Search results

1

Fryderyk I wobec Śląska — Śląsk wobec Fryderyka I: między prezentacją oczekiwań a realizowaną polityką

100%

Wąs G.

Historie – Otázky – Problémy (History, Issues, Problems)

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2019

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vol. 11

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issue 2

148-161

EN

In connection with the joining of Protestant Silesian princes and Estates in the Bohemian Estates uprising in the year 1619, historians have long dealt with the journey of King Frederick I of Wittelsbach to Silesia, whose aim was to accept a tribute from the Princes of Silesia and the Estates in February and March of 1620. Until now, historiography has largely focused on the course of this journey and the ceremony associated with the king’s reception, while this paper draws attention to the politico-legal context of the visit, and to the political intentions of the privilege to religious freedom that Frederick I issued to the Silesian Calvinists living in the city of Wroclaw, in an Imperial Charter for the Calvinists dated 5 March 1620.

2

Anglicans, Presbyterians, Quakers and other British Religious Groups in Gdansk in the 17th-18th Centuries

100%

Kościelak S.

Saeculum Christianum. Pismo Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 27

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issue 2

89-102

EN

This article presents the religious aspects of the community of emigrants from the British Isles, mainly Scots, in Gdańsk. They tried to provide for their religious needs already in the Middle Ages, as evidenced by the existence of chapels and altars in some of the churches in Gdansk. After the success of the Reformation, mainly Scottish Presbyterians settled in Gdansk. Clergymen from their home country were brought in for their ministry. Both the Presbyterian clergy and the wealthy Scottish merchant elite of this denomination ruled the sacred building acquired in 1707, called the English Church. However, only few of the Presbyterians living in Gdansk identified with this building - according to legal arrangements, having the character of an “ethnic” temple - together with the Anglicans. Most Scots - by entering into family relationships - slowly melted into the community of the city on the Motława, using other Calvinist facilities. In addition to Presbyterians and very few Anglicans and Catholics there, English radicals, Chialists and Quakers, also tried to settle in Gdansk, but the city's unfavourable legislation and deterrent actions effectively prevented this transfer.

3

The economic ethics of Calvinism. The reconciliation of piety and wealth

88%

Chmielewska L.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2017

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vol. 20

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issue 7

77-89

EN

The doctrine of predestination in the Lutheran and Calvinist theology, along with the assumption of a radical separation of nature and grace as well as the material and spiritual realm, had a significant impact on social life. The salvation of the soul, the soteriological dimension of human destiny, remained dependent on the grace of God (predestination), undeserved and unfathomable. The earthly reality, the institution of the Church and good works could in no way contribute to the salvation of the soul. Martin Luther, especially at the initial stage of his reformation activities, focused on private spirituality, considering the earthly dimension of reality to be the domain of the secular power. John Calvin and his successors justified in their teachings a different attitude manifested in the interest in the earthly world based on religious ethics. The doctrine of predestination, therefore, did not result in, as one would expect, quietism but in activism. The Calvinists believed that predestination was not manifested in single good deeds but in a certain methodology of systematised life based on religious ethics. Religiousness was supposed to be expressed through activity in the world and was meant to show the glory of its Creator. Work, thrift and honesty were supposed to lead to the rebirth, i.e. “sanctification” of the world, and were the essence of what Max Weber called the spirit of capitalism. Calvinism led to changes in the approach to such economic issues as money lending at interest, work or enrichment.

4

Teoria polityczna Thomasa Hobbesa a teologia reformowana

88%

Chmielewska L.

Politeja : Pismo Wydziału Studiów Miedzynarodowych i Politycznych Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego

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2014

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issue 6(32)

111-128

EN

The purpose of this article is to show the relationships of Hobbes’ political philosophy in Leviathan with the Reformed Theology, including the Covenant Theology. It is reasonable to claim that this philosophy was inspired by religious elements of Calvinism. Although Hobbes is classified as contractual thinker, however, in Leviathan he used the concept of covenant, but defined it as a contract. The concept of covenant is strongly associated with a moral sphere. In the political theory of Hobbes the covenant faithfulness is the basis for policy. The secular nature of Hobbes’ theory, in fact, is based on the moral ground.

5

Écrire contre l’intolérance : l’Historia de Morte Serveti de Sébastien Castellion

88%

Wierciochin G.

Studia Romanica Posnaniensia

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2015

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vol. 42

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issue 3

97-113

EN

The lutheran Reformation causes a explosion of different sects in the 16th century. In view of the many heresies that arise, religious tolerance becomes an urgent issue. The French reformer Sébastien Castellion, living in exile in Basel, refers to scriptural knowledge in order to face the widespread excessive violence in the name of orthodoxy. He takes Jean Calvin’s case against Michael Servetus in 1553 in Geneva as an occasion to write his Historia de Morte Serveti, a short pamphlet, in which he criticizes emphatically the death sentence in one of the first reformed trials of reformed heterodoxy.

6

Always Faithful? Confessional Situation in Sixteenth-Seventeenth-Century University of Cracow

75%

Machaj D.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2016

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vol. 60

PL

The article aims at showing in a new light the confessional situation of the University of Cracow in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, using sources omitted in previous research into the topic and thanks to a more detailed analysis of the sources used by other scholars (e.g., Acta rectoralia, university conclusions, rectors’ and professors’ diaries). The Academy of Cracow (as it was called then) was a Catholic institution, thus portraying the attitude of the university’s authorities to non-Catholics in a period of confessional struggle in Cracow and in the Commonwealth seemed promising. Another point was to analyse the possibilities for non-Catholics to function within the walls of the University in different periods of time, as well as to describe the most important events and regulations, which influenced the University’s policy. The author also tried to bring to light the subsequent stages of administrative exclusion (on various levels) of non-Catholic students. However, the contacts of the Academy with religious minorities in Cracow is a matter so complex, that it remained beyond the scope of the article.

7

Bilderlosigkeit und anthropomorphe Darstellungen in den deutschen und niederländischen Grammatiken des Barock: sprachwissenschaftlich verursachte und konfessionell motivierte Sichtweise

75%

Djubo B.

Neerlandica Wratislaviensia

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2019

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vol. 29

31-51

EN

Human figures were a suitable means of assigning human qualities to non-human entities, thereby making an abstract phenomenon more concrete and easier to understand. During the baroque period, one of the widely used techniques in the works of German and Dutch grammarians was visual presentation of their material in tables. Illustrative examples or tables and dichotomies were differently preferred as visual material in the language teachings of representatives of the confessions as well as the most important philosophical and grammatical theories, which were respected and had authority in the 17th century. The iconoclasm of the Calvinist authors, that is, aniconism and removal of images from churches, correlated with the reluctance of the grammarians to visualise their subjects in pictures. For presenting the contents, language teachers chose a frugal form, namely the tables and the dichotomic method, which is usually manifest in the composition of grammar books and description of the most important characteristics of the parts of speech.

8

Theological Post-Calvinism

75%

Jaskóła P.

Roczniki Teologiczne

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2018

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vol. 65

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issue 7: Teologia ekumeniczna - English Online Version

35-43

EN

The article first presents several theories illustrating John Calvin’s influence on the contemporary theological legacy of his teaching. Four levels of visible influence are then enumerated. These in turn are linked to the development of Reformed orthodoxy, Puritanism, neo-orthodoxy, and liberation theology.

9

Myśl ekonomiczna kalwinizmu

75%

Chmielewska J.

Annales. Etyka w Życiu Gospodarczym

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2016

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vol. 19

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issue 3

EN

The aim of the paper is to present the economic thoughts of John Calvin and his followers, referring to current issues, such as money lending, usury, or work. The latter, according to the famous thesis of Max Weber, received spiritual value by acting as a bridge between God's will and daily life. The hypothesis of this article differs somewhat from this conviction, assuming that the main economic elements of Calvinist thought have been the consequence of the release of temporal realities from the influence of the direct action of God, according to the protestant theology of the radical separation of nature and grace. Initiated by Protestantism, the dichotomy of nature and grace seems to have important consequences for economic thought. The salvific dimension of human fate remained in the hands of God, he depends entirely on its favour in connection with the dogma of predestination. In the earthly life, a human being was treated as a part of nature, his survival depended on skill and determination. in the struggle with nature, devoid of the grace of God, ruled by the law of necessity. Survival and a better life depended primarily on human labour and effort. The flourishing of economic life has resulted not only from the ethical role of work, but also from the fact that it was no longer inhibited by religious restrictions. Thus, modern man was born, more and more aware of his subjectivity, subordinating nature to himself building the human world in place of the natural world. Building a modern society and economy is part of the Protestant ethos of mastering nature.

10

Wizjonerstwo historyczne w tekstach pisarzy innowierczych

75%

Zema V.

Studia Polsko-Ukraińskie

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2021

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vol. 8

197-211

EN

This article reviews the creation and the roots of two historical legends about the trip of Ivan Smera to Alexandria and the privilege of Alexander Macedon to Slavs. The methodology of current research is based on the comparison of historical narratives. Two versions of the legend about the trip to the Orient were composed on the ground of old Kyivan chronicle which narrates the story about the choice of religion by Kyivan prince Volodimer in the last decades of the Xth century when several ambassadors were sent to study the peculiarities of Judaism, Islam, Latin and Byzantine Christianity. During the second half of the XVI century, a new version of this tale was composed by Calvinists in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. It narrates the visit of a certain person (Jolash or Ivan Smera) who arrived at Alexandria in North Africa to investigate the customs of the local Christian community. Ivan Smera found that the customs and the rite of the local community reflect the ideals of simple Christian service, without icons and church decoration. The rite of this religious community responds to the customs and the service of Calvinism. Smera has reported about the customs of Alexandria’s Christians to Volodimer but the Kyivan price ignored the ambassador’s notes and accepted Christianity in the byzantine rite. The other legend, which circulated in East and Central Europe during the Renaissance, narrates about the privilege of Alexander Macedon that was inscribed by golden letters on the tables in Alexandria. This imagined document relates that Slavic tribes arrived from the lands of Illyria and Dalmatia under the rulership of chieftains Lech, Roxolan, and Czech. It seems that both legends are rooted in Alexandria because Arianism prevailed in this city during late antiquity and Calvinism leaders supposed to establish good relations with orthodox patriarchs of this city in the second half of the XVI century. Religious life in ancient Alexandria was treated by the authors of the legend about the trip to North Africa as an example of perfect Christianity.

11

Pomnik upamiętniający Annę z Leszczyńskich Potocką w kościele Wniebowzięcia Najświętszej Marii Panny w Toruniu

63%

Saar-Kozłowska A.

Gdański Rocznik Ewangelicki

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2015

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vol. 9

38-61

EN

Regarding its size, references to the royal headstone of Anna Vasa of Sweden and the person’s rank, the monument to Anna Potocka née Lesz-czyńska (1615-1653) is one of the greatest sepulchral artworks in the Saint Mary’s Church in Toruń.It was created after 1653 and funded by the de-ceased’s husband, Jan Teodor Potocki.Potocka descended from a reli¬giously diverse family.Her father converted to Catholicism.Potocka was raised in her mother’s faith and was considered a zealous Calvinist.Her family held great offices in Respublica Poloniae both in catholic and pro¬testant communities.Her grandfather Rafał Leszczyński (ca. 1526-1593) was one of the most active supporters of the Reformation.Her father’s nephew Rafał Leszczyński (1597-1636) was a leader of Protestants called “a Calvinist pope in Poland”. Potocka deceased in Łowicz; however, her body was buried in Toruń due to her faith and the rank of the church, which was used by the Lutherans in the years 1557-1724 and during the Counter-Reformation it was a refuge to Protestants living in the southern part of Royal Prussia.In 16th and 17th century, Toruń, along with Gdańsk and Elbląg, was one of the most prestigious centres of Protestantism in Poland.It is probable that the heroine’s funeral ceremonies were modelled on the Anna Vasa’s funeral (1636) at which both Potocki and Leszczyński families were present. The monument to Potocka is located at the wall closing the fourth yoke of the nave, counting from the East.It consists of a portal frame with Leszczyński and Potocki’s family coats of arms. Under its semi-circular ar-cade, there is an inscription board with the family’s genealogy, Potocka’s characteristics and the name of the founder. The Potocka’s monument fits into the category of inscription epitaphs associated with the portal.It integrates two functions: commemoration and glorification. The latter is expressed by the portal as a door: a motive of symbolic passage into another reality, or as a triumphal arch, an element of exaltation, similarly to the arcade and columns. The monument was made of limestone of Dębnik and alabaster, artifi-cial stone, lime mortar imitating the black marble and alabaster.In 2009, it was restored back to its former splendour.Nodocumentation of theformer repair works have been preserved. As a result of unprofessional restoration, the object’s plastic and aesthetical qualities changed entirely.Before the recent restoration, gold plating and fragments of polychromy were visible, which provided the basis for their reconstruction.

12

Widziane z plebanii. Świat i ludzie w diariuszach dwóch duchownych ewangelickich z Rzeczypospolitej przełomu XVII i XVIII wieku

63%

Kriegseisen W.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2022

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vol. 87

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issue 1

63-89

EN

In the research on the deteriorating relations between the Evangelical-Reformed (Calvinist) minority and the Catholic majority of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the problems of mutual perception of the representatives of these denominations, as well as the evaluation of the realities of life in an increasingly Catholic state by the representatives of the Evangelical minority have been investigated the least. Based on two diaries by Evangelical-Reformed clergymen, Gabriel Dyjakiewicz and Jan Krzysztof Kraiński, who were active in Podlasie and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at the turn of the eighteenth century, the author attempts to present the image of the world as perceived and presented on the pages of these two egodocuments. After analysing the diary entries, it cannot be concluded that their authors found themselves in a social and communicative vacuum, although both of them noticed the progressive isolation of Evangelical circles. According to the records, it also appears that interfaith relations in the everyday life were not as bad as contemporary historical studies suggest. Both authors had a positive attitude towards the state, felt to be its citizens and patriots, combining a strong Evangelical religious identity with a sense of community with the society of the predominantly Catholic Polish Nobles’ Republic. Neither of the diaries reflects on the civilisational and cultural differences between the society of the north-eastern lands of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the world of Protestant Europe, known to both authors from their university studies.

13

Wiara, finanse i gospodarka. Recenzja książki „Faith, Finance and Economy. Beliefs and Economic Well-Being”

63%

Dąbrowski K.

Pieniądze i Więź

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2020

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vol. 23

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issue 3 (88)

98-106

PL

Książka “Faith, Finance and Economy. Beliefs and Economic Well-Being” pod redakcją Tanweera Akrama i Salima Rashida odnosi się do relacji między wiarą a ekonomią i finansami. Zdaniem redaktorów i autorów wiara ma wpływ na podejmowanie decyzji w sprawach finansowych oraz postawy ludzi wobec inwestycji. Etyka pracy – odwołująca się do teorii Mexa Webera – powinna łączyć się z etyką konsumpcji. Konsumpcjonizm jest bowiem napędzany przez władze publiczne. Autorzy szeroko cytują Biblię, której zasady bezpośrednio odnoszą do życia ekonomicznego. Gospodarka rynkowa umożliwia pomnażanie talentów i budowanie dobrego bogactwa, tj. takiego, które nie utrudnia innym dostępu do kapitału. Dlatego nierówności ekonomiczne są niesprawiedliwe i po prostu są złem. Wiara przyczynia się do rozwoju takich form inwestycji kapitału, które umożliwiają sprawiedliwy wzrost gospodarczy. Autorzy korzystają z szeregu różnych argumentów, jak o kreatywności Boga. Nie tworzy On dwóch takich samych ludzi, a każdemu przypisuje inną rolę w życiu. Klonowanie człowieka powinno być więc zakazane. Pracownicy zaś mają prawo wnosić zasady religijne do miejsc pracy i budować model przedsiębiorstwa przyjaznego wierze (faith-friendly company).

EN

The book “Faith, Finance and Economy. Beliefs and Economic Well-Being”, edited by Tanweer Akram and Salim Rashid, addresses the relationship between faith, and economics and finance. According to editors and authors, faith influences financial decision-making and people's attitudes towards investments. Work ethics – referring to Mex Weber's theory – should be combined with the ethics of consumption, for the consumerism is driven by the state. The authors cite the Bible, which principles they apply directly to economic life. The market economy enables multiplication of talents and building of good wealth, i.e. wealth that does not prevent others from accessing capital. Therefore, economic inequality is unfair, and simply evil. Faith contributes to the development of forms of capital investment that enable equitable economic growth. The authors use a number of different arguments, as the one about God's creativity. He does not make two people alike, and assigns each to a different role in life. Human cloning should therefore be prohibited. Moreover, employees have the right to bring religious principles to workplaces and build a faith-friendly company model.

14

John Foxe's "Rerum in ecclesia gestarum [...] commentarii in Sixteenth Century Polish Translation

51%

Hanusiewicz-Lavallee M.

Studia Historyczne

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2017

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vol. 60

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issue 2 (238)

5-16

PL

This paper is devoted to the Polish translation of John Foxe’s famous Rerum in Ecclesia gestarum on Christian martyrs, authored by a Calvinist writer, printer and composer Cyprian Bazylik. His monumental Historyja o srogim prześladowaniu Kościoła Bożego (1567) was compiled from the works of John Foxe, Jean Crespin and Heinrich Pantaleon, supplemented with Jan van Utenhove’s account of the thrilling odyssey of the members of the London’s Foreign Church led by Jan Łaski. The author aimed at creation of a complete account of the persecuted Church throughout Europe, starting from John Wycliff to 1563. Historyja is the most significant witness of the impact of Foxe’s theological thought and ideas on the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

15

Reformacja a geneza demokracji szlacheckiej w Polsce

51%

Kriegseisen W.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2018

|

vol. 03

189-219

PL

Artykuł omawia stan badań oraz potrzeby badawcze w zakresie związków pomiędzy reformacją a genezą demokracji szlacheckiej w Polsce XVI wieku. Omówiono rozwój idei prawa do oporu w ujęciu Marcina Lutra i jego współpracowników. Następnie przedstawiono poglądy na ten temat Jana Kalwina i jego kontynuatorów – protestanckich monarchomachów. Wreszcie omówiono stan badań nad recepcją reformacyjnej idei prawa do oporu w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej w drugiej połowie XVI wieku oraz jej znaczenie dla budowy i obrony podstaw ustroju demokracji szlacheckiej do początków XVII wieku. Na zakończenie scharakteryzowano odwołujące się do doktryny kalwinizmu poglądy Andrzeja Wolana i Bartłomieja Keckermanna.

EN

The article discusses the state of research and research needs in the field of relations between the Protestant Reformation and the genesis of nobility democracy in Poland in the 16th century. Th e development of the idea of the right to resistance in the approach of Martin Luther and his collaborators is discussed. Then, the views on John Calvin and his followers – the Protestant Monarchomachs – are presented. Finally, the state of research on the reception of the Protestant concept of the right to resistance in central eastern Europe in the second half of the 16th century is discussed with its significance for building and defending the foundations of the regime of noble democracy until the early 17th century. Finally, the views of Andrzej Wolan and Bartłomiej Keckermann as they refer to the doctrine of Calvinism, are characterized.

16

Nieograniczone odkupienie i odparta łaska. Klasyczny arminianizm we współczesnej teologii ewangelikalnej

51%

Dorocki D.

Rocznik Teologiczny

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2016

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vol. 58

|

issue 1

37-58

PL

Teologia ewangelikalna w pewnych obszarach nie pozostała monolitem. Jednym z dowodów takiego stanowiska jest istnienie dwóch wielkich tradycji w łonie ewangelikalizmu, a mianowicie: kalwinizmu i arminianizmu. Artykuł ten prezentuje ewangeliczny arminianizm by ukazać go jako alternatywną stronę ewangelikalnego protestantyzmu. Autor wychodzi od historyczno-teologicznej perspektywy, przedstawiając soteriologię Jakuba Arminiusza i jego naśladowców (tzw. remonstrantów) jako główne źródło współczesnej ewangelikalnej arminiańskiej myśli. Dalsza część zawiera ekspozycję poglądów arminiańskich teologów (F. Leroy Forlines, Robert E. Picirilli, Jack Cottrell, I. Howard Marschall, Roger E. Olson). Poczyniona analiza wskazuje, że reprezentanci tego nurtu wierzą w totalną deprawację ludzkiej natury; uniwersalne odkupienie Chrystusa oraz partykularną jego aplikację; konieczność Bożej łaski, która nie jest nieodparta w swej naturze, jak i w warunkową predestynację, realizującą się w zbawczej unii z Chrystusem. Autor ponadto włączył arminiańską egzegezę trzech biblijnych perykop, odnoszących się do działania łaski (J 6,37.39.44); odwiecznej predestynacji (Ef 1,3-14); i zasięgu powszechnej zbawczej woli Boga oraz odkupienia (1Tm 2,1-6).

EN

The evangelical theology is not monolith in some areas. One of the evidence for such statement is the existence of two great traditions in evangelical bosom, namely Calvinism and Arminianism. The article presents the evangelical Arminianism in order to show that it is an alternative side of the evangelical Protestantism. The author starts from historical-theological perspective, exposing the soteriology of Jacob Arminius and his followers (so-called Remonstrants) as the main source of modern evangelical Arminian thought. The next part contains the presentation of views of Arminian theologians (F. Leroy Forlines, Robert E. Picirilli, Jack Cottrell, I. Howard Marschall, Roger E. Olson). The analysis, which has been made, indicates that the representatives of this theological stream believe in total depravity of human nature, Christ’s universal atonement and the particular application of redemption, the necessity of God’s grace, which is not irresistible in its nature, and in conditional predestination, which is realized in the saving union with Christ. Moreover, the author includes the Arminian exegesis of three biblical passages that relate to the operation of grace (John 6: 37.39.44); eternal predestination (Eph 1: 3-14); and the extent of the universal salvific will of God and the atonement (1Tim 2: 1-6).

17

Krakowski drukarz Stanisław Murmelius i jego księgozbiór (1571)

51%

Kowalski W.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2018

|

vol. 62

PL

Drukarz Stanisław Murmelius, którego aktywność poświadczona jest od lat czterdziestych do siedemdziesiątych XVI w., związany był głównie z Krakowem, choć okresowo kierował typografiami w innych miastach Rzeczypospolitej, m.in. w Brześciu w latach 1558–1565. Na publikowany tu jego księgozbiór, zinwentaryzowany w Krakowie w 1571 r., składają się w większości dzieła autorów różnych nurtów luteranizmu (43,66%) oraz teologów z kręgu ewangelicko-reformowanego (22,53%), na ogół występujące w tym źródle w więcej niż jednym egzemplarzu. Inwentarz sporządzony został z nakazu krakowskiego wójta, a książki miały być przekazane lubelskiemu kupcowi Jakubowi Konopnicy jako rozliczenie długu.Printer Stanisław Murmelius, who was active from the 1540s to the 1570s, developed his professional career mainly in Cracow. Nevertheless, at times, he managed typographies in other cities of the Commonwealth, including that at Brest (Brześć) in 1558–1565. His book collection that is presented here, and which was registered in Cracow in 1571, is made up of texts by authors of various Lutheran denominations (43.66 per cent), and theologians of the Evangelical Reformed Church (22.53 per cent), present usually in more than one copy. The inventory was prepared on the order of the Cracow justice, and the books were to be handed over to the Lublin merchant Jakub Konopnica as discharge of a debt.

18

Zawsze wierny? Sytuacja wyznaniowa w Uniwersytecie Krakowskim w XVI i XVII w.

51%

Machaj D.

Odrodzenie i Reformacja w Polsce

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2015

|

vol. 59

PL

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie w nowym świetle sytuacji wyznaniowej Uniwersytetu Krakowskiego w wiekach XVI i XVII, dzięki wykorzystaniu pomijanych w tym kontekście źródeł (głównie albumów studentów) oraz dzięki wnikliwszej analizie tych, z których korzystali wcześniejsi badacze zagadnienia (np. akt rektorskich, konkluzji uniwersyteckich oraz diariuszy profesorów i rektorów). Uniwersytet Krakowski był katolicką instytucją, dlatego interesujące wydaje się przedstawienie stosunku władz uczelni do akatolików w okresie, gdy sprawy wyznaniowe stały się palącym problemem w Krakowie i całej Rzeczypospolitej. Założeniem było także przeanalizowanie możliwości funkcjonowania innowierców w kręgu uczelni w poszczególnych okresach oraz przedstawienie najważniejszych wydarzeń czy regulacji mających wpływ na politykę Uniwersytetu. Kolejnym zadaniem było ukazanie poszczególnych etapów administracyjnego wykluczania (na wielu poziomach) studentów akatolickich. Jednak same kontakty uczelni z mniejszościami religijnymi w Krakowie są kwestią tak złożoną, że pozostały poza granicami tego tekstu.

EN

The article aims at showing in a new light the confessional situation of the Academy of Cracow in the 16th and 17th centuries, using sources omitted in previous research into the topic and thanks to a more detailed analysis of the sources used by other scholars (e.g., Acta rectoralia, university conclusions, rectors’ and professors’ diaries). The Academy of Cracow was a Catholic institution, thus portraying the attitude of the university’s authorities to non-Catholics in a period of confessional struggle in Cracow and in the Commonwealth seemed promising. Another point was to analyse the possibilities for non-Catholics to function within the walls of the University in different periods of time, as well as to describe the most important events and regulations, which influenced the University’s policy. The author also tried to bring to light the subsequent stages of administrative exclusion (on various levels) of non-Catholic students. However, the contacts of the Academy with religious minorities in Cracow is a matter so complex, that it remained beyond the scope of the article.

19

Dziedzictwo Jana Kalwina

51%

Jaskóła P.

Rocznik Teologiczny

|

2018

|

vol. 03

329-346

PL

Artykuł najpierw ukazuje kilka teorii ilustrujących wpływ Jana Kalwina na współczesne społeczeństwo, by następnie skoncentrować się na ściśle teologicznym dziedzictwie jego nauki. Wyliczono sześć płaszczyzn widocznych wpływów. Związane są one z rozwojem kapitalistycznej gospodarki, etyką pracy, procesami demokratycznymi w polityce, purytanizmem, ortodoksją i neo-ortodoksją reformowaną oraz teologią wyzwolenia.

EN

The article depicts, firstly, several theories illustrating the influence of John Calvin on contemporary society, then focuses on the strictly theological legacy of his teaching. Six levels of visible influence are then enumerated. These in turn are connected to the development of the capitalist economy, ethics of work, democratic processes in politics, Puritanism, reformed orthodoxy and neo-orthodoxy as well as to liberation theology.

20

SPREADING REFORMATION IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA IN THE 16th CENTURY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSCARPATHIA’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE

51%

Borys I.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

|

2019

|

issue 28

27-44

EN

The article highlights the issue of dissemination of the religious, social and political movement widely known as the process of European Reformation on the territory of Eastern Slovakia. In particular, the author traces back the process of adopting legal religious principles and the attempts to achieve top-level systematization of spiritual life management. Actually, Reformation penetrated into the territory of Slovakia in the early 1520s. Along with the changes in social and political life occurring in Slovakian lands, there were changes in cultural and religious life of the country as well. Throughout the 16th century new religious movements referring directly to the European Reformation spread all over the territory of Slovakia. It is common knowledge that the Reformation processes led to division of the Roman Catholic Church and formation of new religious doctrines. They were manifested to different extents of efficiency practically in all the countries of the Catholic world. Establishment of new religious principles had a significant impact on the position of the church as a big landowner as well as a component of the feudal system, affecting the role of the Catholicism as a major ideological power. Throughout the 16th century Reformation appeared in the form of widespread religious, social and political movements demanding to reform the Catholic Church and radically change its conventional dogmata and practices, which had been ingrained for years. At the end of the century practically all over the territory of the Eastern Slovakia there were organized Seniorates and appeared the first attempts to systematize spiritual life management at top level. The first attempts to spread new religious movements were supported by the population of most eastern Slovakian cities, which was to a certain extent, an impetus to further development of the Reformation movement. While Slovaks and Germans longed for the Lutheran form of the Reformation, Hungarian residents were inclined to adopt Calvinism and Anabaptism. Thus, crystallization of Reformation was gradually building up and strengthening its position. The process mentioned above influenced the lands which are nowadays a part of Transcarpathian region of Ukraine. As Transcarpathia is located in the immediate vicinity of Slovakia, it is reasonable to examine the experience and impact of the process of Slovakian Reformation on the Transcarpathian realia of those days.

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Dziedzictwo Jana Kalwina

SPREADING REFORMATION IN EASTERN SLOVAKIA IN THE 16th CENTURY AND ITS IMPACT ON TRANSCARPATHIA’S SOCIAL AND POLITICAL LIFE