Search results - CEJSH

1

Etyczna ocena różnic dotyczących praktyk eutanazyjnych w Holandii i Niemczech

100%

Birnbcher D.

Studia Philosophica Wratislaviensia

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2007

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vol. 2

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issue 2

109-118

EN

The article concerns the discussion on approach to euthanasia in modern Europe. The main interest here is the practice of euthanasia in Germany and The Netherlands, two countries where this phenomenon occurs mostly. The article describes two variations of these practices, concerning mostly the question of active acceptance by the patient. It also concerns the ethical and legislative evaluation of these practices. The conducted analysis show that – which is in accordance with the opinion of its opponents – the euthanasia too often replaces the proper medical treatment of the patient and becomes an easy method of removing the patient, even without his explicit consent.

2

GRATITUDE AS A SOURCE OF MORAL OBLIGATIONS

100%

Niemczyk F.

Etyka (Ethics)

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2007

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issue 40

93-114

EN

Three are three dominant ways in which the relation of gratitude is described in moral philosophy - as a debt, as an appropriate emotion or as a virtue. Although the debt theory is coherent and clear, it must be complemented with a psychological account of the relation between the giver and the recipient of a favor. A virtue based account of gratitude in turn moves the limits of what is morally significant too far. The conditions under which one is obliged to express gratitude comprise both motives of the giver and the recipient and the circumstances in which the favor was done. Egoistic motivation, coercion or lack of intentionality in the initial act of favor make it impossible to talk about the recipient's obligations. One should also exercise caution in the use of the idea of claim or right to gratitude.

3

ON THE ETHICS OF THE POLISH HUMANIST

100%

Szacki J.

Przegląd Filozoficzno-Literacki

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2008

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vol. 6

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issue 2-3(20)

185-193

EN

In this paper, the author focuses on the ethics of the (Polish) humanist. He tries to emphasize the proper domain of his moral reflection. This domain is not reducible to prescriptions of general ethics, not even so-called ethics of science. It is because of the fact that the work of the humanist is characterized by commitment to the special ideal of truth. It is not necessarily an universal truth. Its sources are so-called extra-scientific values - religion, national solidarity, the well-being of humanity defined in terms of some ideology. The moral aspect of the humanist work manifests in minimizing the damages caused by the presence of extra-scientific values and in executing the rules of the good work.

4

EUTANÁZIA AKO AKT POSLEDNEJ VÔLE ČLOVEKA

100%

Szanyi N.

Verba Theologica. Teologický časopis

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2017

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vol. 16

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issue 2

59 – 72

EN

This article deals with the phenomenon of euthanasia. It refers to the issue of understanding human death and the ongoing discusion on this topic. At first it presents the definition of euthanasia and it tries to describe what the concept of euthanasia means. In the second part, it draws attention to the opinions and views on the topic of euthanasia from selected German authors, who refuse classical arguments to justify the legitimacy of euthanasia and present arguments against it. Finally, the article contains a summary of the most important recent arguments about euthanasia and draws attention to the importance of assessing the intent of the act and the difference between the terms killing and letting die.

5

Nauka etyki w szkołach publicznych w ujęciu prawnym

100%

Zieliński T. J.

Studia z Teorii Wychowania

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2013

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issue 1(6)

23-47

EN

The article is about teaching of ethics in public schools, seen from the legal aspect and describes the differences between teaching religion and ethics in public schools.

6

K Meinongově etické koncepci

100%

Hala V.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2004

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vol. 52

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issue 3

371-391

EN

The author focuses on the interpretation of the basic questions in A. Meinong's conception of ethics. He sets out from Meinong's theory of objects, in which he sees the foundation of the conception, especially in so far as is concerned the application of its basic categories - objects, objectives, dignitatives and desideratives - to the axiological and ethical fields. The author emphasises that it is the general theory of values that is of defining significance for Meinong's conception of ethics. Among the various distributions within the field of values the key one is considered to be Meinong's distinction between personal and impersonal values. The author considers the defining position of values towards 'Sollen' to be another of Meinong's fundamental thoughts. The author also examines Meinong's attempt to observe apriori laws within the sphere of dignitatives and desideratives. Emphasised in the overall assessment is that a serious handicap in Meinong's interpretation of philosophical ideas is the complexity and at times even the obscurity of his expression. At the same time the author points to the renewed interest in the subjects of Meinong's philosophy, especially in the English-speaking world and in Austria.

7

LYING AS A COMPONENT OF THERAPY

100%

Aszyk P.

Archeus. Studia z bioetyki i antropologii filozoficznej

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2007

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issue 8

29-45

EN

There is not common agreement among doctors and ethicists about permission to lie to the patient in order to support the process of healing and cure. The article shows various moral attitudes to the use of lying during therapy. Practitioners, as well as, ethicists offer arguments for and against particular clinical practices. However, analyses lead to the truthfulness as the best approach which respects ones rights. There is not place for exceptions. With sufficient care and support from medical staff, the obligation to tell the truth always, even if it is very difficult element of therapy, serves the patient in the best possible way.

8

SUSAN SONTAG AND ETHICS OF PICTURE

80%

Leszkowicz P.

Rocznik Historii Sztuki

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2007

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vol. 32

185-208

EN

The text is dedicated to the last book by Susan Sontag 'Regarding the Pain of Others', from 2003 and her last essay 'Regarding the Torture of Others' from 2004. Her ruminations on the war photography are presented in the context of her biography, history of her reflection on photography and American imperialism, as well as her involvement in the fight for human rights. Susan Sontag ruminated on photographic representations of violence and human suffering in reference to the modern media culture. Her analyses pertained to the history of war report, photographs of lynch mobs, photographic evidence of the World Trade Center attack and photographs of tortures from Abu Ghraib. The authoress contemplated the ethical impact of photographic images of suffering. The article presents the various doubts of Susan Sontag as to impingement of such representations. It was emphasised that Sontag departed from her early scepticism: photography expressed in her book 'On Photography'. In her last reflections on photography she stressed its role played in protest against violence and its ability to mirror and convey the truth about the reality of war. For Sontag photography plays also a role in disclosing the truth about the dark side of human nature. The ruminations of Susan Sontag on the violence images are situated in the context of using violence by the media as the weapon in the present 'war against terrorism' and of the art by Alfredo Jaar pertaining to the alternative presentations of genocide. The essay emphasises an ethical approach to photography and relationship between visuality and human rights. It is supplemented by an outline of a history of war photography.

9

Etyka biegłego rewidenta jako jeden z obszarów etyki w biznesie

80%

Voss G.

Roczniki Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Bankowej w Toruniu

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2011

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issue 10

447-458

EN

Entities produce financial statements that provide internal and external users of assets and financial units. However, due to abuses that occurred in 1990s, many members have lost confidence in this type of information. In order to build appropriate relationships between the various entities occurring in the market created a code of auditor's ethics, and with it a sense of security based on public confidence for the auditing profession.

10

Kant and the Problem of Moral Motivation

80%

Ameriks K.

Przegląd Filozoficzny. Nowa Seria

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2004

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vol. 13

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issue 4(52)

167-182

EN

The problem of moral motivation, or speaking more generally, the question, why we should follow demands of 'pure reason' rather than inclinations 'contingent nature', is of an essential importance to those who seem not to be satisfied with Kant,s approach to practical philosophy. But their position, most elequently expressed in the philosophy found in English language publications, is rather simplistic and it tends to separate the question of conflicting claims of reason and nature from the rest of Kant's philosophy. Thus despite the fact that Kant's ethics has enjoyed a renewed interest in analytic philosophy recently, it is typically subordinated to other ethical positions, such as utilitarianism, expressivism, a theory of virtues (Aristotelian or Humean), or various anti-theoretic forms of particularism. Proponents of these theories go in the footsteps of Foot, Williams, McDowell or Blackburn and reject all kinds of moral theories that resemble Kant's ethics too closely. It seems consequently necessary to venture beyond the proper field of Kant's scholarship when one wants to reach wider public. Which in turn means that it is advisable to raise a more general question: What issues should be included in every perspicuous and reliable moral theory? The author starts to discuss this problem in a neutral language (part one) in order to be able to defend Kant against most common objections (part two) to his ethics, then he reconstructs Kant's theory of motivation (part three) by pointing to some salient features of that theory which unfortunately has been either neglected or overlooked.

11

A case of rule following: H.L.A.Hart's theory of law and ethics

80%

Boda M.

Magyar Filozofiai Szemle (Hungarian Review of Philosophy)

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2004

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vol. 48

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issue 3

219-266

EN

The author's tenet is that any account of concept of law as system of rules makes no claim at ethical concepts like the concept of the good, values and aims. In fact the concept of law (in the appropriate sense) excludes all of these ethical concepts. His thesis is based on two theories - H. Hart's social rule theory of law, and J. Searle's theory of social facts - and can be summarized as follows. (1) If we accept that the rules of law and ethics are social rules, then individuals can follow rules if rules can be explained with the help of the concept of knowledge. (2) According to this, individuals can know social and collective institutions by knowing the rules and a statement can be seen as a normative one if someone accepts the survival of the society or community in question as a general aim and the content of the statement can be interpreted according to this aim. (3) This means that the rules of law and conventional ethics allow individuals to know similar institutional facts and since there are a lot of smaller and bigger communities within society, laws cannot be judged based on ethics. (4) Individuals are following the rules of law based on their knowledge of social or collective institutions and their faculty of decision. (5)However, individual knowledge depends on the rules of their smaller and bigger communities. The author's overall aim is to offer arguments for the theory of positivism of law and against the natural law theory in order to show that this kind of positivism is not impossible.

12

PRÍTOMNOSŤ A PODOBY ETICKÉHO MYSLENIA V KÁZŇOVÝCH ROZVRHOCH ANDREJA SLÁDKOVIČA

80%

Mihalková G.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2021

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vol. 68

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issue 2

109 – 122

EN

Religious writings, intimately linked to his occupation of protestant priest, are an integral part of Andrej Sládkovič’s (1820 – 1872) oeuvre. They can be grouped into several genres, including religious reflective and occasional poetry, prayers, sermons and sermon outlines. Up until now, little attention has been paid to sermon outlines which he had been writing since 1847. This article analysed a selection of sermon outlines from the liturgical year 1850 – 1851. The analysis focused on their thematic features. These ranged from theological and dogmatic through occasional and ethical to moralising, formulated mainly from the position of the ethics of moral duty. Social-moral qualities as realised in the relationship of an individual towards another (specific) individual (in familial, marital or friendly context), and towards the human being in general as well as the society, world and humankind (in the form of social-moral qualities such as solidarity, help and charity) are central focal points of these texts.

13

Vzájemné uzásadnění ontologie a etiky

80%

Říha K.

Studia theologica

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2005

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vol. 7

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issue 1

30-40

EN

Metaphysics and Ethics as natural dispositions of the human being are - in a mutually opposite way - the expression of the transcendentality of human spirit. The transcendentality is, as such, not comprehendible by our conceptions. It can be demonstrated as unavoidable only by an indirect and negative argument, in that it is necessarily presupposed in each attempt of contesting it. But from this argument cannot be deducted any content of Metaphysics and Ethics. When we attempt a positive argument by the reflection of self-awareness or by the necessity of self-assertion, we fall in an endless regress. According to Kant, Ethics is grounded in the 'pure fact of reason'. But any fact itself requires a ground. Metaphysics cannot yield this ground, according to Hume's 'razor'. On the other hand, Metaphysics cannot be founded in Ethics, as Levinas thinks, for the relation to the 'face' of an Other has no theoretical evidence. Ethics as universally obligatory is nevertheless bounded on the principle of non-contradiction of thinking, and the principle of non-contradiction can be justified only by the ethical duty to participate in the dialogue concerning the existence of truth. This mutual necessity refers to the mutual foundation of Metaphysics and Ethics. In this mutual foundation of the unconditioned principles there is the 'utopian place' of the absolute truth of Metaphysics and the absolute validity of Ethics.

14

Experience: a real issue for humanities

80%

Wolska D.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2006

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issue 3(99)

23-33

EN

In our contemporary humanistic discussions, 'experience' appears, on the one hand, as a new source metaphor reorganising the field of research (V. Turner, E. Bruner); a 'real issue for humanities, again' (M. Jay); an antidote for a crisis of representationism (F. Ankersmit); and, on the other, as an expression of impossible or even undesirable issues (R.Rorty). Those advocating the momentousness of the issue of experience primarily focus on a border experience, determined through confrontation with the language, discursiveness, expressiveness. Experience is not considered as an attitude or touchstone of reliable knowledge but rather, as an extremely hard-to-access subject thereof, or even an aporia, which manifests itself clearest in the Holocaust-related issues. The questions of witness, testimony and certification, connected with the issue of experience, as discussed by Georgio Agamben in 'Quel che Resta di Auschwitz', entice the ethical dimension of humanities research to be considered as a question of the researcher's participation in the structure of attestation/certification.

15

RECONCILIATION AND FUTURE GOODS (Pojednanie i dobra przyszle)

80%

Pilat R.

Przegląd Filozoficzno-Literacki

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2010

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vol. 9

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issue 3(28)

409-423

EN

In this article the author is continuing reflections presented in his previous paper on the subject 'Ontologia pojednania' (Ontology of Reconciliation), 'Przeglad Filozoficzno-Literacki' 2007, nr 2(17), p. 245-256. He hopes to have considerably improved his argument now as a result of justified criticism leveled by Karolina Wigura. She objects to the author's considering forgiveness as a necessary condition of reconciliation. This view, she rightly claims, does not account for situations in which the wrong is unforgivable and the communities search for a new beginning nevertheless. Following Hannah Arend's remarks to this effect, Karolina Wigura puts emphasis on reconciliatory political gestures that have the power of bringing about a new beginning despite unsatisfactory moral basis. In the author's revised interpretation, he is trying to link reconciliation more to the future than to the past. He continues to claim that in its very core, reconciliation is based on a certain kind of promise, but this promise is based on perception of future goods and not on relieving the burden of the past. His departure point this time are empirical data (obtained from different surveys in Poland) which show that people are more future oriented if they perceive their own past as containing a considerable amount of freedom and choice. He argues that for reconciliation to succeed the perception of open future must in a sense permeate one's past. Only on this condition one's future is capable of absorbing promises and brings the reconciliation. We have to see our past as a field of possibilities that are still (at least in part) valid as possibilities. This is a prerequisite of reconciliation in both individual and political realm.

16

W poszukiwaniu elementów myśli pietystycznej w etyce Immanuela Kanta

80%

Szyrwińska A.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2012

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vol. 40

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issue 1

5 - 23

EN

The inquiry regarding the role that pietistic theology played in the development of Immanuel Kant’s moral philosophy should be a significant part of an examination of the evolution of Kant's philosophical ideas. However, the identification of pietistic influences in Kant’s ethics may be problematic, for it takes place not only on a historical-biographical level, but also on the level of pure philosophical and semantical analysis. Moreover, there are a number of stereotypes about the topic that the researcher must face. The paper presents the method and process of analyzing Kant’s reception of pietistic ideas.

17

PŘIROZENÝ ZÁKON A OTÁZKA UNIVERZÁLNÍ ETIKY V CÍRKVI ČESKOSLOVENSKÉ HUSITSKÉ

80%

Vogel J.

Studia theologica

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2011

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vol. 13

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issue 4

127-136

EN

The study compares the concept of the natural law according to the ITC document: The Search for Universal Ethics: A New Look at Natural Law with similar terms used in the theology of the Czechoslovak Hussite Church – in particular the terms moral law, humanity, freedom of conscience. The main differences amongst these concepts are seen in different attitudes toward natural theology. The author sees a fundamental agreement in an attempt to state certain general human common ethical principles, which are also based on significant cultural and religious traditions, in order to strengthen interpersonal coexistence in a global context.

18

CAN WE UNDERSTAND EACH OTHER? ETHICS IN THE TIMES OF DIVERSITY

80%

Maciejewska M.

Etyka (Ethics)

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2006

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issue 39

87-98

EN

The main questions of the text are whether persons committed to different values can reach agreement, how they can achieve it, and what kind of ethics can be open to such an agreement if discrimination is to be avoided at the same time. Taking the discussion between R. Rorty and C. Geertz as the starting point, the authoress argues that we should abandon the concepts of ethnocentrism and relativism because they are ambiguous and that the crucial distinction runs between their different meanings. D. T. Meyers's ethics based on empathy and recognition is a solution to problems of diversity, both intra- and intercultural. It entails a radical change of ethical paradigm: an individualised approach to particular situations instead of general rules. But it can be applied only if the West gives up its claims to universality.

19

ETHICS IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT (Etyka w zarzadzaniu przez jakosc.)

80%

Brzustewicz P.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2011

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vol. 14

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issue 2(51)

17-22

EN

The aim of this study is to identify and analyze the relationships between quality and ethics. These links are diverse and sometimes very complicated. Theses of this article are: (1) Ethical values are the foundation, without which the implementation of effective and efficient quality management philosophy is not possible. (2) If the quality management has the basis in ethics, this provides the minimum of moral excellence in organization. (3) Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept that helps to improve quality management in an ethical perspective.

20

Tworzenie etyki w organizacji wielokulturowej – zalety i kontrowersje

80%

Burkiewicz Ł., Kucharski J.

Kwartalnik Filozoficzny

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2017

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vol. 45

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issue 3

165-182

EN

The growing importance of international cooperation in connection with globalization processes has rendered the skilful management of multiculturalism a necessity. Cultural diversity is at present no longer perceived as a threat or a disorganizing factor (which was the only context of its reception in the past), but rather as a source of benefits necessary for the development of an organization, justifying its transformation from a monocultural entity into a multicultural one. People realize that diversity enhances the quality of human resources, and its growing role results from global demographic changes, together with new legislation and legal actions. These changes have led to the emergence of multicultural organizations. They can be defined as organizations which consist of employees coming from various cultural backgrounds, without a common past, with various and changeable visions of the future. Additionally, they are characterised by low predictability of the ways of fulfilling certain roles, an aesthetics that is diverse and incoherent or imposed from the outside, an unclear meaning of non-material rewards and punishments, and the prevalence of financial rewards and punishments. People coming from different cultures can have different moral intuitions, evaluate certain behaviours in a different way and be unwilling to change their native moral and behavioural norms. It should be noted that an increase in internationalization of particular organizations increases the level of cultural heterogeneity of the staff, which entails broadening the differences in their cultural determinants. This, in turn, creates the conditions for the emergence of both new opportunities and new threats for the organization. Finally, the most interesting aspect for the purposes of this paper is connected with the fact that ethical decisions taken by employees of such organizations may differ on cultural grounds. That is why various attempts directed at creating above-local ethics are being made; this kind of ethics is also called trans-cultural ethics, or even global ethics, and it is meant to serve as common ground and a space for solving problems between local ethics. The concept of global ethics can be seen as a solution to certain problems connected with intercultural management. The paper first discusses the threats and challenges that multicultural organizations face, and next describes the ways of creating ethics for them (global ethics) and problems connected with creating such ethics. The paper ends with arguments not so much against global ethics, but rather ones pointing out the serious difficulties in implementing this project.

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