Search results

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Projekt Lexikálně-sémantické databáze češtiny (LSD-Czech): uživatelský pojmový slovník a online database

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Obstová Z., Tichý O., Klégr A.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2022

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vol. 13

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issue 2

86-98

EN

The paper introduces the upcoming outputs of the Lexico-Semantic Database Project (LSD-Czech) supported by The Technology Agency of the Czech Republic (TA CR) [TL02000041]: a Czech online conceptual dictionary and a lexico-semantic database. It reviews the phases of the implementation of the project and its results to be made available by the end of 2022. It describes both the dictionary and the database (from which the dictionary is generated). While the dictionary is intended for the general user, the database will serve linguists and experts in natural language processing and language data application. The paper briefly discusses the field of onomasiological lexicography, focusing on what is an onomasiological dictionary, what dictionaries of this type exist for Czech, and introduces the two dictionaries on which the database is founded, Haller’s Český slovník věcný a synonymický (1969–86) and Klégr’s Tezaurus jazyka českého (2007). The focus of the paper is on the description of the functions and features of the dictionary, the steps whereby to search in it and the envisaged future improvements. Finally, it gives the specifications of the database and the next steps planned in its development.

2

Na co všechno můžeme narazit?

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Škodová S.

Bohemistyka

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2021

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issue 2

EN

The article deals with the current use of the verb narazit na “to come across” in contemporary Czech. Based on examples from the Czech National Corpus, it analyses the types of collocations and points out their specifics. The analysis focuses on the non-primary, resp. abstract meanings of this verb.

3

Desatero úskalí při výzkumu afázií

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Flanderková E., Mertins B.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2015

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vol. 97

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issue 1

81-84

EN

The paper addresses some of the pitfalls connected with the investigation of the language of aphasic patients. In total, ten pitfalls are presented and briefly discussed: three of them are related to neurological and psycho-social aspects, two to linguistic-empirical aspects, and one to the overall cognitive system. There are also three pitfalls focusing on methodological issues and one addressing the logistics of empirical research on aphasic patients.

4

Opomíjené kategorie českých anglicismů: lexikální a sémantické kalky

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Klégr A., Bozděchová I.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2022

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vol. 104

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issue 2

208-229

XX

The article outlines the status of calques among loanwords and their treatment in the Czech linguistic literature. It then presents the analysis of a sample of 1,360 calques (1,065 lexical, 295 semantic) from structural, word-class and semantic points of view, noting the differences between these two categories of anglicisms and their special features. It seeks to explain their different word-class distribution (nouns predominant among lexical calques; semantic calques approaching standard distribution). Among the interesting finds are the discovery of multi-word semantic calques and the very substantial number and rapid spread of this type of loan in general.

5

Distantní asimilace znělosti a signalizace hranice slov v češtině - případ pobočných slabik:

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Machač P., Zíková M.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2020

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vol. 103

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issue 3

189-211

EN

In our study, we take a closer look at one specific context realization of the liquids [r] and [l],namely their extrasyllabic variant, e.g. rty ‘lips’ or lžíce ‘spoon’. Being relatively rare in Czech and occurring only in the word initial position, extrasyllabic liquids exhibit a rather atypical behavior in at least two respects: (1) they do not follow the standard principles of voicing assimilation in Czech, and (2) they are articulated differently from their syllabic counterparts. A set of constructed sentences rich in the target phenomenon was designed and read by 34 speakers of Czech. Type and voicing of the consonants preceding and following the liquids as well as the preceding word’s status were taken into consideration. Overall, 1,250 items were analyzed. The analysis shows that (1) extrasyllabic liquids exhibit a strong tendency towards distant regressive voicing assimilation, with the obstruent immediately following the extra-syllabic liquid being responsible for the voicing of the obstruent immediately preceding the liquid, e.g.: líbat rty [liːbat r̩tɪ] vs. pět lžic [pjed lž̩ ɪc]; (2) extrasyllabic liquids are systematically realized with a long initial vocal element, thereby cueing the immediately preceding word boundary, as displayed in different realization of the pair lotr děl [lotr̩ďel] (syllabic realization) vs. Lot rděl [lotərďel] (extrasyllabic realization).

6

K úspěšnosti kodifikačních doporučení v rubrice Drobnosti : (na materiálu přejímek z angličtiny)

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Lojdová T., Hladká Z.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2017

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vol. 100

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issue 4

207-214

EN

Based on borrowings from English, this contribution provides a survey of recommendations published in the section Drobnosti [Short texts] in the journal Naše řeč [Our Speech] during the years between the two codifications of Czech orthography (1957-1993). The aim is to map the success of the predictions in relation to later codification and development in usage.

7

Překlad Majakovského poezie jako hledání hranic (nejen) dvou jazykových systémů

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Kitzlerová J.

Svět literatury – Časopis pro novodobé literatury (World of Literature – Journal for Modern Literatures)

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2020

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issue 62

97-107

EN

The article deals with the issue of a new translation of V. V. Mayakovsky’s poems into Czech. It summarizes some basic facts about the author, his poems and poetics, it assesses the previous Czech translations made by Jiří Taufer, and above all it discusses various problems connnected with a new translation of Mayakovsky’s poetry into Czech. It reflects on what the translator needs to do (1) to meet the horizon of expectation of the translation’s readers (in case of Czech translation of Mayakovsky there are two kinds of potential readers: those acquainted with Taufer’s Czech translations, and new readers, unacquainted with V. V Mayakovsky’s poetry and its Czech version in general), and (2) how the translator needs to proceed especially in the aesthetic plan when creating a translation that would have the same qualities as the original text.

8

Fonetická realizace slovního přízvuku u delších slov v češtině

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Skarnitzl R.

Slovo a slovesnost: časopis pro otázky teorie a kultury jazyka (Slovo a slovesnost: A journal for the theory of language and language cultivation)

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2018

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vol. 79

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issue 3

199-216

EN

This study addresses the fragmentation of existing attempts at identifying the correlates of lexical stress in Czech. Its objective is therefore to thoroughly examine all commonly used correlates of prominence from the melodic, dynamic and temporal domain, as well as those of vowel quality, in three speaking styles. To evaluate various factors, we applied linear mixed effects models (LME). The results show that the stressed syllable in Czech does not manifest prominence in any of the examined domains – it is not higher, stronger, or longer. In comparison with previous studies, the analyses indicate only a weak tendency toward post-stress melodic rise. It is clear that as a language with fixed stress which does not serve a contrastive function, Czech does not require distinctive prominence marking. One interesting result of the study is the documented lengthening of word-final vowels, even within prosodic phrases, which may contribute to discontinuities between adjacent stress groups and which also has repercussions for the naturalness of speech synthesis.

9

Dislokace, extrapozice a nominativus pendens — srovnávací studie syntaktických struktur ve francouzštině a češtině

84%

Pešek O.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2021

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vol. 103

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issue 2

183-209

EN

The study defines the categorial framework for the analysis of so-called dislocated structures in contrastive perspective. First, it describes the systemic possibilities of the French and Czech syntaxes in relation to the phenomena studied. The syntactical potential is assessed from a functional point of view, making it possible to explain differences in the use of systemically possible structures in the two languages. The evaluation of systemic possibilities is complemented by a parallel corpus analysis performed in the InterCorp corpus. The study does not include all cases classified as dislocation (extraposition) in the specialized literature, as it focuses primarily on the left-hand extraposition of selected valency verb complements.

10

Deverbální jmenné predikáty v konstrukcích se slovesem dělat v češtině z mezijazykové perspektivy

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Lin M. S.-h., Šebesta K., Chui K., Yeh H.-l.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2023

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vol. 105

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issue 2

188-199

EN

This study introduces a cross-linguistic investigation of Do-constructions in Chinese, Russian and Czech, focusing especially on Do-construction strategies in Czech. The DO-construction in this study refers to a predicate-argument structure comprising the light verb ‘to do’, and a predicate deverbal noun, which is a noun derived from a verb or verbal phrase. Chinese, Russian and Czech align in manifesting a cross-language functional construal where predication rests upon the semantic content of the accusative argument denoting action events that are of interest in communication. A corpus analysis of the linguistic properties of the constructions across speaking and writing attested that Do-constructions in Chinese are more productive than those of Russian and Czech. However, the corpus data also show that the light uses of the Czech verb ‘to do’ are predominant compared with its full uses. Therefore, this study further focuses on one of the light uses of the Czech verb ‘to do’, which is with predicate deverbal nouns.

11

Korpus spontánní mluvené češtiny ORAL2013

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Benešová L., Křen M., Waclawičová M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2015

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vol. 97

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issue 1

42-50

EN

The paper presents a corpus of spontaneous spoken Czech called ORAL2013, its design principles and practical solutions adopted during the data collection. The corpus is designed to represent contemporary spontaneous spoken language used in informal, real-life situations across the whole of the Czech Republic. The corpus consists of audio recordings and their transcriptions aligned with time stamps; it features manual annotation and broad regional coverage with a large variety of speakers. ORAL2013 contains 835 recordings from the period 2008 to 2011 made with 2,544 speakers (of whom 1,297 speakers are unique); the total length of the audio tracks is almost 300 hours and the total size of the transcriptions exceeds 3.28 million tokens. ORAL2013 is made publicly available by the Czech National Corpus at http://www.korpus.cz/.

12

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

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Šichová K., Šemelík M.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2016

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vol. 98

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issue 2

241-253

EN

Among linguists there is a lively interest in phraseology, which is still a relatively young branch of linguistics. However, its basic descriptive application, phraseography, whose task is to collect and describe phraseological expressions of a given language, is still a rather neglected area, at least in terms of integrating theory into practice. The paper reports on two relatively modern phraseological dictionaries of German and takes up the question of their user-friendliness. It examines the notion of phraseme in these dictionaries against the background of František Čermák’s conception of phraseology. Unsurprisingly, it turns out that both dictionaries are in need of substantial improvements if they are to become really effective tools for resolving language problems, which is the essential function of every dictionary. Nonetheless, some of the special features of Deutsche Idiomatik by Hans Schemann deserve recognition and make the dictionary exceptional. For this reason, the paper voices the need for a discussion of Schemann’s phraseographical works in Czech linguistics, or, more precisely, in Czech phraseography. In addition, the paper comments on DUDEN 11: Redewendungen. Wörterbuch der deutschen Idiomatik which is probably the most popular German dictionary of this type.

13

Substantiva mezi slovesem a jménem. Substantiva na -ní (-tí) / -ние (-тие) v češtině a ruštině ve světle paralelního korpusu

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Kocková J.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2017

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vol. 99

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issue 1

55-64

EN

The paper first describes Czech verbal nouns and Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие). Despite many formal similarities, the position of these nouns in the systems of the Czech and Russian languages respectively is different — they are assigned to non-finite verbal forms in Czech and to event nominals in Russian. The aim of this paper is to focus on the contrastive examination of these nouns and to present a corpus-based study of the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns in Russian. The analysis showed that nominals in -ние (-тие) have a specific position among the Russian event nominals and that at least some of them retain the verbal potential. Russian event nominals in -ние (-тие) exhibit the highest frequency among the equivalents of Czech verbal nouns. Both languages prefer to use these nouns in certain contexts (e. g. to express verbal process). The position of Czech verbal nouns in the verbal system is significant; the actively used non-finite verbal forms are participles and verbal nouns, i. e. forms which relate to existing part-of-speech paradigms. Consequently, nonfinite verbal functions can be expressed in Czech by means that are not contrary to morphological regularities of the inflectional type.

14

Jazykový purismus v Čechách a v Lužici v poslední třetině 19. a v první třetině 20. století

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Brankačkec K., Martínek F., Futtera L.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2017

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vol. 100

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issue 4

243-257

EN

Although we identify a wide range of similarities in the language situation and the standardisation process of Czech, Upper and Lower Sorbian during the end of the 19th century and the first four decades of the 20th century, there are also a number of specifics: in development, Czech was ahead of Upper Sorbian, and in turn, Lower Sorbian reached its "revival" later than Upper Sorbian. Czech reached the stage of a fully functional standard language, while both varieties of Sorbian, in contrast, only achieved a lower stage of development. These specifics result in a differing range of puristic interventions and puristic successes.

15

Impact of Tense on the Interpretation of Bi-Aspectual Verbs in Czech

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Chromý J.

Studie z aplikované lingvistiky - Studies in Applied Linguistics

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2014

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vol. 5

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issue 2

87-97

EN

This paper is concerned with the interpretation of the so-called bi-aspectual verbs in contemporary Czech. In the first part, a theoretical account of bi-aspectual verbs in the aspectual system of Czech is introduced and three main areas of the research of bi-aspectual verbs are identified: (1) formation of bi-aspectual verbs, (2) mono-aspectualization process, (3) functioning of bi-aspectual verbs. In the second part of the paper, a simple but efficient method for the analysis of the interpretation of (borrowed) bi-aspectual verbs and a pilot experiment on the interpretation of Czech bi-aspectual verbs are presented. It has been found that the tense of the verb is a very strong factor which influences the interpretation of bi-aspectual verbs: there is a significant tendency to interpret present tense form as imperfective and past tense form a perfective. There are other factors which play an important role in the interpretation of the bi-aspectual verbs. Based on the results, we suggest that these are (at least) semantics of the verb (i.e. the difference durative vs. instantaneous) and subject number.

CS

Studie se zabývá interpretací tzv. obouvidových sloves v současné češtině. První část pojednává z teoretického hlediska o postavení těchto sloves v rámci vidového systému češtiny a identifikuje tři hlavní oblasti výzkumu obouvidových sloves: (1) vznik obouvidových sloves, (2) proces vidového vyhraňování, (3) fungování obouvidových sloves. V druhé části článku je představena jednoduchá a efektivní metoda analýzy interpretace (cizích) obouvidových sloves a prezentovány jsou rovněž výsledky pilotního experimentu zaměřeného na interpretaci obouvidových sloves v češtině. Ukazuje se, že velmi silným faktorem, který ovlivňuje interpretaci obouvidových sloves, je gramatický čas slovesa: existuje silná tendence interpretovat obouvidová slovesa v přítomném čase jako nedokonavá a v minulém čase jako dokonavá. Interpretaci obouvidových sloves ovlivňují i další faktory. Předkládané výsledky poukazují na to, že těmito faktory jsou (přinejmenším) sémantika slovesa (tj. rozdíl durativní vs. instanciální sloveso) a číslo subjektu.

16

O slovním přízvuku na jednoslabičných předložkách v češtině:

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Skarnitzl R.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2014

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vol. 97

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issue 2

78-91

EN

Monosyllabic prepositions in Czech are known to attract the stress of the words following them (e.g., 'jedu 'do Prahy, I’m going to Prague, rather than 'jedu do 'Prahy). However, certain factors have been recognized which allow for the shift of stress from the preposition to the following word. This study examines these factors in two types of speech material, in read newscasts on Czech Radio and in spontaneous dialogues. The length (number of syllables) of the preceding word has a clear effect, with longer words attracting stress more than shorter ones. Stress also tends to be shifted less when the following word is a noun and more when it is an adjective modifying a noun. Perhaps most interestingly, a great majority of the instances when stress was shifted resulted in a more rhythmical configuration, in a more regular number of syllables in neighbouring stress groups.

17

Iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině

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Sláma J.

Bohemistyka

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2023

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issue 1

39-54

EN

The paper introduces the concept of phonaesthemes and discusses its relevance for linguistic theory, subsequently trying to identify initial phonaesthemes in Czech consisting of at least two consonants. The sequence /chr-/ seems to be a prototypical phonaestheme in Czech. As only one other sequence (/hň-/) appears to be reliably identifiable as a phonaestheme, it seems that phonaesthemes are not particularly common in Czech, when compared e.g. with English. However, this conclusion might not be warranted if less strict criteria for defining phonaesthemes were applied. The importance of further research into phonaesthemes and sound symbolism in Czech is highlighted by the lack of literature on sound symbolism and iconicity in the Czech lexicon, as seen in the context of the recent research on this topic in other languages.

CS

Příspěvek představuje koncept tzv. fonestému a poukazuje na jeho relevanci pro jazykovědnou teorii, pročež se snaží identifikovat iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině. Prototypickým fonestémem v češtině je patrně /chr-/, a jelikož jediným dalším spolehlivě identifikovatelným fonestémem je /hň-/, zdá se, že fonestémy nejsou v češtině tak časté jako například v angličtině. Pokud bychom nicméně přijali inkluzivnější vymezení fonestémů, je možné, že by tento závěr bylo vhodné přehodnotit. Závěr příspěvku zdůrazňuje důležitost dalšího výzkumu fonestémů v češti- ně především v kontextu problematiky zvukového symbolismu a ikonicity, kterým nebylo v bohemistice – na rozdíl od (nedávné) zahraniční lingvistiky – věnováno příliš pozornosti.

18

Polská přísloví ve sbírce Václava Flajšhanse Česká přísloví

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Mokienko V. M.

Bohemistyka

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2019

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issue 1

33-48

EN

The article presents Polish proverbs included in the Václav Flajšhans‘s dictionary Česká přísloví. The author notes that in addition to a significant group of lexical borrowings that permeated from the Polish language to the Czech language in the 19th century, a large group is also proverbs. In the Flajšhans’s dictionary there are differentiating informations near those proverbs showing that author of the dictionary was aware that some of them may be common to the Eastern and Western Slavs.

CS

Článek ukazuje polská přísloví obsažená ve slovníku Česká přísloví Václava Flajšhanse. Autor poznamenává, že vedle významné skupiny lexikálních výpůjček, které pronikaly z polštiny do češtiny v 19. století, je zde také velká skupina přísloví. Ve slovníku Flajšhanse se rozlišují informace, které dokazují, že autor slovníku je si vědom toho, že některá přísloví mohou být společná východním a západním Slovanům.

19

Experimentální výzkum gramatického vidu a způsobu slovesného děje : jazyková relativita a vidové vynucení

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Chromý J.

Naše řeč (Our Speech)

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2018

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vol. 101

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issue 4

189-203

EN

The paper presents the second part of the review of experimental research on grammatical or lexical aspect. Two main topics are reviewed: the role of aspect in linguistic relativity and the aspectual coercion hypothesis. In the first part of the paper, it is shown that languages with a similar aspectual system can differ widely in their preferences in the description of certain events, and furthermore that these preferences may influence the speakers’ non-linguistic perception of events. The second part of the paper shows that previous studies on aspectual coercion differ both in their methodology and findings and that the very existence of the aspectual coercion phenomenon is not clear yet.

20

Ráz ve španělštině, italštině a portugalštině českých mluvčích

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Obstová Z., Šturm P., Skarnitzl R., Čermák P., Hricsina J.

Časopis pro moderní filologii (Journal for Modern Philology)

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2022

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vol. 104

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issue 2

159-176

EN

Glottal stops placed before words starting with a vowel are an integral part of the sound patterns of Czech; however, in Romance languages glottal stops are quite rare and linking to the previous word is much more common. In this study, we examine the extent to which more and less experienced Czech learners of Spanish, Italian and Portuguese (51 in total) use glottal stops or linking in their target language, and compare them with native speakers (29 in total). Analyses of word- and also morpheme-initial contexts reveal that the glottal stop is transferred into the learners’ target language word initially but almost never within words. In line with our hypotheses, the more experienced groups are found to use fewer glottal stops than the less experienced speakers, but still considerably more than the native control groups. We also consider the effect of lexical stress, segmental context and semantic status of the respective words on glottalization. Methodological implications for the teaching of Romance languages in the Czech context are also discussed.

Refine search results

Projekt Lexikálně-sémantické databáze češtiny (LSD-Czech): uživatelský pojmový slovník a online database

Na co všechno můžeme narazit?

Desatero úskalí při výzkumu afázií

Opomíjené kategorie českých anglicismů: lexikální a sémantické kalky

Distantní asimilace znělosti a signalizace hranice slov v češtině - případ pobočných slabik:

K úspěšnosti kodifikačních doporučení v rubrice Drobnosti : (na materiálu přejímek z angličtiny)

Překlad Majakovského poezie jako hledání hranic (nejen) dvou jazykových systémů

Fonetická realizace slovního přízvuku u delších slov v češtině

Dislokace, extrapozice a nominativus pendens — srovnávací studie syntaktických struktur ve francouzštině a češtině

Deverbální jmenné predikáty v konstrukcích se slovesem dělat v češtině z mezijazykové perspektivy

Korpus spontánní mluvené češtiny ORAL2013

Několik poznámek k současné německojazyčné frazeografii

Substantiva mezi slovesem a jménem. Substantiva na -ní (-tí) / -ние (-тие) v češtině a ruštině ve světle paralelního korpusu

Jazykový purismus v Čechách a v Lužici v poslední třetině 19. a v první třetině 20. století

Impact of Tense on the Interpretation of Bi-Aspectual Verbs in Czech

O slovním přízvuku na jednoslabičných předložkách v češtině:

Iniciální konsonantické fonestémy v češtině