This article presents the image of a spiritual wedding between soul-Bride and Divine Bridegroom which is featured in anonymous meditations from the XVII century. They are bunched in manuscript form and stored in the archives of the Sisters of St. Norbert’s Order in Cracow. Therefore, it is proper to make the thesis that the author of this manuscript belonged to this abbey. The primary origin of these meditations is The Song of Songs which shows the special way mystics merge with God. This article also reveals meditations about ”spiritual marriage” that contain visible influences of the Fathers of Church and Żywoty świętych of Piotr Skarga. All these influences are evident not only about the authoress erudition but most of all about her need of strong effect, by means of suggestive images of figures, for the attitude of practitioners of meditations. With the aid of the idea of mutual love between Divine Bridegroom and human being-Bride, meditations were presented standing before God demanding from man spiritual transformation and pose of the human being who desires to internally change yourself for Him.
The starting point in the article is an absence of studies which show the realizations of the military-erotic symbols in religious literature that is associated with the emblem tradition. The discussed works – prayer books by Andrzej Gabriel Kasperowicz; anonymous Atak Niebieskiej Twierdzy… [The attack of the Heavens… or The attack into Fortress of Heavens…] and Wojsko serdecznych afektów… [The army of heartfelt affections…] by Hieronim Falęcki – retain high formal and semantic discipline; as a result, they are examples of interesting phenomena of Baroque culture. In the first part of her article Iwona Słomak presents three prayer books in which the concept is based on analogy with the organization of the army of Christ. In the second part she shows the book in which the theme of war connects with the issue of „holy erotica”. In part three she discusses a print whose composition refers to the structure of the military detachments. It is conceived as a collection of „affections” whose task is „to conquer” heaven and the hearts of readers. Characteristically, the formula of the discussed books will be understandable only if we reconstruct their reference to the popular allegorical images (we find them in the collections of emblems, in many treatises on religious themes or in descriptions of the great ceremonies of that era); therefore, it is necessary to take into account the emblematic model that clearly influenced their final shape.
The starting point in the article is an absence of studies which show the realizations of the military-erotic symbols in religious literature that is associated with the emblem tradition. The discussed works – prayer books by Andrzej Gabriel Kasperowicz; anonymous Atak Niebieskiej Twierdzy… [The attack of the Heavens… or The attack into Fortress of Heavens…] and Wojsko serdecznych afektów… [The army of heartfelt affections…] by Hieronim Falęcki – retain high formal and semantic discipline; as a result, they are examples of interesting phenomena of Baroque culture. In the first part of her article Iwona Słomak presents three prayer books in which the concept is based on analogy with the organization of the army of Christ. In the second part she shows the book in which the theme of war connects with the issue of „holy erotica”. In part three she discusses a print whose composition refers to the structure of the military detachments. It is conceived as a collection of „affections” whose task is „to conquer” heaven and the hearts of readers. Characteristically, the formula of the discussed books will be understandable only if we reconstruct their reference to the popular allegorical images (we find them in the collections of emblems, in many treatises on religious themes or in descriptions of the great ceremonies of that era); therefore, it is necessary to take into account the emblematic model that clearly influenced their final shape.
Artykuł dotyczy poematów autorstwa polskich barokowych pisarzy podejmujących tematykę religijną: Andrzeja Dębołęckiego „Posła niebieskiego, to jest Archanioła Gabryjela nowiny z nieba do Panny czystej Maryjej o wcieleniu Syna Bożego w jej żywot sprawującego” (Toruń 1633) i Aleksandra Obodzińskiego „Poważnej legacyi w Konsystorzu Trójce Przenaświętszej” (Kraków [1640]). Twórcy, nawiązujący do epopei Jacopa Sannazara „De partu Virginis”, przedstawili w swoich dziełach w sposób samodzielny (choć odwołujący się do tradycji) ewangeliczny motyw przekazania Maryi przez archanioła Gabriela nowiny, że będzie Matką Bożą (trzeba przy tym podkreślić, iż Obodziński w wielu miejscach splagiatował Dębołęckiego). Obaj autorzy skoncentrowali się na opisie dworu Boga, a przede wszystkim na wyglądzie Archanioła i jego umiejętnościach dyplomatycznych, którymi odznaczył się jako poseł wysłany z misją Zwiastowania.
EN
The paper refers to the epic poems by the Polish baroque writers who took up religious themes, namely to Andrzej Dębołęcki’s “Poseł niebieski, to jest Archanioła Gabryjela nowiny z nieba do Panny czystej Maryjej o wcieleniu Syna Bożego w jej żywot sprawującego” (“Message of Heavenly Envoy Archangel Gabriel to Holy Mary, Pure Virgin, about the Incarnation of the Son of God into Her Life”) (Toruń 1633) and Aleksander Obodziński’s “Poważna legacyja w Konsystorzu Trójce Przenaświętszej” (“The Important Mission in the Consistory of the Holy Trinity”) (Kraków [1640]). The authors, referring to Jacopo Sannazaro’s epopee “De partu Virginis”, in their works presented an independent (though recalling tradition) evangelical motive of transferring Mary the message by Archangel Gabriel that she is going to be God’s Mother. It must also be mentioned that Obodziński in many places plagiarised Dębołęcki. Both of the writers focused on describing God’s estate, and first and foremost on the appearance of Archangel Gabriel and his diplomatic skills which he showed as the envoy sent with the Annunciation.
The historical Unity of Brethren produced a relatively large amount of literature, mainly intended for the clergy and members of this community. From the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the diversity of genres increased, and after 1609, when Rudolf II issued the Letter of Majesty granting religious freedom, the censorship measures were relaxed in Bohemia. As a result, the printing house that the Unity ran in the Moravian town of Kralice nad Oslavou was falling short of production capacity. The Unity’s leadership thus had to approach commercial printing companies, especially in the capital of the kingdom (Prague), but also in Hradec Králové, to satisfy the growing demand of Brethren literature. This study seeks to explore the main reasons for choosing specific printing enterprises to produce publications with Brethren religious texts and the extent to which these preferences were influenced by the printers’ confessional attitudes. The findings of this study show that what played an important role was not only the printers’ confessional affiliation, or their inclinations for the Unity of Brethren, but also their personal ties to the authors of the published texts, or to the contractors of the publication production. Especially noteworthy for this research is the preserved correspondence from the archive of a Unity of Brethren bishop Matouš Konečný, who worked in Mladá Boleslav between 1609 and 1620 and was responsible for the entire literary production of the community as well as its dissemination among the followers. The archive of Matouš Konečný was discovered quite recently in 2006 and is now gradually being released in a scholarly edition. The main contribution of this study is the analysis of the ties between the commercial printers who printed books for the Unity of Brethren in the early 17th century and this relatively small in number but culturally and socially influential confessional community.
The research problem related to the achievements of religious orders in Poland in the early modern period is the incomplete knowledge of literary culture and reading preferences of religious communities in Poland in the 17th century. The popularity of emblems was particularly influenced by female readers and their reading preferences. This is exemplified by the addressees of the cycle presented below and the discovery of a previously unknown series of emblems of Bonaventure from St Stanislaus, born Stanisław Frezer (1638–1687). The cycle is included in the codex that belonged to Bonaventure, who also authored ascetic and theological writings from the Carmelite circle. The handwriting of the text indicates his authorship. The cycle was commissioned by Warsaw Carmelites, whose spiritual patron was Bonaventure of St Stanislaus. The creation of this series of emblems was connected with a kind of social play that the Carmelite nuns engage in during their monastic recreation in 1677. Seventeen short works were written by Bonaventure of St Stanislaus as complimentary to his painting depicting a beggar. The image, which has not survived to this day, and the circumstances of the creation of the emblem cycle were described in Frezer’s manuscript biography published in the same codex no. 243 held in theDiscalced Carmelite Sisters’ Library in Cracow. The unusual inspiration of the character that belonged to the low culture is evidenced by subsequent works whose titles always evoke the attribute of the beggar, a characteristic feature of this character or his activity: Old age, Grey hair, Beard, Poverty, Coat, Cold, Hunger, Bag, Basket, Pot, Stilt or Stick, Singing, Name of God, Alms, God bless you, Prayers. The motto is biblical, usually partly localized. The subscription to the emblem provides a joint interpretation of the motto and the title, as well as a devotional instruction as to the conduct or devotional practice. Only one manuscript with this text has survived to date.
In his polemic treatise Antapologija abo Apologijej … zniesienie written in the early 1630s, Socinian Eustachy Kisiel (nicknamed Gelasius Diplic) made an accusation that former Orthodox, now a Uniate priest, religious writer and Ruthenian linguist Meletij Smotryc’kyj (ca. 1577–1633) used a Latin work by a certain Dominican to compose a funeral oration on the death of Smotryc’kyj’s predecessor at the Brotherhood the Holy Spirit Monastery, Leontij Karpovyč(1580–1620). Kisiel’s allegations were noted in 1908 by the philologist Sergej Maslov, but later this topic did not attract the attention of researchers of Smotryc’kyj’s legacy. This study is an attempt to examine the hypothesis put forward by Kisiel and to find out what specific writing (or writings?) Smotryc’kyj could have used when composing the funeral oration. The oration on the death of Karpovyčwas published twice in Vilnius: 1620 – in a Ruthenian language version, and 1621 – in Polish. As the main storyline Meletij uses the topos of five varieties of live and the corresponding five varieties of death, which were very common in religious literature in the Middle Ages and Early Modern times. This topos is used by Smotryc’kyj to describe Leontij Karpovyč’s life path and to glorify his achievements in the spiritual field. The article considers the main contexts of the use of topos triplex, quadruplex and quintuplex mors (triple, quadruple, quintuple death) and triplex, quadruplex and quintuplex vita (triple, quadruple, quintuple life) in different confessional traditions up to the 1620s. On the basis of textual analysis, it is concluded that the main source for Meletij war Orbis terror, seu concionum de finibus bonorum et malorum libri duo written by Walloon preacher, Franciscan writer Philippe Bosquier (1561/1562–1636) (editio princeps Douai 1603). Orbis terror enjoyed large popularity in Europe, and was one of the recommended books for the Jesuit colleges of that time. For the funeral sermon Smotryc’kyj borrows only a small fragment of the first section (concio) of Orbis terror, and uses different editing techniques: a literal or close to the original translation; expansion or contraction of borrowed fragments; giving prominence to different elements of the text. Bosquier’s work became the main source for the funeral sermon, but by no means the only one: some images and amplifications used by Meletij testify to his good acquaintance with the Renaissance and Early Modern literature.
The article describes the work of the poet from Cracow,the author of short stories, essayist and translator – Ewa Elżbieta Nowakowska. Her poems were situated on the map of Polish literature among the “born in the seventies”, in the strand of “emboldened imagination” poetry, in the background of “Cracow school of poetry”, in a circle of women’s poetry. The main themes of her work: religion, the world of nature, history, culture and were presented by selecting relevant examples of her poems. In the conclusion, it was hypothesized that the varied work of the poet combines with the interest in perception and cognition, for what is available for the sense of sight as well as for what is hidden: transcendence and the mystery of being, expressed in the poet’s works by the broad metaphor of “the eye”.
In 2014 was published a volume of „Themes and Contexts” dedicated Old-Polish and 18th Century Religious Literature. In the sixth issue of our journal we would like to continue that topic. We are interested in exploring, analyzing and describing the phenomena of homeliness and universality in a former religious literature.
The article focuses on the religious publications that were issued in Lvov in 1773-1800 by the printing press of the Lvov province, which belonged to Antoni Piller and later to his successors. Since the Pillers’ printing press was the only one active in the town between the latter half of the 1780s and the end of the 1790s, it accepted, apart from governmental printing orders, other commissions, including church and monastic ones. About thirty five religious texts were released by them. They were mostly prayer books and sermons, but also textbooks and religious education books, teaching guides for catechists, excerpts facilitating the understanding of the Gospel, as well as summaries of important Western European works that had an impact upon understanding the Christian religion and the debate of the existence of God.
The article is based on the analysis of the way that didacticism works in the “Christian garden” (“Wirydarz krześcijański”) by Jakub Lubelczyk (1530–1563). The paper focuses primarily on the characteristics of the main character (Krześcijanin) and his spiritual transformation, which is the result of a conversation with the guides. The next stages of the Krześcijanin development have shown the persuasion, which was used by the author through deliberative rhetoric (genus deliberativum), encouraging (suasio), and discouraging (dissuasio) statements. Lubelczyk articulates his arguments based on the Holy Bible, moral guidelines and ideas created from a perspective of the Reformation movement. “Christian garden” was juxtaposed with the selected literary works of Mikołaj Rej, which show that the rhetorical measures used by Lubelczyk for didactic purposes were also used by other artists.
“Prosta mova” – colloquial language of population of the eastern lands of the former Republic of Poland only occasionally appears in the printed texts in the eighteenth century. It is especially rare in texts of religious nature. In this regard, Basilian typography is an exception. “Prosta mova” as the language of printing, can be seen in texts and fragments of prints published by definition in other languages. This type of text is the subject of the analysis set out in this article. Numerous features of a living language that are visible at the level of phonetics and vocabulary are reflected in the analyzed Чинъ Іерейскаго наставленїя. Analysis of these features brings to the conclusion that the dominant element in the text, is the Ukrainian dialect. Of course, due to the different articulation of selected graphemes on the Belarusian and Ukrainian-speaking territories (eg. grapheme ѣ) editors left the pronunciation to the decision of their readers in accordance with the local tradition.
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Prosta mowa, czyli potoczny język mieszkańców ziem ruskich dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, jako język o nieuznanym statusie tylko sporadycznie pojawia się w tekstach drukowanych w XVIII wieku jako środek wypowiedzi literackiej, zwłaszcza w tekstach o charakterze religijnym. Pod tym względem drukarstwo bazyliańskie stanowi wyjątek. Bazylianie wydawali teksty w tym języku, prosta mowa pojawiała się również we fragmentach tekstów drukowanych z założenia w innych językach. Tego typu tekst stanowi źródło badań przedstawionych w niniejszym artykule. Proponowana analiza ma wskazać elementy prostej mowy na różnych poziomach języka w wydaniu poczajowskim z 1776 roku: Czyn jerejskogo nastawljenija. Tekst kierowany był do kapłanów w celu ułatwienia sprawowania posługi duchownej również wśród niewykształconych wiernych, co wyjaśnia przyczynę pojawienia się w nim elementów ruskojęzycznych. Prosta mowa wspólna dla przodków dzisiejszych Białorusinów i Ukraińców w postaci opracowanej była oczywiście w pewnym stopniu tworem sztucznym, ale jednak zróżnicowanym ze względu na jej „nasycenie” cechami miejscowej wymowy. W kontekście druków poczajowskich należy stwierdzić, że pierwiastkiem dominującym są tu gwary ukraińskie. Oczywiście, ze względu na różnice w czytaniu wybranych grafemów na białoruskim i ukraińskim obszarze językowym (na przykład grafemu ѣ) redaktorzy pozostawiali swoim czytelnikom furtkę do wymowy zgodnej z ich lokalną tradycją.
The article first gives a short presentation of Angelus Silesius (1624-1677) or, Johannes Scheffler, and then more thoroughly analyses the first part of his work entitled Idea causarum fundatarum, transeundi a Lutheranis ad Ecclesiam Catholicam; comprehensarum Illationibus duabus which has been forgotten today. The baroque writer used exclusively brief statements which confirm the truth of the Roman faith and simultaneously debunk arguments in favor of Protestant religion. Above all his work was supposed to provide polemical ammunition for the supporters of the Roman Catholic Church and to justify discontinuing relations with Protestantism. In order to achieve this purpose, the writer enumerated and discussed arguments related to the most important arguable theological issues, such as the apostolic succession, miracles, attitude to God’s Word, religious life, celibacy, the figure of Luther and his adherents, etc.
Controversies regarding the proclamation and the consequences of the Union of Brest (1596) were reflected in extensive historical, polemical and religious literature that was created in the Commonwealth of Both Nations over several decades (2nd half of the 16th-17th century). There was a heated dispute between the representatives of the Roman Catholic, Greek Catholic and Orthodox Churches. The article highlights the use of similar arguments by each of the parties to this religious-political conflict which, however, were given different meanings depending on various ecclesiological, historical and cultural perspectives of the authors of a statement. Thus, in practice, religious polemics became a discussion aimed at strengthening the position of representatives of one’s own party, instead gaining supporters among opponents.
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Kontrowersje dotyczące proklamacji i skutków unii brzeskiej (1596) znalazły odbicie w bogatej literaturze historycznej, polemicznej i religijnej, jaka powstała na terenie Rzeczypospolitej Obojga Narodów na przestrzeni kilkunastu dziesięcioleci (2. poł. XVI-XVII w.). Gorący spór toczył się pomiędzy przedstawicielami Kościoła rzymskokatolickiego, greckokatolickiego oraz prawosławnego. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na posługiwanie się przez każdą ze stron tego religijno-politycznego konfliktu podobnymi argumentami, którym jednakże podstawiano różne znaczenia w zależności od odmiennych perspektyw eklezjologicznych i historyczno-kulturowych autorów wypowiedzi. W ten sposób polemika religijna stała się w praktyce dyskusją skierowaną w stronę utrwalania stanowiska przedstawicieli własnego obozu, a nie pozyskiwania zwolenników ze strony przeciwnej.
The novel trilogy Savonarola by Maria Gertruda Skórzewska, the Immaculate Virgin from Jazłowiec, is the only novel in the Polish literature about Giròlamo Savonarola, a theologian, preacher and religious writer. The analysis of the novel’s narrative undertaken in the article has identified three textual categories, namely: sublimity, presence and truth as “artistic truth”. In this horizon was discussed the topic of the image of the culture of Florence at the turn of the 15th and 16th centuries as well as its intellectual and artistic environment. Considering the idea of beauty contained in the novel, combined with good and truth, the author of the article discusses two circles of issues: 1. confrontation of two epochs as two moral and aesthetic formations i.e. the Middle Ages and the Renaissance which correspond to either religious (God as the creative force, perfection of the works of God), or a secular way of understanding the work of creation; 2. orienting the narrative on the religiously conceived idea of a masterpiece and its various specific implementations; they confirm the value of culture, art and literature remaining in a creative relation to the Bible and an outstanding European intellectual tradition.
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Trylogia powieściowa pt. Savonarola Marii Gertrudy Skórzewskiej, niepokalanki z Jazłowca, jest jedyną w literaturze polskiej powieścią o Giròlamo Savonaroli, teologu, kaznodziei, pisarzu religijnym. Podjęta w artykule analiza powieściowej narracji, wyłoniła trzy tekstowe kategorie, a mianowicie: wzniosłość, uobecnienie i prawdziwość jako „prawdę artystyczną”. W takim też horyzoncie został omówiony temat, którym jest obraz kultury Florencji z przełomu XV i XVI w., jej środowiska intelektualnego i artystycznego. Rozważając zawartą w powieści ideę piękna, łączonego z dobrem i prawdą, autorka artykułu omawia dwa kręgi zagadnień, którymi są: 1. konfrontacja dwóch epok jako dwóch formacji moralno-estetycznych, średniowiecza i renesansu, którym odpowiada bądź religijny (Boga jako istoty sprawczej, doskonałości dzieł Bożych), bądź świecki sposób pojmowania dzieła stworzenia; 2. ukierunkowanie narracji na religijnie pojmowaną ideę arcydzieła i na jej różnorakie konkretne realizacje; one to potwierdzają wartość kultury, sztuki i literatury, pozostającej w twórczej relacji do Biblii i wybitnej europejskiej tradycji intelektualnej.
Recenzja dotyczy pracy Radosława Grześkowiaka (“A Guide to the Heavens. The Literary Reception of Herman Hugo’s »Pia desideria« in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,” 2023), poświęconej polskim tłumaczeniom i adaptacjom (w rękopisach, drukach, dekoracjach) fragmentów książki niderlandzkiego jezuity Hermana Hugona Pia desideria (1624). Wskazano m.in. ustalenia autora poszerzające wiedzę o literaturze emblematycznej w I Rzeczypospolitej oraz założenia metodologiczne istotne dla emblem studies.
EN
The review refers to Radosław Grześkowiak’s study (“A Guide to the Heavens. The Literary Reception of Herman Hugo’s »Pia desideria« in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth,” 2023) on Polish (handwritten, printed and decorative) translations and adaptations of fragments from a Dutch Jesute Herman Hugon’s book Pia desideria (1624). The assessment points at, inter alia, Radosław Grześkowiak’s observations that broaden the knowledge on emblematic literature in the First Polish Republic and on the methodological assumptions that prove vital to emblem studies.
В настоящей работе делается попытка суммировать и контрастировать взгляды русских религиозных философов эпохи Серебряного века на творчество Лермонтова. Полемичная оценка Владимира Соловьева дала толчок переосмыслению места Лермонтова в отечественном каноне. Начиная с Мережковского, истолковавшего произведения Лермонтова в согласии с дуалистическим кодом собственной метафизической умозрительной конструкции, все религиозные философы, включая Н. Бердяева, Л. Шестова, откликались на дилемму «Пушкин или Лермонтов», даже в форме кратких разбросанных замечаний. Религиозные мотивы, фигурирующие в лирике и прозе Лермонтова, внушают, что сакральный код русской словесности и художества определяет и его поэтику. Это очевидно в замысле композиции его предисловия к роману Герой нашего времени. В Лермонтове В. Розанов узрел «мистагога», о. Флоренский, трактуя его творчество преимущественно в рамках своего учения о Софии, акцентирует и «титаническое начало». О. С. Булгаков и С. М. Соловьев разъяснили факты, результировавшие негативную оценку Лермонтова В. Соловьевым. В сочинениях религиозных философов создавалась картина, резко противостоящая прочтениям последующих поколений историков литературы, которые старались выставлять художника-Лермонтова как вульгаризированного критика общественно-политической атмосферы своего времени
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W artykule podjęto problem podsumowania i zarazem zderzenia poglądów rosyjskich filozofów religijnych Srebrnego Wieku na twórczość Lermontowa. Polemiczny osąd Włodzimierza Słowiowa stał się impulsem do przewartościowania pozycji Lermontowa w rosyjskim kanonie literackim. Poczynając od Mierieżkowskiego, który odczytał utwory poety zgodnie z kryteriami własnych teorii metafizycznych, ich spekulatywnym charakterem i dualistycznym kodem, kolejni myśliciele, w tym Mikołaj Bierdiajew i Lew Szestow, starali się odnieść do dylematu: „Puszkin czy Lermontow”, nawet jeśli były to ich krótkie rozproszone uwagi. Motywy religijne, obecne w liryce i prozie Lermontowa, odzwierciedlają fakt, że kod sakralny rosyjskiej literatury i sztuki nieobcy jest także jego poetyce. Widoczne jest to zwłaszcza w zamyśle kompozycji wstępu do powieści Bohater naszych czasów. Wasilij Rozanow dostrzegł w Lermontowie „mistagoga”, o. Paweł Florenski, rozpatrując jego twórczość głównie w ramach własnej teorii na temat Sofii, akcentował w nim „pierwiastek tytaniczny”. S. Bułgakow i S. M. Sołowiow próbowali objaśnić negatywną ocenę W. Sołowiowa wobec Lermontowa. Prace filozofów religijnych przyniosły obraz zdecydowanie przeciwstawny do oceny Lermontowa przez następne pokolenia historyków literatury, którzy przedstawiali go jako zwulgaryzowanego krytyka atmosfery społeczno-politycznej swej epoki.
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In the present article the author attempts to summarise and juxtapose views on Lermontov’s oeuvre formulated by the religious philosophers of the Silver Age. The polemic assessment made by Vladimir Solovyev offered a stimulus to reconsidering Lermontov’s position in Russian national canon. Beginning with Merezhkovsky, interpreting the works of Lermontov in accordance with his own metaphysical philosophical construction, all religious thinkers, including N. Berdyaev, L. Shestov, have reacted to the dilemma “Pushkin or Lermontov”, even if they did so in the form of scattered comments. Religious motifs coded in Lermontov’s prose and poetry, suggest that the sacral code of Russian literature and arts determined his poetics. This is obvious from the project of the composition seen in his foreword to A Hero of Our Time. V. V. Rozanov deemed Lermontov a ‘mystagogue’, whereas the Rev. Florensky, discussing his oeuvre pre-eminently in the framework of his own doctrine on Sophia, addresses the role of ‘titanic’ notion. The Rev. Sergius Bulgakov and S. M. Solovyov clarified facts leading to Vl. Solovyov’s negative assessment. In their writings religious philosophers created a picture sharply contrasting with vulgarised readings afforded by future generations of historians of literature, who strived to make out Lermontov the artist as a vulgarised critic of the social and political atmosphere of his time.
Old Polish and Enlightenment religious literature is a fascinating area of research in past culture. It is still too early to claim comprehensive knowledge of it even though systematic work has been in progress for decades. The present issue of “Tematy i Konteksty” is the second collection of papers focused upon this current in old Polish literature. This issue is devoted to the relations of familiarity and universalism in Old Polish and Enlightenment religious literature. The main emphasis in the papers has been placed upon the Brest Bible and biblical inspirations, homiletics and occasional literature, religious drama, religious confession, mysticism, meditation, religious prints and manuscripts.
Artykuł prezentuje analizę graficznych realizacji głosek [t] i [d] w kolejnych edycjach bazyliańskiej, ruskojęzycznej teologii moralnej, które ukazały się w drukarniach bazyliańskich w Supraślu, Uniowie i Poczajowie w XVIII wieku. Wyniki analizy prowadzą do wniosku o występowaniu w XVIII wieku dwóch odrębnych tradycji ortograficznych – białoruskiej i ukraińskiej. W odniesieniu do analizowanych głosek potwierdza je zaznaczenie zjawisk dziekania, ciekania czy ukraińskiego stwardnienia [d] i [t]. Tym samym podważona zostaje teza o przerwaniu tradycji piśmienniczej na ziemiach białoruskich i ukraińskich w XVIII wieku i odrodzenia się białoruskiego i ukraińskiego języka literackiego na nowej – ludowej – bazie. W proponowanym ujęciu tezę tę należy zastąpić tezą o ewolucyjnym rozwoju literackich języków białoruskiego i ukraińskiego.
EN
This article presents an analysis of the implementation of the graphic sounds [t] and [d] in subsequent editions of Ruthenian language moral theology, which were published Basilians printing houses in Suprasl, Uniev and Pochayiv in the 18th century. The results of the analysis lead to the conclusion about the occurrence in the eighteenth century of two separate literary traditions – in Belarusian and Ukrainian languages. In relation to the analyzed sounds, this is confirmed by the marking of the phenomena (for Belarusian language): dzekannya or tsekannya or (for Ukrainian language): the process of hardening [d] and [t]. The thesis on the breaking of the literary tradition on the Belarusian and Ukrainian lands in the eighteenth and the revival of the Belarusian and Ukrainian literary language on the new – folk – base is thus undermined. In the proposed approach, this thesis should be replaced by a thesis about the evolutionary development of Belarusian and Ukrainian literary languages.
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