Search results

1

Tryb postępowania z wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności karnej wniesionym przez oskarżyciela posiłkowego subsydiarnego w sytuacji, gdy sąd prawomocnie umorzył postępowanie

100%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2017

|

issue 4(56)

47-55

EN

The Author concludes that the Rules Deputies’ and Immunity Affairs Committee should not continue to examine application request of the subsidiary prosecutor after the court of appeal has finally dismissed the criminal proceedings. It should be assumed that revoking of a valid procedural decision terminating these proceedings will give rise to the necessity of submitting a new application for waiver of immunity. An entity that submitted an application for waiver of immunity may freely dispose of it until the Sejm adopts a resolution regarding the consent to bring the Deputy to criminal accountability or until the Deputy’s submission of the statement referred to in Article 105 para. 4 of the Constitution.

2

Tryb postępowania z wniesionym w VIII kadencji wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności cywilnej posłów

80%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2020

|

issue 4(68)

187-199

EN

The author indicates that the legal structure of the Polish immunity regulations excludes the possibility of adopting a resolution by the Sejm on giving consent to bring several deputies to responsibility. In each individual case, the Sejm should consider a separate motion and adopt a separate resolution. Referring to the principle of discontinuity, the author concludes that regarding the two former Deputies, new motions for consent to bring them to a civil law liability should be submitted, while in the case of a Deputy holding a mandate also in the 9th term, the proceedings on the motion concerning him should be continued.

3

Opinia prawna w sprawie wykładni art. 105 ust. 1 Konstytucji oraz art. 7b–8 w związku z art. 6 i 6a ustawy o wykonywaniu mandatu posła i senatora

80%

Czarny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2016

|

issue 4(52)

72-84

EN

A Deputy, after the expiry of the mandate, is still entitled to legal protection based on art. 105 paragraph 1 sentence 2 of the Constitution. This means that even after the expiry of the mandate, the Deputy may be prosecuted for an act violating the rights of third parties upon the consent of the Sejm. The Sejm is obliged to examine the application for permission to hold Deputy responsible for the activities within the scope of the mandate (to waive the immunity of a Deputy), whose mandate has expired, provided that the application complies with the formal requirements described in the Act on Exercise of the Mandate of a Deputy and Senator.

4

Opinia prawna na temat trwałości ochrony immunitetowej wynikającej z art. 105 ust. 1 zdanie drugie Konstytucji oraz trybu pociągnięcia byłego posła do odpowiedzialności sądowej

80%

Sakowicz A.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2016

|

issue 4(52)

85-96

EN

The opinion is an answer to a question submitted by the Marshal of the Sejm, whether a former Deputy is still entitled to immunity protection in case of acts committed within the scope of the mandate. According to the author, the former Deputy (or a Senator) may be held responsible for actions violating rights of the third persons which took place during the exercise of the mandate of that Deputy, but only upon a permission of an appropriate house of Parliament. The author notes that the loophole in legislation should be filled by an amendment.

5

Opinia prawna na temat wniosku z 11 lipca 2016 r. o wyrażenie zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności pana H.K., przedłożonego przez oskarżyciela subsydiarnego posiłkowego E.K., reprezentowaną przez pełnomocnika – adwokata Z.K.

80%

Odrowąż-Sypniewski W.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2016

|

issue 4(52)

59-71

EN

The application concerns a person who held the mandate of a Deputy during the seventh term of the Sejm, but is not currently a deputy. According to the art. 105 paragraph 1 sentence 2 of the Constitution, a Deputy may be brought to a court accountability for action violating the rights of third parties, which have been taken within the scope of the mandate, only upon the consent of the Sejm. This rule applies to a possible court accountability of former Deputies concerning acts committed in the course of exercise of their parliamentary mandate. The subject of the resolution adopted by the Sejm must include a whole set of behaviors constituting a persecuted act, regardless of whether all behaviors are within the scope of the mandate. Content of the application meets the required precision only with regards behaviors belonging to the third group of activities. The behaviors of the first and second group have been indicated in the application in a very general way, what means that the application does not meet the requirement under art. 7b paragraph 4 Section 4 of the Act on performance of the mandate of Deputy and Senator.

6

Analiza immunitetów, które mogą przysługiwać posłom na Sejm z tytułu udziału w pracach parlamentarnych organów międzynarodowych

80%

Mik C.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2024

|

issue 3(83)

213-240

EN

The author analyses the matter of the immunities to which Deputies are entitled in connection with their participation in the work of: the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, the NATO Parliamentary Assembly, the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly, the Assembly of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and other international bodies of a parliamentary nature. He states that there is no uniform system of privileges and immunities for members of the various international parliamentary bodies who are Deputies. It is possible to waive the immunities enjoyed by virtue of membership of a particular parliamentary assembly. Immunities are always waived by that assembly. Its members may not waive them themselves.

7

Execution on an Embassy Bank Account

80%

Wyrozumska A.

Polish Yearbook of International Law

|

2012

|

vol. 32

75-87

EN

Recently Polish courts have started to attach bank accounts of foreign embassies for the purpose of enforcement of judgements against embassies of foreign States in e.g. employment cases. The courts have applied the same principle to jurisdictional State immunity and immunity from enforcement and recognized that if state activities giving rise to the claims examined by courts were of private-law character, they are not protected either by jurisdictional or enforcement immunity. This standpoint is contrary to the dominant trend in other states’ practice, confirmed by the International Court of Justice in 2012 (Germany v. Italy: Greece Intervening). While in the field of jurisdictional immunity, the nature of an act as iure imperii or iure gestionis is decisive, in a case of immunity from enforcement – the allocation of the property against which enforcement measures are sought. Embassy bank accounts are generally covered by immunity from enforcement. In this situation Polish courts should develop convincing and exhaustive reasons why it is necessary for the protection of an individual to overrule the ne impediatur legatio principle. The judgements are not sufficiently reasoned and there is no good argument to support this stance. They expose Poland to international liability.

8

Balancing Jurisdictional Immunity and Responsibility of International Organisations – Challenges and Reforms

80%

Mathur S., Agarwal S.

Krytyka Prawa. Niezależne studia nad prawem

|

2025

|

vol. 17

|

issue 1

58-77

EN

International organisations (hereinafter referred to as “IOs”) have evolved and expanded their roles across sectors, enjoying absolute jurisdictional immunity that raises concerns regarding the adequacy of rules governing their operations – espe-cially in the area of modern justice needs. This paper addresses the debates sur-rounding the scope of jurisdictional immunity of IOs against legal responsibility, evaluating its rationale and contrasting it with the lack of appropriate legal redressal forums for violations of IOs. The authors have adopted a qualitative analysis method to examine judicial opinions and controversies involving major IOs like the UN, WHO, and NATO, revealing legal barriers that undermine efforts to hold these organisations accountable for violations of international law. The paper argues for a balanced approach that preserves the essential functions of IOs while establishing effective mechanisms for legal redress and accountability. The authors propose limiting the scope of immunity in specific cases and enhancing alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to uphold the rule of law principles.

9

Procedura pociągania do odpowiedzialności karnej prezesa Najwyższej Izby Kontroli

80%

Kalinowska-Wójcik A.

Przegląd Sejmowy

|

2017

|

issue 3(140)

7–20

XX

The aim of this article is to present coherently the new Sejm’s procedure regarding immunity of President of the Supreme Audit Office. Toward this end, it provides an analysis of the amendments adopted regarding said legal regulations and shows differences in comparison to the procedure regarding Members of Parliament. As a matter of fact, until recently there have been no provisions specifying in detail this particular immunity procedure. Updating of the Supreme Audit Office Act and the Rules of Procedure of the Sejm has fi lled respective gap in the legal system. Both legal acts define in detail subsequent stages of the immunity procedure, beginning from introducing immunity motion to the Speaker of the Sejm, ending with adoption of the resolution by the Sejm on whether to withdraw or to continue immunity.

10

Immunitet państwa w prawie międzynarodowym w kontekście zbrodni wojennych i zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości

70%

Kałduński M.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

|

2018

|

issue 2(58)

67-95

EN

State immunity is based on the principle of sovereign equality of all states which is one of the main principles of international legal order. Predominant jurisprudence of national courts as well as international courts and tribunals follows the position that in case when a claim is submitted in a court in the forum-state due to war crimes and crimes against humanity, a foreign state possesses state immunity which excludes jurisdiction of national courts. There is a strong tendency in international law to limit state immunity and exclude from its scope claims concerning the aforementioned crimes, in case they were committed on the forum-state’s territory). However the International Court of Justice assumed that the immunity is of a procedural nature and it has to be evaluated in each case on the day of adjudication. Hence, in future cases relating to war crimes and crimes against humanity may be considered in forum-state’s courts.

11

The Exceptional State of the Media: Some Experiences in Post-Soviet Lithuania

70%

Aleknonis G.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

|

2010

|

vol. 3

|

issue 2

40-68

EN

Theoretical attempts to solve the problem of exception inevitably draw attention to the conflict between freedom and equality, the core values of a democratic society. Granting exclusive rights to one institution or another is justified by the principle of freedom, yet this does not necessarily comply with the idea of equality. Experience shows that it is difficult to avoid exceptions and exceptional rights in the search for consensus in a democracy. Using the popular myth of the fourth estate, media often claims such special rights.This article examines how over twenty years of independence Lithuania has treated one of the most widely applied privileges of mass media - confidentiality of the source of information. When discussing how in practice Lithuania implements the right to deny false claims, it is assumed that mass media disregards all information accuracy principles and aims to portray itself, at least in its own eyes, as an infallible institution having exclusive rights. The country's weak declarations of interest traditions, which have not yet fully developed in the past fifteen years, only strengthen such mass media attempts.Exclusiveness is in the nature of the media already, in that it helps to draw the attention of the public and can provide significant economic benefits. On the other hand, a privileged position often damages the media, since the fourth estate is special - its authority should be based not on rights and privileges, but on trust.

12

Status deputowanego do belgijskiego parlamentu

70%

Juchniewicz J., Łachacz O.

Studia Politologiczne

|

2012

|

vol. 23

388-406

EN

Belgian Parliament consists of House Representatives and Senate and the status of its members is similar to status of MP’s in most European countries. Some differences worth noting derive of organization of Belgian state, which is a federal country with strong national and ethnic elements. The mandate of MP’s is a free mandate. The members of both houses represent the whole Belgian Nation are not bound by any instructions coming from their electors. The most characteristic of status of Belgian MP’s is their appurtenance to language groups what influences their way of realizing the mandate. Apart of language issues, status of Belgian MP’s can be also characterized by material conditions of executing the mandate and scope of immunities, both material and formal ones.

13

STATUS PRAWNY DEPUTOWANEGO DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO WEDLE POLSKIEGO PRAWA

70%

Kopciuch K.

Polityka i Społeczeństwo

|

2013

|

vol. 11

|

issue 2

40-53

EN

This article presents an analysis of legal regulations governing the status of a Member of the European Parliament. After analyzing the modes of election and the principles of Polish Electoral Law to Parliament, the article shows the position and privileges associated with the function of an MEP. The article contains an analysis of cases where a loss of a parliamentarian and the principle of incompatibility positions.

14

Zakres ochrony immunitetowej członka Zgromadzenia Parlamentarnego Rady Europy

70%

Jackiewicz A.

|

2024

|

issue 6(185)

13–37

EN

The subject of this article is the issue of the scope of immunity protection afforded to members of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe. This study analyses two types of immunity operating within the legal framework of the Council of Europe: non-accountability and inviolability, using the legal-dogmatic method. While the treaty basis for these immunities has remained unchanged over the years, the Parliamentary Assembly has attempted through a series of resolutions to creatively interpret the normative formula of these immunities. Such interpretations have often resulted in a controversial extension of the scope of this protection. The article also signals the practical significance of immunity of a member of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe, invoking the case of deputy Marcin Romanowski.

15

Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych z dnia 1 lipca 2024 r. w sprawie Trump vs. Stany Zjednoczone, dotyczący immunitetu Prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych w postępowaniu karnym, 603 U.S. 593 (2024)

70%

Grądz M.

Przegląd Sejmowy

|

2025

|

issue 3(188)

209-227

EN

The Supreme Court of the United States (SCOTUS), in its decision of 1 July 2024, in the case of Trump v. United States, ruled that the President of the United States is immune from prosecution for an official act. The Court distinguished three categories of presidential acts: official acts within his/her exclusive sphere of constitutional authority, acts within the outer perimeter of his/her official responsibility as well as unofficial acts. Thus, immunity protection and its scope depend on the nature of the President’s actions. The SCOTUS also analysed the conduct alleged in the indictment, but it basically remanded to lower courts to determine in the first instance whether the alleged conduct was official or unofficial.

16

Assesment of the International Court of Justice judgment to 2012 and the Supreme Court judgment in Poland to 2010

70%

Gruszczyński K. J.

Security Dimensions: International & National Studies

|

2015

|

vol. 14(14)

54-66

EN

The article concernes the issue of foreign courts’ jurisdiction and their relations with the particular states’ legal systems in the context of sovereign state’s immunity and its temporary limited interpretation. several cases are analyzed, from midwar period, through the Cold War era, up to the end of the first decade od XXi century, including assesement of not only international Court of Justice and Polish supreme Court but also sereral examples of assesement of European and American courts.

17

Selected blood parameters in organically raised hens fed with purple coneflower supplemented diet**

61%

Sosnówka-Czajka E., Skomorucha I.

Annales Universitatis Paedagogicae Cracoviensis Studia Naturae

|

2018

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of dietary addition of dried purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) on selected blood parameters of chicks and hens of the native ‘Greenleg Partridge’ breed (Z-11), maintained on a certified poultry farm according to organic farming principles. Birds were divided into two groups according to diet: organic layer diet (group 1), and the same diet supplemented with certified purple coneflower from 20 weeks of age at 10 g/kg feed (group 2). Layers were fed the certified layer diet (17% protein and 11.1 MJ ME/kg diet) following organic farming principles. Experimental incubations were performed at 34 wks of age. Blood was collected from laying hens at 34 wks and from newly hatched chicks at one day of age to determine selected blood parameters. The organically raised ‘Greenleg Partridge’ hens and chicks responded to the purple coneflower supplement by changes in blood picture, which are important indicators of avian health and condition. As in Z-11 chicks, purple coneflower supplemented to the layer diet reduced the H:L ratio and induced a tendency for higher level of the immunoglobulin complex and IgG in blood, which shows their better living comfort and higher immunity. Dietary purple coneflower was observed to have no effect on the level of hematocrit, erythrocytes and leukocytes. High individual variation occurred for the immunoglobulin complex and IgG in the organically raised ‘Greenleg Partridge’ hens.

18

Sympoiesis, Autopoiesis and Immunity: How to Coexist with Nonhuman Others?

61%

Žukauskaitė A.

Text Matters: A Journal of Literature, Theory and Culture

|

2022

|

issue 12

380-396

EN

In this essay I will discuss Donna J. Haraway’s notion of sympoiesis and examine different modes of cohabitation or hybridization with nonhuman others. Such concepts as sympoiesis, or holobiont, question the notion of the biological individual and also change our understanding of what it means to be human. As Richard Grusin pointed out, “we have never been human” because “the human has always coevolved, coexisted, or collaborated with the nonhuman-and that the human is characterized precisely by this indistinction from the nonhuman” (ix–x). We have never been human because we have always been dependent on other species living within or beyond our bodies. However, the question which still needs to be answered is whether all forms of coexistence are profitable and welcomed. How does one define the limit at which this co-existence is collaborative and productive (“posthuman”), and beyond which it becomes damaging and lethal (in other words, “posthumous,” e.g., coming after life)? For this reason, the interrelations between different life forms should be discussed together with the concepts of contagion and immunity. The notion of immunity expresses an ambivalent character of life: on the one hand, it protects the organism against everything that is beyond its boundary; on the other hand, it helps to collaborate with other organisms and to create an ecosystem. In this sense, immunity can be thought as a field of negotiations between human and nonhuman beings.

19

Właściwości immunomodulacyjne witaminy D oraz jej wykorzystanie w prewencji i leczeniu wybranych jednostek chorobowych

61%

Lewandowska A.

Alcumena. Pismo Interdyscyplinarne

|

2023

|

issue 3(15)

99-112

EN

In the twenty-first century, we are constantly facing allergic diseases, autoimmune diseases and cancers. Despite the genetic predisposition to the above-mentioned diseases, there is a possibility of supporting the organism with substances with immunomodulatory properties, such as vitamin D. Although it has been known so far mainly for the regulation of calcium and phosphate metabolism, its role in supporting the immune system is being discovered. The evidence for this is the demonstration that genes regulated by vitamin Dencode proteins involved in the processes of cell differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis and the detection of vitamin D receptors in cells of the immune system – thymus, B and T lymphocytes and bone marrow. Vitamin D occurs in foods of animal origin in the form of cholecalciferol, and in plant products in the ergocalciferol form. Cholecalciferol can also be obtained through the synthesis by human skin under the influence of UVB radiation. In Poland, there is a common deficiency of vitamin D – during summer, on average, 50% of the population is deficient, while in the winter, this percentage increases to 80%. The deficiency may predispose to many diseases. The objective of this paper was to examine the potential impact of vitamin D in terms of preventing and/or improving selected autoimmune and allergic diseases. Clinical studies in the scientific literature have been analyzed to determine the influence of vitamin D supplementation on the prevention and/or course of cancer in adults, autoimmune diseases in adults, and allergic diseases in children and adults. The conclusions are based on a meta-analysis of 8 clinical studies and 1 in vitro study on cell culture. The results of the study show that the compensation of 25(OH)D deficiency results in a milder course of systemic lupus erythematosus and Hashimoto’s disease. The supplementation of at least 1,200 IU of vitamin D reduces the incidence of cancer by an average of 35% among adults at risk compared to people without supplementation. The recommended intake of vitamin D by pregnant women also reduces the risk of allergic diseases in children from age 1 to 10. Moreover, vitamin D (2000 IU) supplementation in adults suffering from asthma supports a milder course of asthma and reduces the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections compared to the group not using supplementation.

20

NIEZRÓWNOWAŻONY ROZWÓJ CYWILIZACJI POSTINDUSTRIALNEJ ZE WZGLĘDU NA RYZYKO I SZANSĘ NA PRZEŻYCIE

61%

Sztumski W.

Eunomia – Rozwój Zrównoważony – Sustainable Development

|

2020

|

issue 2(99)

9-18

EN

The article includes the author's considerations on risk of survival and chance to survive of \ individual persons and the human species in conditions of progressive environmental degradation because of the progress of post-industrial civilization, especially the Western one. The development of this civilization is driven by the rapid advances in knowledge and technology, but above all by activities for maximum economic growth and its derivatives - unlimited growth in production, sales and consumption. So, naturally, it is accompanied by excessive destruction of natural resources and degradation of the natural environment, as well as of degradation of the social, cultural and spiritual environment. On the one hand, the consequence of the progress of Western civilization is the growing threat to human health, and thus the increasing risk of survival. On the other hand, thanks to this progress, they improve living conditions and comfort as well as the possibilities of curing many diseases; thus, they increase the chances to survive. The problem, however, is that this increase in risks and chances is not equivalent as they appear many more threats than chances. As a result, this imbalance is getting bigger. Political and economic decision-makers, who can hardly be suspected of a lack of knowledge about environmental threats, are primarily driven by profit maximization and therefore they ignore the appeals from environmentalists. Therefore, since the last decades of the twentieth century, it progress the development of "economic society". It is made up of individuals called "Homo oeconomicus" - fanatical followers of God Mammon. There are serious concerns that it will soon end either with the extinction of humanity or with the collapse of Western civilization. And what happens depends on whether further social evolution will follow economic or other (cultural or ecological) criteria, whether the most important goal will be to improve the quality of life and enrichment, or to delay the extinction of humanity as a result of the transformation of "economic society" into "Cultural society"

Refine search results

Tryb postępowania z wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności karnej wniesionym przez oskarżyciela posiłkowego subsydiarnego w sytuacji, gdy sąd prawomocnie umorzył postępowanie

Tryb postępowania z wniesionym w VIII kadencji wnioskiem o wyrażenie przez Sejm zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności cywilnej posłów

Opinia prawna w sprawie wykładni art. 105 ust. 1 Konstytucji oraz art. 7b–8 w związku z art. 6 i 6a ustawy o wykonywaniu mandatu posła i senatora

Opinia prawna na temat trwałości ochrony immunitetowej wynikającej z art. 105 ust. 1 zdanie drugie Konstytucji oraz trybu pociągnięcia byłego posła do odpowiedzialności sądowej

Opinia prawna na temat wniosku z 11 lipca 2016 r. o wyrażenie zgody na pociągnięcie do odpowiedzialności pana H.K., przedłożonego przez oskarżyciela subsydiarnego posiłkowego E.K., reprezentowaną przez pełnomocnika – adwokata Z.K.

Analiza immunitetów, które mogą przysługiwać posłom na Sejm z tytułu udziału w pracach parlamentarnych organów międzynarodowych

Execution on an Embassy Bank Account

Balancing Jurisdictional Immunity and Responsibility of International Organisations – Challenges and Reforms

Procedura pociągania do odpowiedzialności karnej prezesa Najwyższej Izby Kontroli

Immunitet państwa w prawie międzynarodowym w kontekście zbrodni wojennych i zbrodni przeciwko ludzkości

The Exceptional State of the Media: Some Experiences in Post-Soviet Lithuania

Status deputowanego do belgijskiego parlamentu

STATUS PRAWNY DEPUTOWANEGO DO PARLAMENTU EUROPEJSKIEGO WEDLE POLSKIEGO PRAWA

Zakres ochrony immunitetowej członka Zgromadzenia Parlamentarnego Rady Europy

Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego Stanów Zjednoczonych z dnia 1 lipca 2024 r. w sprawie Trump vs. Stany Zjednoczone, dotyczący immunitetu Prezydenta Stanów Zjednoczonych w postępowaniu karnym, 603 U.S. 593 (2024)

Assesment of the International Court of Justice judgment to 2012 and the Supreme Court judgment in Poland to 2010

Selected blood parameters in organically raised hens fed with purple coneflower supplemented diet**

Sympoiesis, Autopoiesis and Immunity: How to Coexist with Nonhuman Others?

Właściwości immunomodulacyjne witaminy D oraz jej wykorzystanie w prewencji i leczeniu wybranych jednostek chorobowych

NIEZRÓWNOWAŻONY ROZWÓJ CYWILIZACJI POSTINDUSTRIALNEJ ZE WZGLĘDU NA RYZYKO I SZANSĘ NA PRZEŻYCIE