Search results - CEJSH

1

Z tradic české historické balkanistiky

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Stastny V.

Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)

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2007

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vol. 32

287-296

EN

The beginning of Balkan Studies is connected with major territorial, social and political changes in the Balkans in the second half of the 19th century. In the Czech environment, Balkan Studies were mixed up with interest in Slavic issues to a large extent. The founding personality was Konstantin Jirecek (1854-1918), one of the co-creators of Balkan Studies on the international level. Unfortunately, as he did not live in the Czech environment, he did not educate his Czech followers. This task was fulfilled by Jaroslav Bidlo (1868-1937) who integrated Balkan Studies into his concept of the studies of the history of Slavs in Eastern and South-eastern Europe. The development of Balkan Studies strengthened after the establishment of Czechoslovakia in 1918, partly due to political motives. Two followers of Bidlo played a crucial role in the further development: Milada Paulova (1891-1970) in Prague and Josef Macurek (1901-1992), who later established a course in Balkan Studies at Masaryk University in Brno.

2

Chłop polski w teorii i praktyce

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Łuczewski M.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2009

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vol. 69

169-190

EN

The intention of this article is to analyze the state of research about the peasants and the nation upon the example of the most relevant publications from the last decade. At the same time, the article indicates three prime problems faced by the researchers: the connection of theory and empirical quantities, the formulation of good definitions (conceptualization), and suitable explanations. First and foremost, it was proved that the process of joining theory and empirical quantities has not been resolved properly; at the same time, emphasis has been placed on valuable exceptions (Mędrzecki, Olszewski, Bończa-Tomaszewski). Second, similarly critical assessments relate to definitions created in the analysed works. Even the most sophisticated proposal, i.e. the one made by Struve (subjective identification, objective national identity), is still insufficient to reflect the complicated nature of national phenomena, since it does not take into consideration the national discourse. Third, against this background the explanation of national processes appears to be even more complicated. True, researchers have created numerous interesting descriptive typologies (Kieniewicz, Mędrzecki), but such difficult problems as linking objective and subjective factors, micro- and macro-analyses and diachronic and synchronic dimensions still have to be resolved; the same holds true for the construction of a complete explanation that would encompass the social context and relations between social subjects and cognitive processes. Each of the discussed publications proposes its own solution of these problems, but does not elucidate all in a satisfactory manner.

3

Revolution and the Meaning of History. An Essay on the Myth of the Revolutionary Break and the 'Logic' of History in Historiographical Thought

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Tinkova D.

Dějiny - Teorie - Kritika (History - Theory - Criticism)

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2004

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vol. 1

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issue 1

30-58

EN

The essay explores the interpretation of the French Revolution as symbolic break between 'traditional' and 'modern' society in 19th - and 20th-century historiography. The revolution, seen as a 'crossroads of history' by its participants at the time, whether supporters or opponents, forced thinkers to look for answers to the question of the direction, progress, continuity or discontinuity of the historical 'process'. I have tried to (re) construct several key interpretational schema that in turn were conditioned by political-ideological orientations. Basically there were four lines or 'stories' - conservative, liberal, republican and socialist. The 'conservative' version (from Burke to Gaxotti) rejected the revolution as a pathological phenomenon that deviated from the logic of the current of history. The liberal line more or less accepted the revolution, but only its first phase regarded as a revolution of freedom (1789-92), from which liberalism derived its own legitimacy; it rejected the 'democratic' phase of the revolution - the Terror - as a deviation from the logic of the (beneficial) revolution itself. Republican historiography emphasised and praised the initial phase of the First Republic (1792-95), in this way providing support for the legitimising foundation of the Third Republic. Socialist historiography (especially in the 20th century) encouraged favourable re-evaluation of the period of Jacobin dictatorship and thus provided a logical link between the French Revolution and the Soviet Revolution. The final section of the article is devoted to Francois Furet, one of several contemporary historians who have tried to interpret the revolution in a different way that cuts right across the political spectrum (with a mention of the fact that in recent years yet more alternative ways of bridging the classic ideological-political views of the revolution have emerged).

4

POUR UNE HISTORIOGRAPHIE ENGAGÉE: OR WHAT'S WRONG WITH THE HISTORY OF LINGUISTICS

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Koerner E. F. K.

Lingua Posnaniensis

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2005

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vol. 47

109-117

EN

The present paper intends to voice a series of critical observations based on the author's thirty-five years in the field, while at the same time offering a number of suggestions as to how the history of linguistics may improve its scholarship, and its image. Several years ago, members of the Henry Sweet Society got to read a lengthy quotation from Frederick Neumeyer's introduction to his 1996 book 'Generative Linguistics: A historical perspective' in which he reports that many of his colleagues 'feared that (he) would become tarred with the brush of being an 'historian of linguistics', who, (-), occupy a status level even lower than that of a 'semiotician' ' (HSS Bulletin 26.25). Newmeyer explained 'That this attitude results from the belief that most people who write on the history of linguistics have only the most minimal training in modern linguistics and devote their careers to attempting to demonstrate that their pet medieval grammarian or philosopher thought up some technical term before somebody's else's pet medieval grammarian or philosopher' (1996: 2). This is no doubt a caricature of what most of us have been doing during the past twenty and more years, but the suspicion may be lurking that on some aspects Newmeyer's friends may not have been entirely off the mark. One does not have to share Rüdiger Schreyer's more recent assessment either according to which 'nobody takes much interest in, or notice of, linguistic historiography - nobody in the big world beyond the ivory towers (of academe) and nobody in the linguistic community that is the natural habitat of the linguistic historiographer' (2000: 206), and maybe this would be too much to expect: 'beyond the ivory towers' even Noam Chomsky would not have become as widely known had he not become a critic of US foreign policy. Peter Schmitter is no doubt right in saying that it is not enough to write 'intelligent treatises on the necessity and usefulness of historiographic research', but his concession (Schmitter 2003a: 214) that he himself has no concrete proposal to make as to how to remedy the situation is not too encouraging. It may well be that many practitioners of linguistic historiography have become too self-satisfied and inward looking over the years, given the availability of three journals, several bulletins, an ever-increasing number of colloquia, conferences, and other international meetings around the world. It seems to me that there is enough blame to go around. One may be more inclined to share Peter Schmitter's disappointment that the findings of linguistic historiography have not successfully entered into textbooks, dictionaries of linguistic terminology, and other such places.

5

On the Turn Towards Things in the Contemporary Humanities (Towards Non-anthropocentric History)

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Domanska E.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2005

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vol. 65

7-23

EN

The article discusses the so-called turn towards things, which became apparent in British and American humanities at the end of the 1990s. Interest in things has a long tradition, but the research questions addressed to things as well as assorted approaches and methods of their analysis have undergone changes. By following the example of Bruno Latour, numerous present-day researchers indicate that things should not be treated as passive subjects, dependent upon people, but as legitimate members of the human and non-human community which, albeit deprived of intention and consciousness, do possess a specific agency. In analysing texts by Igor Kopytoff, Cornelius Holtorf and Andrew Jones, which constitute examples of a biographic approach towards things, the authoress demonstrates that it contains discernible features characteristic of traditional epistemology: a personification of things, which is an expression of anthropocentrism, together with genealogical and genetic thinking. The biographical approach, however, is accompanied by an interesting proposal of ascribing agency to things, i.e. the impact exerted by things upon the establishment and transformation of interpersonal relations. Generally speaking, the relation between things and people becomes redefined, and objects are granted the status of active participants in the life processes in which they not only exist, but also act. The thing appears to be 'relational', and prime research emphasis is placed on studying relations and not things as such. We are dealing, therefore, with thinking in the categories of differences between man and thing, although this is a hierarchic difference, in which man constitutes a point of reference and an exemplary way in which the thing should be perceived. The 'turn towards things' thus entails a certain paradox: on the one hand, the thing is conceived as 'the other' about which biographies are written, and hence is subjected to anthropomorphisation; on the other hand, 'spokesmen of the thing' seek possibilities for departing from the anthropocentric and personifying perception or one which treats things as fetishes.

6

Historia społeczna: 20 lat po przełomie

100%

Żarnowski J.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2009

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vol. 69

191-215

EN

In the West the crisis of social history began much earlier due to a postmodern ciriticism of the paradigms of historiography from 1950–1970. In Poland the lack of trust towards social history was additionally intensified by the attempts of the communist party to render it a counterbalance to inconvenient political history. Studies on this aspect of the past, however, were not suspended after 1989, but the limits of social history still remain unclear since at present it does not possess a single dominating methodology. Today, social history is rather a collection of diverse interests, whose object is society although even the definition of the latter concept is ambiguous. The author conducted a survey of the state of research into the discussed domain in Poland in 1989–2009. He deals with the Middle Ages and modern times, listing pertinent publication series, and considers works about the social history of the nineteenth century, mentioning, i.a. the recently issued three-volume history of the intelligentsia edited by Jerzy Jedlicki. Finally, he discusses an epoch that is the focus of his own research work, i.e. the twentieth century, paying separate attention to the interwar period. The following remarks have been devoted to research concerning Polish society during the communist era – a topic that continues to stir political emotions. Contemporary research treats socio-economic problems and those with an anthropological tinge as equally making part of contemporary broad-sense social history. The future shape of this discipline can only inspire loose suppositions.

7

Recepcja poglądów ekonomicznych Zachodu w Polsce do przełomu XIII i XIV w. – stan badań

100%

Obara A.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

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2009

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vol. 69

13-29

EN

The article presents the findings made by Polish historians as regards the dissemination and acceptance of European mediaeval thought on Polish soil. The beginnings of studies by Polish scholars dealing with assorted problems connected with the economy go back to the second half of the nineteenth century, and Stanislaw Smolka is regarded as one of the first historians who drew attention to the significance of this issue. The interests of the Polish historians were concentrated chiefly on explaining certain mechanisms ruling the economy and on recording the functioning of its practical symptoms. Pertinent Polish literature either neglected or relegated to the margin the reception of West European views about the economy in Poland during the Middle Ages. Inquiries whether and to what degree did foreign ideas influence the economic transformations occurring during the Middle Ages in Poland pertained mainly to such phenomena as the rights of the monarch in relation to the property of the subjects, the right to establish and collect taxes, usury or monetary questions.

8

Polozapomenutý český historik střední a jihovýchodní Evropy František Hýbl

80%

Havlikova L.

Slovanské historické studie (Slavonic Historical Studies)

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2007

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vol. 32

297-310

EN

The authoress of the study gives a profound portrait of Frantisek Hybl (1875-1929). He studied history at the Philosophical Faculty of Charles IV University of Prague, where, under such masters as J. Goll, he was trained in the exacting methods (positivism). During his study he interested in the history of central and South-eastern Europe from the Antiquity and Middle Ages till the Modern Ages. The diversity of Hybl's life and career provides an image of his scientific work, which is, for all the hardship and anxiety, impressive. After finishing his studies he was a teacher in Moravia (Olomouc, Boskovice) and after returning in Prague he continued in teaching and in studying of the medieval and modern history of Slavic peoples (Czechs, Moravians, Bulgarians) and the politico-cultural relations between Byzantium and the Slavs on the one hand, and of the ancient history of Greeks and Romans on the other hand. His textbooks in this matter were very popular. Hybl prepared also several articles on the Bulgarian history and his top work in the field of medieval and modern studies is History of the Bulgarian people (Dejiny naroda bulharskeho I-II, Praha 1930) that thematically continued the same named K. Jirecek's work and has the crucial importance in the development of Bulgarian historical studies in the Czech Republic.

9

Lukiana z Samosat traktat „Jak należy pisać historię” i jego znajomość w pismach dotyczących refleksji historiograficznej w dawnej Polsce

80%

Lewandowski I.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2012

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issue 6

9-20

PL

The article contains a short presentation of the treatise entitled How to write history. The hand which wrote it was Lucian of Samosata’s, a Greek rhetor and sophist (2nd cent.). It is the sole treatise concerning methodology of history that the antiquity left us. Knowledge of the text is also transparent in the writings of authors who created on the territory of the Polish “Republic of the Gentry” in the 16th and 17th cent., and who were keen on historiographic reflection, such as Stanisław Iłowski, Jan Firlej of Dąbrowica, Bartłomiej Keckermann and Szymon Starowolski.

10

Gajusz Waleriusz Maksymus czyli historia moralizująca,jej losy w dawnych epokach oraz polski przekład IV 1-15

80%

Lewandowski I.

Studia Europaea Gnesnensia

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2014

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issue 9

197-218

PL

Based on Facta et dicta memorabilia by Valerius Maximus, the author discusses a type of moralising history in the ancient times and selected examples of its fates in Antiquity, the Middle Ages, Renaissance and Baroque periods in Europe,Poland in particular. The quoted translations of excerpts from Book IV indicate the need to effect a Polish translation of the text.

11

Od Teruelu po ruiny Berlina. Krótka rozprawa o narracji Antony’ego Beevora

80%

Dutka W.

Sensus Historiae. Studia interdyscyplinarne

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2013

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issue 1(10)

93-114

EN

Antony Beevor seems to be one of the most popular historians of World War II. The presented paper is a research trial of analysis his books by taking into the centre his historiography narration by confronting it with some aspects of creative writing. The text is divided into small chapters and follows: how different methods of narration are connected with romanticism, suspense, comedy and terrifying moments of war. Beevor writes history from the point of view of the soldiers as well as all those who decide, but he characterizes them by using the key of literary narration. The question of hero in the narration is analyzed by some achievements of Polish theory of history (Jerzy Topolski). The other chapters are dedicated to conceptualize the issues of history visualization and finally how the suspense (theory of J. Dąbała) as the method of narration is used by Beevor. It is not widely known that Beevor started his writer career as the author of suspense/ thriller stories and his success of being historian is basically founded on using the novel method into the non-fictional historical book.

12

Poláci a Čechoslováci jako členové mezinárodní historické komunity v letech 1918–1938

80%

Lach J.

Moderní dějiny: sborník k dějinám 19. a 20. století (Modern History: Studies into 19th and 20th century history)

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2007

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vol. 15

221-238

EN

This article deals with some aspects of participation of Polish and Czechoslovak historians at international historical cooperation. Polish historians worked out united historical society (Polskie Towarzystwo Historyczne, est. 1924). Polish Historical Society organized in Warsaw historical congress in 1933 may serve as examples. Nevertheless, Polish historians were also eager to broaden international interest in Eastern European history and bilateral scientific dialogue with neighbouring countries. Czechoslovak historiography achieved certain respect in abroad mainly due to individual effort which was bridging the gap created by absence of national committee. This established certain appreciation of historical community for this individual effort but did not use all potential inherent in the Czech historical community. Both Polish and Czechoslovak endeavors to incorporate historical sciences into global community failed in the end of 1930s with the coming of the Second World War.

13

Troubles with the origin: Gustave Flaubert's 'Hérodiade'

80%

Sniedziewski P.

Teksty Drugie (Second Texts)

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2007

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issue 3(105)

192-205

EN

Gustave Flaubert was critical against the nineteenth-century epistemology of history, consistently debunking the weak aspects of our thinking about the past. Of special importance in this context are the writer's doubts regarding the myth of the 'origin', as expressed in his 'Hérodiade'. In this sense, Flaubert's novella is a story on the 'origin' of Christian culture and religion. However, we can spot therein three main mechanisms, used by the French author to undermine the absolute meaning of the'origin' and to develop his own historic writing model (starting with attempted authentication of the text, through deconstructing the story, up to awareness of discontinuity and incompleteness of any narrative on the past). This makes of Flaubert a modernist historiographer in whose opinion there is an 'origin' - which is not history, but rather, a myth.

14

Sebereflexe a sebestylizace konzervativního německého vzdělance druhé poloviny 20. století. Nad knihou Joachima Festa „Já ne! Bolestné zrání v době nacismu“

80%

Pesek J.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2010

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vol. 108

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issue 2

258-277

EN

This study is devoted to the German conservative intellectual Joachim Fest, an influential journalist and cultural publicist of the post-war period. Above all, he was best known internationally as the exceptionally successful author of popular books and films on Nazism and its protagonists, Adolf Hitler and Albert Speer. A Czech edition of his Memoirs, highly stylized and specifically manipulative of the past, provides the impetus for this critical contemplation of his life and work. The Memoirs are then analysed in the second part of this review, with an emphasis on making the retro-active self-stylization of the German nationalist and conservative elites clear to understand.

15

Demýtizovat Golla… Kritické úvahy nad kritickým portrétem historika a jeho působení

80%

Benes Z.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2009

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vol. 107

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issue 1

148-151

EN

This contribution reflects on the work of Bohumil Jirousek carried out until the present and it primarily focuses upon his critical approach to the formation and activities of what is known as the Goll School. It reflects upon the role of a historian in Czech society, using Goll as an example.

16

ON METHODOLOGY OF LITERATURE HISTORIOGRAPHY

80%

Sladek O.

Slovenská literatúra (Slovak Literature)

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2008

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vol. 55

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issue 2-3

172-179

EN

The author summarises consequences and impulses in the last decades in the Human Studies and applies them to the context of literary history. He deals with position of literary history in the paradigm of cultural studies.

17

Světové dějiny raného novověku v české historické vědě po roce 1989: dědictví, změny a přísliby

80%

Rakova S.

Folia historica Bohemica

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2008

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issue 23

287-315

EN

This article covers the principal themes, outcomes, institutions and personalities of the Czech historiography of the early modern world history after 1989. The authoress gives an analysis of the starting conditions, i. e. the state of research, reflecting ideological, theoretical and thematic heritage of totalitarian history writing with all its restrictions and confinements. Then she defines the principal spheres of interest in the early 1990s: political, diplomatic and military history of wars and colonial expansion, its outstanding leaders and trading companies, i. e. typical history of 'kings and battles'. The other field relatively well developed was a history of the Latin America and the related Roman world: Spain and Portugal, their military and political impact but also their cultural influence in the newly gained territories. This territorial orientation was supported by the multiple early modern relations between Vienna and Madrid, personalized also in the members of the Bohemian high nobility who, spending years in diplomatic services, kept intensive cultural contacts even after their return. The registration, catalogization and description of the Latin items in the noble libraries and book collections (original or re-constructed) are an important part of mapping Czech relations with abroad, as well as the research in the travelling of Czech Jesuit missionaries to Spanish American colonies. Later in the 1990s, the theoretical influences of contemporary Western historiography invaded radically the Czech history writing including the field of world history. Interdisciplinary approaches, methods of new social and cultural history, complex relations between social, cultural, ideological and linguistic spheres attracted attention of many researchers. They applied them in 'territorial' sense (new views on Anglo-Saxon countries) as well as in 'thematic' one (the images and reception of 'the other' - nation, race, gender, faith, criminals and marginalized people; historical dynamics of social institutions and informal groupings). The Czech research in and interpretation of early modern world history has been undergoing gradual change, with the analytical, structural, socio-linguistic and cultural themes and approaches gaining ground. As a result of this process, the first attempts to conceptualize newly the principal events and features of European and American early modern civilization were published.

18

Ustanawianie pamięci i trud budowania tożsamości. Refleksja nad ruchem romskim i jego historiografią

80%

van Baar H.

Studia Romologica

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2015

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vol. 8

73-97

EN

This article discusses various dilemmas that are related to historical and contemporary processes of Romani identity formation through an examination of what I consider as Romani acts of memory. By so doing, I reflect upon what has been called “the Romani movement” and the ways in which this social movement has hitherto been represented in the literature. I argue that an analysis of the Romani movement from the perspective of enactments of memory sheds new light on the hard and complex labor of Romani identity formation, as well as on the prevailing historiographies of the Romani movement.

19

"Je třeba vyrovnat se s řáděním pravicových živlů". Úvahy Václava Krále nad stavem československé historiografie z léta 1969

80%

Vondrova J.

Soudobé dějiny (Contemporary History)

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2007

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vol. 14

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issue 4

880-911

EN

In this volume, the authoress presents an unknown report by the historian Vaclav Kral (1926-1983). Entitled 'Information on the State of Czechoslovak Historiography', it was first delivered at the Soviet Embassy, Prague, 21 August 1969. Vondrova discovered the document in the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History. In it, Kral assesses Czechoslovak contemporary history and 'exposes' an interest group, which he portrays as a 'terrorist gang', amongst the historians. With 'reactionary elements' at the core of the Czechoslovak Communist Party (the reformists) the group allegedly sought to return historiography to bourgeois, Masarykian ideology. Kral calls Milan Hubl and Jan Kren the leaders of the group, which included Vilem Precan, Milan Otahal, Karel Bartosek, and Vaclav Kural. He also points to the Institute of History of the Czechoslovak Communist Party, the Party University, the Department of Contemporary History in the Institute of History at the Academy of Sciences, and the Czech Historical Society as the centres of 'counter-revolution in historiography'. He concludes with proposals to reorganize institutions of historical research, and to ban about 140 historians. The authoress puts the document into the context of the radical-left wing Czechoslovak Communist politics after August 1968, Czechoslovak historiography, and Kral's career. A dogmatist, Kral began as an historian in the 1950s, and in 1962 became head of the Czechoslovak-Soviet Institute. In the 1960s, the ideological models he used, however, came under criticism, and he was isolated when leading historians sought to have historiography restored as a critical discipline free from direct dependence on politics. He was given another chance after the Soviet-led intervention, becoming involved in the far-left wing of the Party. A direct instrument of Soviet influence, this wing put forward demands for the condemnation of the 'Prague Spring', for the dismissal of its supporters, and pro-Soviet positions. In his report, Kral settles accounts with his critics, and, soon after writing it, himself carried out the purges in the Czechoslovak-Soviet Institute and the Historical Institute. In the 'Normalization' period he shored up his position, becoming Chairman of the Academic Board of the Academy and Head of the History Department, Charles University, and was made a professor.

20

THE PHYSICS OF HISTORY. FERNAND BRAUDEL AND THE CONCEPT OF HISTORICAL EVENT (Fizyka historii. Braudel i pojecie zdarzenia)

80%

Falkowski T.

Klio. Czasopismo poświęcone dziejom Polski i powszechnym

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2010

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issue 1(14)

3-32

EN

The problem of the concept of 'event' in Braudel's oeuvre is more complex than it seems to be. The author tries to analyse this question on three different levels. In the first part of the article he shows that in the schema of 'traditional history', reconstructed by Braudel, historical event loses all its characteristic features. It becomes uniform, abstract, and functions there as a negative element of history. The second part is devoted to the position and meaning of event within a theoretical model of history which is usually called 'the global history'. Against the traditional approaches to this question the author of the article claims that there is not a pure or strong opposition between structure and event. The latter starts to be structural and that's why it becomes more concrete and specific. Moreover, event allows to reveal long-term historic process and structures. Finally, in the third part of his article, the author presents the history arisen from Braudel's historical analysis as a kind of evolutionary system. Owing to this fact he can coin a concept of 'historic mutation', a special form of transformation, which could characterize the role of event in the historic development.

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