i.e. the king felt a sentimental attachment to those knights who fought in the battle of Grunwald, especially those who were exceptionally courageous and did not spare their own blood in the battle. Those of whose reward we do not know could later on count on the king’s clemency. The majority of the knights who courageously fought in the first ranks during the battle of Grunwald and Koronowo took land offices, starosties or were taken in the court by clemency of the king in the later years. The battlefields of “the Great War” turned out to be a kind of “purgatory” for those knights who had formerly fallen into disgrace (e.g. Jakub from Kobylany, Mikołaj Chrząstowski). Finally, it is necessary to mention the largest group of “the Great War” beneficiaries, unfortunately almost entirely anonymous, namely hundreds of knights who enriched themselves with trophies obtained during the campaign.

7

Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w pracach historyków litewskich

80%

Baranauskas T.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

75-91

PL

The author of the article explores the onomastic conceptions of the battle of Grunwald appearing in the Lithuanian literature. The name „Žalgirio mūšis,” which is a translation ofthe German “Grünwald” into Lithuanian, was adopted. The author discuses the works of the Lithuanian historians which were developed in a strong opposition to the Polish apprehensionwritten by Karol Szajnocha. The main reason for the criticism of Szajnocha’s work, as well as of numerous other Polish studies, was that they uncritically adopted Długosz’s version about theLithuanians’ abandonment of the battlefield. The Lithuanian historiography has always been sensitively reacting to any attempts of belittling the importance of the Lithuanian army andVytautas’ role in the battle of Grunwald. Instead, the Lithuanian historians were developing a conception of a diversionary flight manoeuvre which was generally accepted before SvenEkdahl published the famous letter of a Teutonic commander. For a long time, a thesis that the Polish army was unwilling to fight and the whole burden of combat in the battle of Grunwaldwas borne by the Lithuanians was prevailing in many works of the Lithuanian historians. The author shows that the tense Polish-Lithuanian relationships during the interwar period had influence on the historiography. The Lithuanian literature attaches much importance to the account of Bychowiec’s Chronicle which is usually disregarded by the Polish historians and considered rather unreliable. With the course of time, analyses of various aspects of the battle conducted mainly from the military point of view, started to appear (the place of the battle, the route of the march, the strength of the army, the ar t of the war fare and thecourse of the battle). Many aspects, i.e. the strength of the army, are still discussed in the works of the Lithuanian authors. In the most recent literature the issue of the diversionaryflight manoeuvre still arouses controversy. The manoeuvre is almost commonly accepted as a historic fact, however, the historians dispute whether the Lithuanians culled it from theTatars or was it an immanent feature of their art of war fare. The author concludes his article with a discussion of the latest treaties by M. Jučas, R. Batūra, E. Gudavičius, K. Gudmantas, R.Petrauskas. The significant role of the Lithuanians in the initial and final stages of the battle is contemporarily commonly accepted. The author concludes that for a long time theLithuanian historiography has been presenting the battle of Grunwald as an epoch-making event that led to the destruction of the power of the Teutonic Order.

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Czy duchowni kronikarze potraĮ li opisać „wielkie starcie”? Uwagi o bitwie, liczebności i stratach obu armii w świetle źródeł i nowszej historiograĮ i polskiej

80%

Rajman J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

26-74

PL

The author of the article presents an in-depth analysis of nar rative sources about the battle, namely: “The chronicle of the conflict between Wladyslaw, King of Poland and the TeutonicKnights” (“Kronika konfliktu Władysława króla polskiego z krzyżakami”), “Continuation” of the Teutonic chronicle of Johann von Posilge, a comprehensive description by Długosz in the9th book of his Yearbooks (Roczniki) as well as the account of so-called Toruń Annalist. The author confronts this analysis with the findings published in the most impor tant works ofPolish historians, archaeologists and historical geographers. Particularly controversial is the issue of the armies’ strength. The author believes that the calculations presented in the morerecent literature, especially those per taining to the Teutonic army, are not reliable. He also indicates that the issue of the number of casualties in both armies should be re-discussed. Theauthor depicts the battle on the basis of narrative sources from which he tr ies to pick up the elements that could have come from the witnesses and participants of the battle and separatethem from the authors’ own combinations. “The chronicle of the conflict” does not provide any details concerning the strength of the Jagiellonian and Teutonic armies, shows some omissionsin recounting the episodes of the battle known from Długosz’s account and generally perceived as authentic. It does not provide any information on the fall of the gonfalone with the eagleduring the encounter of the Great Chorągiew of Cracow. No mention of the heroic behaviour of the Smolensk Chorągiew and of the abandonment of the battlefield by the mercenary CzechChorągiew (events accepted by the Polish historians) need to be enumerated among the most important omissions of “The chronicle.” The Teutonic “Continuation” and the account of theToruń Annalist are characterised by brevity consisting in using just a couple of sentences to describe a day-long battle. Długosz created his depiction of the battle of Grunwald when notonly the outcome of the Great War had already been known but also the effect of all other wars with the Teutonic Order, including the Thirteen Years’ War (1454–66). While the author of“The chronicle” wanted to create the account mainly of the facts, Długosz wanted to describe the reasons as well. He blamed Vytautus and the Lithuanians as well as a couple of Cracovianmagnates for the withdrawal form the siege of Malbork. He could not, however, decide whom to blame for the course of the battle of Grunwald. The author of the article believes that Długosz gives the same account of the battle as “The chronicle of the conflict,” but he falsely described the stance of the Lithuanian army failing to mention an extremely important fact i.e. the return of the Lithuanian army to the battlefield. Initially, the Cracovian historian also falsely described the alleged passivity of the king towards the approaching Teutonic army, on the morning of the 15th of July. From the whole Długosz’s descr iption emerges an image of a king skilfully commanding his army.

9

Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w polskich podręcznikach do historii

80%

Chłosta-Sikorska A.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2011

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vol. 11

147-169

PL

The picture of the battle of Grunwald presented in the Polish history textbooks, from those published during the partitions through the interwar textbooks to the post-war ones andthose used after the educational reform in 1999 was changing. Each of those periods was characterised by a particular approach to the battle as it was attempted to make use of thehistory for the needs of the current politics. That is why the events of 1409–1411, although unambiguously interpreted as a great victory, had an undercurrent depending on the plannedand expected effects of the message. Teaching as well as learning is based mainly on words, that is why textbooks play such an important role in those processes. Textbooks as information carriers reaching wide audiences are perfectly suitable for the purpose of creating the pastaccording to the needs of the current political situation. Textbooks published during the partitions focused mainly on the victories of the Polish army and on those decisions of thePolish rulers and commanders which contributed to the increase of the country’s power. The Teutonic Order was identified with Prussia – one of the powers involved in the partitions.The germanisation period contributed to associating it with the Third Reich. That is why Poles willingly cast their minds back to the glorious pictures of the past victories over the contemporary oppressor. When the longed-for freedom came the history textbooks were not altered in any major way. The positive moments in the history of our country were emphasised, this time in order to remind those who were born under the foreign ruling that they should double they effort to unite the brutally torn country. This idea was interrupted by the outburst of another world conflict. Its aftermath, namely the annexation of Polandinto the Eastern Bloc, had long-lasting consequences. The authority imposed by the Soviet Union attempted to create an anti-western and anti-imperial myth of Grunwald. The battlewas depicted as an example of a Slavic brotherhood of blood and the victory of the nations of the Soviet Union over Germany – an enemy of time immemorial identified with the TeutonicOrder. In the textbooks published after 1989 we will not find the identification of the Teutonic Order with Germany. The authors usually show the holistic European background of the battleof Grunwald pointing out that the victory had wide repercussions on the international arena and its consequences had an immense influence on the 14th-century Europe. The power ofthe Jagiellonian country increased as it took the helm of the old continent’s politics for a long time while the influence of the Teutonic Order decreased. The analysis of the Polish historytextbooks suggests that the battle of Grunwald was, and still is, an event of which Poles are proud and as such occupies special space on the textbooks’ pages.

10

61%

Musiałowski A.

Acta Archaeologica Lodziensia

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2015

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vol. 61

67-76

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza 46 skarbów monet odkrytych na terenach konfliktów zbrojnych Królestwa Polskiego oraz Zakonu Krzyżackiego. W jej efekcie stwierdzić można, że napięcia te nie miały znaczącego wpływu na wzajemne relacje gospodarcze obu krajów oraz na obieg pieniężny na tym terenie. Struktura skarbów monet wskazuje, iż odzwierciedlają one potrzeby ekonomiczne obu stron.

EN

An analysis of 46 coin hoards discovered in the border area of the Kingdom of Poland and the Teutonic Order inclines one to the belief that the series of military conflicts between these two states had no significant impact on their economic relations or on monetary circulation. The structure of the hoards reflects the material possessions of the local population, as well as their needs as consumers on both sides of the frontier.

16

La partecipazione dei duchi di Masovia alle spedizioni armate di Ladislao II Jagiellone contro l'Ordine Teutonico come manifestazione dell'adempimento degli obblighi feudali

51%

Jeż J.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 29

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issue 2

77-87

EN

During the reign of king Władysław II Jagiełło (1386-1434), the Mazovian Piasts participated actively in all conflagrations between their sovereign and forces of the Teutonic Order: at the beginning of the 1390s; during the so-called great war against the Teutonic Order 1409-1411; in warfare of 1414; in a short-lived military expedition of 1419 (abandoned due to the intervention of Sigismund of Luxembourg's envoy, Bartholomew de Capra, Archbishop of Milan) and in the war of 1433. In this way, king Władysław II strenghtened his army, provided better supplies for his troops, and prevented the Mazovian Piasts from siding with the Teutonic Order.

PL

51%

Gotówko P.

Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie

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2023

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vol. 322

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issue 3

463-502

EN

The following article examines the rotation on the offices of the Teutonic Order during the hundred years (January 1310-December 1409). According to the previous opinion, such a mechanism for the prevention of potential corruption seemed to have worked until the middle of the XIV century and ailed afterwards. That statement could have been not be entirely true, as the following research shows that the frequency of the rotations dropped already in the 1340s. In this decade it became for younger brethren more difficult to rise to a higher rank. It explains the existence of the secret oaths for the mutual career help which were banned in 1354. In the 1360s the frequency rotations decreased even more. After the death of the long -ruling Winrich von Kniprode it grew for a short period, as more young brethren were able to reach important functions. But those who did not take the chance immediately, had in the next two decades again much lower chances.

PL

Niniejsze badanie analizuje rotacje na urzędach krzyżackich na przestrzeni stu lat (od stycznia 1310 do grudnia 1409 r.). Wedle dotychczasowej opinii tenże mechanizm regularnej wymiany zakonnych funkcji, mający na celu zapobieganie korupcji, zdawał się działać do połowy XIV. w., następnie podupadając. Twierdzenia te są w świetle niniejszej analizy nie do końca prawidłowe, gdyż częstotliwość rotacyjna spadła już w latach czterdziestych XIV w., kiedy to młodym braciom stało się znacznie trudniej dotrzeć do tytułu komtura lub Wielkiego Dostojnika. Wyjaśnia to egzystencje tajnych ślubowań w celu wzajemnego wspierania się, zabronionych w 1354 r. W latach 60. XIV w. rotacje spadły jeszcze bardziej. Po śmierci długo rządzacego Winricha von Kniprode, gdy więcej młodych krzyżaków osiągało ważne funkcje, wezbrały one na krótko na sile. Kto jednak natychmiast nie skorzystał z nadarzającej się opcji, ten miał w następnych dwóch dekadach znów znacznie niższe szanse.

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Tradycja grunwaldzka w Polsce po 1918 roku. Między polityczną koniecznością a społecznym oczekiwaniem

Elżbieta Kowalczyk-Heyman, Dzieje granicy mazowiecko-krzyżackiej (między Pisą a Biebrzą), Wydawnictwo DiG, Warszawa 2013, ss. 395.

Wizerunek bitwy pod Grunwaldem w podręcznikach szkolnych Litwy z lat 1906–2010

Armia króla Władysława Jagiełły w drodze pod Grunwald

Uwarunkowania rozwoju tradycji grunwaldzkiej w XIX i na początku XX wieku

Beneficjenci Wielkiej wojny wśród rycerstwa polskiego

Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w pracach historyków litewskich

Czy duchowni kronikarze potraĮ li opisać „wielkie starcie”? Uwagi o bitwie, liczebności i stratach obu armii w świetle źródeł i nowszej historiograĮ i polskiej

Bitwa pod Grunwaldem w polskich podręcznikach do historii

Starania Jana Olbrachta o krzyżacką pomoc przeciwko księciu mazowieckiemu Konradowi III Rudemu w 1495 roku

Książę Witold Wielki w kampanii letniej 1410 r. w ocenie Jana Długosza

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Rękopisy Biblioteki Mariackiej w Gdańsku. Skryptorzy – właściciele – ofiarodawcy

Niespokojne lata. Pieniądz na pograniczu Królestwa Polskiego i Zakonu Krzyżackiego w latach 1410-1466

La partecipazione dei duchi di Masovia alle spedizioni armate di Ladislao II Jagiellone contro l'Ordine Teutonico come manifestazione dell'adempimento degli obblighi feudali

Zakon Krzyżacki wobec koronacji elektora brandenburskiego Fryderyka III na króla w Prusach

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Dyplomaci Władysława Jagiełły w Stolicy Apostolskiej

Rotacje osobowe w Zakonie Krzyżackim w Prusach między przeniesieniem siedziby Wielkiego Mistrza do Malborka a bitwą pod Grunwaldem (1310-1409)