The article presents historical, literary, religious and political context in which interest in the poetry of the Baroque Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640) appeared in the first half of the 18th century among English dissenters and non-conformists. The article concentrates on the best known and most prolific of the six dissenting translators of Sarbiewski Isaac Watts (1674–1748) and his pupil and biographer Thomas Gibbons (1720–1785). The article includes a brief presentation of the translated poems of Sarbiewski and their translators.
PL
Artykuł przedstawia historyczny, literacki, religijny i polityczny kontekst zainteresowania, jakim cieszyła siętwórczość Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego (1595–1640) wśród dysydentów i nonkonformistów w Anglii w I poł. XVIII w. Autor skupia się na najbardziej znanych i płodnych spośród sześciu dysydenckich tłumaczy Sarbiewskiego: Isaaku Wattsie (1674–1748) oraz jego wychowanku i biografiście Thomasie Gibbonsie (1720–1785). Artykuł zawiera krótkie omówienie przekładów wierszy Sarbiewskiego oraz sylwetek tłumaczy
Artykuł przedstawia historyczny, literacki, religijny i polityczny kontekst zainteresowania, jakim cieszyła siętwórczość Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego (1595–1640) wśród dysydentów i nonkonformistów w Anglii w I poł. XVIII w. Autor skupia się na najbardziej znanych i płodnych spośród sześciu dysydenckich tłumaczy Sarbiewskiego: Isaaku Wattsie (1674–1748) oraz jego wychowanku i biografiście Thomasie Gibbonsie (1720–1785). Artykuł zawiera krótkie omówienie przekładów wierszy Sarbiewskiego oraz sylwetek tłumaczy
EN
The article presents historical, literary, religious and political context in which interest in the poetry of the Baroque Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640) appeared in the first half of the 18th century among English dissenters and non-conformists. The article concentrates on the best known and most prolific of the six dissenting translators of Sarbiewski Isaac Watts (1674–1748) and his pupil and biographer Thomas Gibbons (1720–1785). The article includes a brief presentation of the translated poems of Sarbiewski and their translators.
The objective of the article is to provide background for the reading of a new annotated bilingual edition of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski’s ode to Saint Stanislaus Kostka. Written in 1638, when Kostka had not yet been canonized, the ode was published posthumously, many years after the poet’s death. First, the origins of the poem are presented, including the suggestions advanced by Stanisław Łubieński, the bishop of Płock, that Sarbiewski should create odes worshipping Polish saints. Other texts devoted to the venerable young man written by, or attributed to Sarbiewski are also briefly discussed. This is followed by an analysis of the ode, with special focus on its visual and theatrical properties, and on the poet’s emphasis on the mystic experiences of the Jesuit saint and his special bond with Mary. The manner of portraying the saint’s life deployed by Sarbiewski is shown to be modelled on the contemporary iconographic tradition, especially a drawing by Giacomo Lauro, which, copied by an anonymous artist was subsequently included in the collection Icones et miracula sanctorum Poloniae (Cologne 1605). Literary hagiographic works on which Sarbiewski might have drawn – both poetry and prose – are also mentioned. After the introductory section, the ode is presented in two language versions: the original Latin and the new Polish translation. The text is provided with comments detailing historical facts, discussing the ancient similia and elocutionary relations to Sarbiewski’s other texts.
The aim of this essay is to highlight an important gap in the research into the works of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640), Jesuit neo-Latin poet and philosopher, namely the fact that his still unpublished lectures on one God in three persons and on angels, held in Vilnius Academy in the years 1631–1633, have remained largely unexplored by researchers so far. The main thesis is that these thomistic commentaries can considerably deepen our understanding of the dialectical and theological context of Sarbiewski’s poetry. For example, they shed new light on his Marian imagery (inter alia, the usage of the invocation ‘purum sine fraude vitrum’), or on his way of avoiding the danger of the infinite regress of concepts as being similar to mirror reflections. The argument concentrates on the figure of echo in two poems: the praise of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and the ode Secunda leuca seu Vaca as influenced by a new version of the Litany of Loreto (Litaniae Deiparae Virginis Mariae). It makes use of the definition of echo as taught in the Coimbra Jesuit Aristotelian courses. The phenomenon of echo is taken together with other species of refraction: the rainbow and reflection (Aristotle, Posterior Analytics, 98a.24–29), and set against the background of new technologies, such as the production of crystal mirrors.
The article refers to the work of the famous Jesuit priest and poet of the Baroque period, Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640) who, in Latin language modelled on the classics of ancient literature, became known as the “Christian Horace”. For his work, Father Sarbiewski was crowned by the then Pope Urban VIII with a poetic laurel, which is compared to today’s Nobel Prize. The author of the article analyses the theological aspects of this poetry, focusing on Marian themes. Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski in many places of his work referred to Mary, presenting Her in his poems as the Queen of the World, a beautiful Lady, Advocate, Leader, or the Guardian of great and small fatherlands. He used a wide range of poetic means. Particular attention is paid to the aspect of creativity referring to mysticism, and harmonising with the spirituality of Saint Ignatius, which testifies to the deep inspiration of Father Sarbiewski’s poetic imagination with the thought and experiences of the Jesuit Order. Looking from today’s point of view, the poems of “Christian Horace” filled with Marian contents are excellent examples of theology of beauty, as well as deep poetic prayers that are worth remembering
PL
Artykuł odnosi się do twórczości słynnego jezuity i poety okresu baroku, Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego (1595-1640), który, tworząc w języku łacińskim, wzorowanym na klasykach literatury antycznej, zyskał miano „chrześcijańskiego Horacego”. Za swoją twórczość Sarbiewski został uwieńczony przez ówczesnego papieża Urbana VIII laurem poetyckim, co porównuje się z dzisiejszą Nagrodą Nobla. Autor artykułu analizuje teologiczne aspekty tej poezji, koncentrując się na wątkach maryjnych. Sarbiewski w wielu miejscach swojej twórczości odnosił się do Maryi, przedstawiając Ją w swoich wierszach jako Królową świata, piękną Panią, Orędowniczkę, Hetmankę czy Opiekunkę wielkich i małych ojczyzn. Stosował przy tym szeroką gamę środków poetyckich. Szczególną uwagę zwraca aspekt twórczości nawiązujący do mistycyzmu, a współgrający z duchowością św. Ignacego, co świadczy o głębokim zainspirowaniu poetyckiej wyobraźni Sarbiewskiego myślą i doświadczeniami zakonodawcy. Z dzisiejszego punktu widzenia, wypełnione maryjnymi treściami wiersze „chrześcijańskiego Horacego” są znakomitymi przykładami teologii piękna, jak też głębokimi modlitwami poetyckimi, które warto przypominać.
The paper presents the correspondence between Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595-1640) and Stanisław Łubieński (1574-1640). Despite the difference in age, Sarbiewski and Łubieński engaged in a remarkable dialogue: in their letters they shared ideas and expressed interests and passions. The author claims that the similarity of the paths their lives followed, their common cultural tastes, and their service at the court consolidated their friendship. Both men studied at Jesuit colleges and Italian universities, became priests, and developed their talents in service of the king. They both were also writers: Sarbiewski was a poet, Łubieński a historian. Their creative work was the main theme of their letters. However, apart from expressing opinions on their mutual achievements, they also showed concern for physical and spiritual well-being of the friend. Their relationship was deeply personal, and although they both held informed views on political and social issues, the historical events in which they had participated provided but a background to their exchange of thoughts. In the article, the correspondence between Sarbiewski and Łubieński, translated and edited by Jerzy Starnawski, was used to gain an insight into the relationship between the two prominent historical figures and their dialogue.
PL
W artykule omówiona została zachowana korespondencja Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego (1595-1640) ze Stanisławem Łubieńskim (1574-1640). Mimo dzielącej ich różnicy wieku, nawiązali oni szczególny dialog, dzielili się w listach swoimi przemyśleniami i dawali wyraz swoim pasjom. W opinii autora artykułu podobna droga życiowa tych wybitnych postaci, wspólne zamiłowania i służba na monarszym dworze były czynnikami wzmacniającymi ich przyjaźń. Obaj studiowali w kolegiach jezuickich i na włoskich uczelniach, obaj wybrali drogę kapłaństwa, obaj rozwijali swoje talenty, służąc królowi, obaj też zajmowali się twórczością pisarską – Sarbiewski jako poeta, Łubieński zaś jako historyk. Twórczość ta stanowi główny wątek ich listów. Nie poprzestawali w nich jednak na wzajemnym wyrażaniu opinii o swoich dokonaniach pisarskich. Ich relacje pozostawały na poziomie głęboki ludzkim, co przejawiało się we wzajemnej trosce o kondycję fizyczną i stan ducha przyjaciela. Echa wydarzeń dziejowych, których byli uczestnikami, stanowiły zaledwie tło ich wymiany myśli, chociaż obaj mieli ukształtowane poglądy społeczno-polityczne. Korespondencja Sarbiewskiego z Łubieńskim, wydana w przekładzie i opracowaniu Jerzego Starnawskiego, posłużyła autorowi artykułu do dokonania wglądu w ich relacje i ukazania charakteru prowadzonego przez nich dialogu.
The paper describes a Polish translation of M. K. Sarbiewski’s Latin epigrams made by Zofia Abramowicz (1906–1988) during the interwar period. These epigrams (partially preserved) were prepared to be published in 1939 or 1940 by Prof. Ryszard Ganszyniec in his „Filomata” Press. Abramowicz’s translational work seems to be a part of history of the classical philology in Poland.
The paper proposes the translations into Polish of the following Latin odes composed by Mathias Casimir Sarbiewski: I 19 Urit me patriae decor, II 14 Diva, ventorum pelagique praeses, II 18 Reginam tenerae dicite virgines, I 26 Aurei regina, Maria, caeli, III 2 Cum tu, Magdala, lividam, IV 7 Iessea quisquis reddere carmina, IV 31 Vides, ut altum fluminis otium. All of the texts included in this collection are strongly related to imitating of Horatian lyrical discourse (parodia Horatiana). A short introduction and the most significant references to Horace’s odes and notes have been provided.
The starting point for the research presented in this article was an attempt to trace the literary tradition which inspired the creation of the lyrical subject and the titular figure of Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski’s ode II 6 (Cato Politicus). The presence of this name implies that the intertextual dimension of the poem should be taken into account in its interpretation, hence, the author of this article assumed that the question of the literary tradition should be addressed before a hypothesis about the meaning of the poem is put forth. A review of Sarbiewski’s potential sources of inspiration – primarily works that were included in the basic and supplementary reading lists in Jesuit colleges – brings satisfactory results. It turns out that the ancient author who often mentions Cato the Younger is Seneca Philosophus, moreover, there are numerous similarities between some passages in his works and ode II 6. Sarbiewski seems to have been especially inspired by his Epistulae morales ad Lucilium, and also by the Senecan Consolationes. However, rather than refer to the views attributed by Seneca explicitly to Cato, the Polish poet explores the thoughts of the Philosopher himself, possibly assuming that the views of the politician and the philosopher were similar; this assumption could be justified by the fact that Seneca not only repeatedly expresses highest praise of the republican hero, but he also openly recommends to treat Cato Uticensis as a role model. These issues are discussed in the first part of this paper. In the second part, the author compares selected passages from Seneca’s works and two poems (II 5 and II 7) adjacent to the ode Cato Politicus. The comparison shows that the convergences discussed above are not incidental. On the contrary, there is a series of Sarbiewski’s odes inspired by Seneca, and therefore the Roman philosopher and tragedian can be considered the next, after Horace, master of the Jesuit poet. It is postulated that these inspirations deserve more recognition in further studies on Sarbiewski’s poetry, as they may be helpful in the interpretation of some problematic passages of his odes.
The topic of the game of dice is vividly present in ancient culture. Based on numerous references in literary works and iconography, researchers are trying to reconstruct the rules of the game. However, the aim of this article is to examine the form and content of Neo-Latin texts on the games with animal bones. In the 16th and 17th centuries, authors of philosophical and moral treatises, as well as mathematicians wrote on this topic All these writers reached for ancient literature, although they used it in different ways, according to the purpose they had in mind. The outstanding humanists Niccolò Leonico Tomeo and Erasmus of Rotterdam used the same literary form, namely dialogue, but they implemented it in slightly different ways. For Leonico Tomeo, the philosophical interpretation is the most important, while for Erasmus, the philological and moral layer is principal. The great scholar from Rotterdam also included in his dialogue a detailed instruction on playing at knucklebones as gambling. However, this was a special case, because the Latin treatises in which dice were present had primarily a didactic purpose. The most extensive work devoted to the subject of games Palamedes, sive, de tabula lusoria, alea, et variis ludis by Daniel Souterius, who was the opponent of gambling, has a moral message. Remarkably, in the annex, the author included the laws of the Polish king Casimir the Great, prohibiting games of knucklebones. On the other hand, Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski discusses Venus in one of the chapters of the treatise Dii gentium. The starting point for his long considerations was the naming of the luckiest throw in a game of knucklebones after Venus (iactus Veneris). In his allegorical interpretation, Sarbiewski argues that playing using a board, pawns and dice is like the action of Divine Wisdom, and iactus Veneris for everybody is the heavenly homeland. Reading early modern Latin texts allows for a better understanding of the genesis of the astragals and the history of games. The game of dice should therefore be treated not only as entertainment and gambling, but also as a tool of cultural communication rich in symbolism.
The paper tries to display the links between a catalogue of metaphors contained in Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski’s handbook entitled Characteres lyrici, seu Horatius et Pindarus and Giambattista Marino’s Canzone delle stelle. Based upon his college lectures (Połock 1626/1627), Sarbiewski’s work offers practical rules for the composition of lyrical poetry and some theoretical considerations. Among many “ornaments related to the lyrical invention”, a very important stylistic device mentioned by the Jesuit poet and theorist is a “definition by accumulation”(definitio conglobata), that is, a series of extended metaphors or other figurative expressions, for example periphrasis, metonymy or allegory. This rhetorical strategy serves as a useful instrument in reintegrating the art of invention with amplification aimed particularly at the accumulation of different words or figures. As the “ornament of the lyric invention”, the definition described by the author appears no to be restricted only to effective searching for ideas and concepts; it is also a valuable tool for achieving unusual power of expression and for exercising composition and style. Sarbiewski quotes an example concerning the stars, taken, as he says, from „a contemporary Etrurian poet”. In his commentary to the edition of Characteres lyrici, Stanisław Skimina identified this poet as Dante, which was subsequently taken for granted by many scholars. Recently, the poet in question has been proved to be Giambattista Marino, famous for his style characterized by many extravagant conceits, excessive figures, and other complicated rhetorical patterns. The authors analyze Sarbiewski’s catalogue in the context of Canzone delle stelle, dealing with the way the Polish poet understands and changes the original. While translating Marino’s poem into Latin and listing metaphorical “definitions”of stars, he retained freedom of creative interpretation. For this reason, in his catalogue one may find far-reaching textual changes, for example misreading of words, omission of some figures or simplification of meanings.
W artykule zaprezentowane zostały dawne teksty, z których wyłania się literacki obraz św. Stanisława Kostki. Obok częściej przywoływanych utworów na temat świętego jezuity, takich jak Żywot św. Stanisława Kostki Piotra Skargi czy wiersza o inc. W komnacie, gdzie Stanisław święty zasnął w Bogu Cypriana Norwida, poddane zostały interpretacji mniej znane, napisane po łacinie utwory: Życie świętego Stanisława Kostki Grzegorza z Sambora oraz epigramat Rzymski wizerunek błogosławionego Stanisława Kostki Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego. W studium zwrócono uwagę na estetyczne walory wierszy, środki obrazowania, źródła inwencyjne oraz konteksty biograficzne i kulturowe.
EN
In the article old works are presented, the literary image of saint Stanisław Kostka appears from. Some of them such as Żywot św. Stanisława Kostki by Piotr Skarga or poem about saint by Cyprian Norwid W komnacie, gdzie Stanisław święty zasnął w Bogu are good known. Others such as written in Życie świętego Stanisława Kostki by Grzegorz z Sambora and Epigram by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski entitled Rzymski wizerunek błogosławionego Stanisława Kostki are rarely mentioned . All these works are in this paper analysed. In interpretation literary values are shown and biographic and culture contexts are taken into account as well.
Der Artikel verfolgt das Ziel, die Anschauungen von Matthias Kasimir Sarbiewski über gewählte Fragen der Poetik darzustellen sowie seine Ode IV. 12 An Johann Libinius. Die Entschuldigung der eigenen Einsamkeit in einem vertieften Kontext (Horaz, Jan Kochanowski) zu interpretieren. Die Überlegungen wurden durch Bezüge auf lyrische Dichtung und theoretische Traktate des Jesuiten unterstützt. Eine wertvolle Untermauerung bilden darüber hinaus die Abhandlungen u. a. von Andrzej Borowski, Piotr Urbański oder Elwira Buszewicz über das Schaffen des sarmatischen Horaz. Der Artikel setzt sich aus zwei grundlegenden Teilen, von denen der erste der von Sarbiewski formulierten Poetik gewidmet ist. Die Verfasserin stellt darin die Ideen des Denkers über die Rolle des Dichters, die Hierarchie der Künste, die Funktion des Allegorisierungsverfahrens und seine Beziehung zum Konzept von Theologia fabulosa vor. Im nächsten Teil wird auf die Anwesenheit der ignatianischen Motive in der Dichtung des Jesuiten nach 1625 fokussiert. Verweise auf die Doktrin des Ordens des Heiligen Ignatius Loyola prägen auch im starken Maße das Gefüge der Ode IV. 12, darüber hinaus erweisen sich als genauso wichtige Kontexte das Topos von Theatrum mundi und das literarische Werk von Horaz (besonders Carm. III. 1). Die Überlegungen münden in der These über die Kohärenz der in seinen theoretischen Schriften erläuterten Ideen mit der Aussage der "späteren" Gedichte von Sarbiewski.
EN
The author elaborates on Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewskiʼs views on poetics and interprets his Ode IV. 12 (The vain theatre of life. To Jan Libiniusz. An excuse for my solitude) with references to works by Horace and Jan Kochanowski. Quoted are Jesuit Sarbiewski’s lyrical works and theoretical treaties as well as essays written about this ‘Polish Horace’ by Polish literary critics. The first part of the article deals with poetics as interpreted by Sarbiewski, highlighting the role of a poet and the hierarchy of arts as well as the function of allegorization and its relation to the idea of fabulosa theologia. The second part takes up Ignatian themes in his lyrical works written after 1625. References to the doctrine of the Society of Jesus are strongly evident in Ode IV.12 and so are those to the concept of “theatrum mundi” and in particular to Horace’s literary works (especially Carmina III.1). The author concludes that the ideas outlined in Sarbiewski’s theoretical treatises are consistent with his works in later years.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie zapatrywań Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego na wybrane kwestie z zakresu poetyki oraz interpretacja – wzbogacona o inne konteksty (Horacy, Jan Kochanowski) – jego Ody IV. 12 Do Jana Libiniusza. Usprawiedliwienie swej samotności. Rozważania poparte zostały odwołaniami do liryków i traktatów teoretycznych jezuity, cenną podbudowę stanowią ponadto rozprawy dotyczące twórczości sarmackiego Horacjusza autorstwa m.in. Andrzeja Borowskiego, Piotra Urbańskiego czy Elwiry Buszewicz.Artykuł składa się z dwóch zasadniczych części, z których pierwsza poświęcona jest poetyce sformułowanej Sarbiewskiego. Autorka przybliża w niej idee myśliciela dotyczące roli poety, hierarchii sztuk oraz funkcji zabiegu alegoryzacji i jego związku z koncepcją fabulosa theologia. W kolejnej części zwraca się uwagę na obecność motywów ignacjańskich w lirykach jezuity powstałych po 1625 roku. Nawiązania do doktryny zakonu św. Ignacego Loyoli w silnym stopniu naznaczają także tkankę Ody IV. 12, równie istotnymi kontekstami są ponadto topos theatrum mundi oraz dorobek literacki Horacego (zwłaszcza Carm. III. 1). Rozważania zostają zwieńczone tezą o spójności wyłożonych w rozprawach teoretycznych idei z wydźwiękiem „późnych” utworów Sarbiewskiego.
Artykuł, będący fragmentem przygotowywanej większej rozprawy, skupia się na operacjach – raczej symbolicznych aniżeli pojęciowych – jakie Mickiewiczowi w pierwszym kursie Literatury słowiańskiej służą do konstruowania obrazu przedchrześcijańskiej kultury duchowej Słowian wedle pożądanego, apriorycznego wzorca. Zjawisko to, rozpatrywane w kontekście wykraczającego poza romantyzm procesu kulturowego, znajduje analogię w humanistycznym koncepcie mitologicznej monogenezy, wyczerpująco opracowanym przez Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego w traktacie Dii gentium. Mickiewicz dowodzi pierwotnego monoteizmu Słowian w trybie podobnym do tego, jaki w tradycji humanistycznego mitoznawstwa służył dowodzeniu pierwotnego monoteizmu Greków i Rzymian. Zbieżność ta nie jest motywowana bezpośrednią filiacją, lecz raczej wspólnotą pojęciowo-symbolicznego aparatu apologetycznej tradycji, której cechą znamienną jest kamuflowanie aporii generowanych przez pojęcie pierwotnej teologii. W związku z utrzymującym się nieporozumieniem, jakoby stanowisko Mickiewicza w tej kwestii było w zasadzie tożsame ze stanowiskiem Joachima Lelewela, artykuł, analizując założenia argumentacji obu autorów, wykazuje, że bliski im obu koncept pierwotnego słowiańskiego monoteizmu wynika w obu przypadkach z odmiennych, przeciwstawnych przesłanek i pełni odmienne funkcje.
EN
The article, which is a fragment of a larger dissertation under preparation, focuses on the operations – symbolic rather than conceptual – which Mickiewicz uses in the first course of Literatura słowiańska [Slavonic Literature] to construct an image of the pre-Christian spiritual culture of Slavs according to a desired, a priori model. This phenomenon, considered in the context of a cultural process going beyond Romanticism, finds analogy in the humanistic concept of mythological monogenesis, thoroughly developed by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski in the treatise Dii gentium. Mickiewicz proves the original monotheism of the Slavs in a manner similar to the one used in the tradition of humanistic mythology to prove the original monotheism of the Greeks and Romans. This convergence is not motivated by direct filiation, but rather by a common conceptual and symbolic apparatus of the apologetic tradition, whose characteristic feature is the camouflage of aporias generated by the concept of primordial theology. Due to the ongoing misunderstanding that Mickiewicz’s position on this issue is basically the same as that of Joachim Lelewel, upon analysing the assumptions of the arguments of both authors, the article shows that the concept of original Slavic monotheism, which is close to both of them, in both cases results from different, contradictory premises and performs different functions.
The main aim of this paper is to analyze several early-modern Neo-Latin poems written by Polish authors; the poems deal (in different ways) with old age. The poets undertake a kind of intertextual game with the reader, applying various stereotypes and clichés. On can speak about a “semiotic landscape” of old age. The authors taken into consideration are Jan Kochanowski, Grzegorz of Sambor, Thomas Treter (16th century) and Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, Albert Ines (17th century).
This article presents an analysis of the motif of the heaven of poets in selected panegyric odes by Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski, interpreted through the lens of Plato’s allegory of the cave. The poets’ heaven is envisioned as a spiritual realm reserved for exceptional individuals – poets and heroes – which stands in stark contrast to the material world, the material world, likened to Plato’s cave, which the poet perceives as transient and illusory. Drawing inspiration from both Plato and Aristotle, Sarbiewski employs the motif of heaven as a space for ethical projection and rhetorical persuasion. By placing the addressees of his odes – such as Pope Urban VIII and Cardinal Francesco Barberini – within this elevated realm, the poet not only offers them praise but also constructs idealized models they are expected to embody in real life. Heaven thus becomes an alternative axiological order governed by the triad of beauty, goodness, and truth. The author also explores Sarbiewski’s own ambivalence toward this space – heaven functions simultaneously as an escape, a spiritual aspiration, and a mode of artistic expression. This concept, rooted in the poet’s theoretical reflections, constitutes a deliberate and integral part of his creative strategy.
The paper deals with six poems of three 18th-century English women poets-Lady Mary Chudleigh, Mary Masters, and Anne Steele “Theodosia”-inspired by the works of the greatest Polish Neo-Latin poet Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski. The aim of the study is to present the three authors, their biographies and literary oeuvres, and to attempt an analysis of the poems in question within this context. The biographies, social position-Chudleigh was the wife a baronet, the two others belonged to the middle class-and education of the three authoresses differ and yet they all shared the limitations resulting from the fact that they were women in 18th-century England, and were therefore denied access to academic education. The analysis of the texts and biographies has proven that it is highly improbable that either of the three women poets could translate the poems from Latin originals. All of their translations are based on earlier renditions; in the case of Chudleigh it is possible to identify the source text, that is the translation by John Norris. Inasmuch as it can be ascertained from the available biographical and critical sources and the results, the attitudes of the three poetesses towards their work varied. Only Masters acknowledged the source material in her publications. Although the current concepts of translation are different, her two poems: On a Fountain. Casimir, Lib. Epod. Ode 2 and Casimir, Lib. I. Ode 2-qualify as translations by the standards of her times. They are analysed here in detail. Neither Chudleigh nor Steele mentioned Sarbiewski in their publications. Their decision can be justified by the fact that their poems, even if clearly (though most likely indirectly) inspired by his lyrics, must be classified as free adaptations or even original poetry influenced by Sarbiewski or earlier translations and adaptations of his works.
Artykuł stanowi omówienie kategorii ozdobności retorycznej (ornatus) w podręcznikach wymowy autorstwa trzech jezuitów z XVII wieku: Macieja Kazimierza Sarbiewskiego, Zygmunta Lauksmina i Jana Kwiatkiewicza. Antyczni nauczyciele retoryki najczęściej łączyli ją z rozmaitymi przekształceniami językowymi, znanymi pod nazwą tropów czy figur słów i myśli. Jej głównym wyznacznikiem stała się szeroko rozumiana figuratywność. Porównanie sposobów opisania tej kategorii w podręcznikach trzech autorów czerpiących inspiracje z dzieł Cycerona i Kwintyliana pozwala ukazać zmiany w myśleniu o ozdobności i przeobrażenia, jakim podlegał cyceronianizm we wczesnonowożytnej teorii i praktyce retorycznej. Otwarciu na nowe inspiracje stylistyczne towarzyszyła troska o błyskotliwość wypowiedzi. Wśród najczęściej stosowanych schematów wysłowienia znalazły się wówczas alegoria, metafora, peryfraza i antonomazja.
EN
The paper attempts at describing the category of rhetorical ornamentation (ornatus) in the textbooks of eloquence by three 17th c. Jesuits: Maciej Kazimierz Sarbiewski (1595–1640), Zygmunt Lauksmin (1596–1670), and Jan Kwiatkiewicz (1629–1703). Ancient rhetoric teachers linked it with many linguistic forms known under the names of various tropes and figures. Broadly understood figuration became its main determinant. A comparison of the modes of describing this category in the three textbooks, the authors of which were inspired by Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian, allows to expound the changes in thinking about ornamentation and transformations that Ciceronianism unterwent in early-modern theory and oratorical practice. Opening to new stylistic inspiration was accompanied by concern for brilliance of expression. The most commonly used rhetorical devices were allegory, metaphor, antithesis, periphrasis, and antonomasia.
This article is devoted to Jesuit old prints stored in the special collection of the Hieronim Łopaciński Regional Public Library in Lublin. Old prints consist of Polish prints (from 1573–1773) and foreign prints (from 1574–1773) embossed in European letterpresses and Jesuit printing houses functioning on the territory of the First Polish Republic. The selected examples of Jesuit publishing production shed light on the notable contribution of the Society of Jesus to the development of Western civilisation in the modern era.
RU
Статья посвящена иезуитским старопечатным книгам, хранящимся в фондах Люблинской воеводской публичной библиотеки им. Иеронима Лопацинского. В общий обзор старопечатных книг включены «полоники» (1573–1773 гг.) и зарубежные издания (1574–1773 гг.), оттиснутые в европейских типографиях, а также иезуитских типографиях, функционирующих на территории Речи Посполитой. Избранные примеры издательской продукции иезуитов проливают свет на то, какое значительное влияние Общество Иисуса имело на развитие западной цивилизации в Новое время.
PL
Artykuł poświęcony jest starodrukom jezuickim przechowywanym w zbiorach specjalnych Wojewódzkiej Biblioteki Publicznej im. Hieronima Łopacińskiego w Lublinie. Ogólny przegląd starodruków obejmuje polonika (z lat 1573–1773) i druki obce (z lat 1574–1773) wytłoczone w typografiach europejskich i drukarniach jezuickich funkcjonujących na terytorium I Rzeczypospolitej. Wybrane przykłady jezuickiej produkcji wydawniczej rzucają światło na znamienny udział Towarzystwa Jezusowego w rozwoju cywilizacji zachodniej w epoce nowożytnej.
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