With the populist tide on the rise, comparisons of contemporary right-wing governments to fascist regimes are increasingly common. The rise of the populist right-wing politics has created a number of reactions, using either new or established forms of political resistance. One of such examples is the anti-fascist movement whose strength grows in many national contexts. The recently observed political swing to the right results also in a radicalization of politics. Radical actors intersect and cooperate with moderate ones, influence one another and bring new ideas and repertoires of contention to the streets and into mainstream politics. This trend can be observed in Poland where the 2015 elections (presidential and parliamentary) resulted in the radicalization of the mainstream discourse. This article focuses on the case study of the broadly understood anti-racist movement in Poland that has recently had to remodel itself to face new challenges – in particular the institutionalization of xenophobic rhetoric and the growth of the far-right sector – and has undergone substantial changes in general. The article presents the internal radicalmoderate dynamics within the specific context of the anti-fascist movement in Poland. In particular, it explores the role of changes in political opportunity structures for the reinvigoration of the anti-fascist movement in Poland, radicalization in some of its sectors, and change in its priorities and focus.
Feminizm jako ruch społeczny, jako ideologia i jako teoria czerpie swoją energię z tego, że od początku swego istnienia zyskał zasięg ponadnarodowy. Przekraczał granice państw i kontynentów. Wpływał na życie i mentalność ludzi z różnych kultur, wspólnot etnicznych i warstw społecznych. Tekst pokazuje, że zjawisko to obejmuje szeroką gamę postaw, zachowań, strategii. Zatem, w jaki sposób zjednoczyć kobiety mimo dzielących je różnic i właśnie za pośrednictwem tych różnic? Artykuł jest próbą ukazania wewnętrznego dialogu feminizmu. Eksponuje sposób różnicowania się odpowiedzi feministek na powtarzające się pytania. Przedstawia wewnętrzną dynamikę feministycznych wędrówek po drogach i bezdrożach filozofii, historii tak, aby podkreślić zarówno ograniczenia, jak też różnorodność i bogactwo otwieranych horyzontów.
EN
From its inception feminism drew its energy from its supra-national coverage as a social movement, an ideology, and as a theory. Overcoming national and continental borders. Influencing the life and mentality of people of diverse cultures, ethnic communities, and social levels. The text shows that the phenomenon encompass a wide range of attitudes, behaviours, and strategies. Therefore, how to unite women with dividing differences, and particular using this differences? This article is an attempt to show the internal dialog of feminism. It used the method of differing replies of feminists to recurring questions. Exhibiting the internal dynamics of the philosophy of feminism travelling on explored and unexplored paths; and history to emphasize equally the limits, diversity, and wealth of open horizons.
The paper attempts to find the answer to a question for the opposition nature of so-cial movements. The main question is: can we call social movements the opposition? If yes, are all types of movements deserving of this name? Consequently, issues of this paper are regarding the non-institutional politics which is becoming at present more and more significant. Used argumentation in the paper allows for the formulation of the statement that in accepting the appropriate definition of both politics and a social move-ment, we can treat every social movement as an entity belonging to the institutional politics; an entity which meets the conditions of being an opposition. This statement is trying to meet contemporary understanding the politics, and is a response to the ongoing changes in the womb of democratic systems.
Poland has brought a new value to the process of creating the idea and concept of solidarity. Today's world, that is witnessing a crisis of ideas, has accepted very positively this value and it has promoted it, for example by introducing this into the international law. In the current time of COVID-19 pandemic, referring to solidarity can be an opportunity to overcome the threats and difficulties that this hard time brings to us.
The purpose of this article is find out about the role that was played by Twitter during the first week of Ferguson Unrests that started on the 9th of August 2014. As a source base for this work the author analyzes the newspapers, magazine journalism and articles upon the death of Michael Brown to show how local journalists and activists used Twitter to communicate and comment on his death. Through the examination of hashtag usage, the author demonstrates how Twitter has become a powerful tool to start nationwide discussion, as well as how hashtag activism can trigger creation of a new social movement.
The paper concerns the ideological profile of urban movements in Poland. In the first part, the author defines the concept of urban movement based on the related literature and outlines the history of the urban matter in Poland. Then, attempts are made to reconstruct the ideological profile of urban activism. This is done on the basis of an analysis that includes the main ideas to which urban activists refer (right to the city, idea of particular narratives, city-view) as well as the urban theses that include the postulations developed by the Congress of Urban Movements being the effect of consolidation activities in the Polish urban movements’ environment. In conclusion, the key groups of postulations formulated by activists in Polish cities are analysed through the perspective of the views contained in the main contemporary political doctrines.
I nterpretacje ruchu „Solidarność” są zbliżone do klasycznych podejść w teoriach ruchów społecznych, z których każda inaczej rozumie społeczny mechanizm napędza- jący ich działanie. Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie tych interpretacji, funkcjonu- jących w literaturze socjologicznej, krajowej i zagranicznej (i na ogół słabo znanych historykom). Autor wyodrębnia podejścia ujmujące „Solidarność” jako ruch klasowy, postrzegające jego powstanie jako reakcję na kryzys systemu oraz takie, w których za siłę napędową ruchu uznaje się działania opozycji demokratycznej, a także dwa rodzaje metod nawiązujących do tzw. teorii nowych ruchów społecznych. Według autora żadne z opisanych podejść teoretycznych nie ujmuje dynamiki ruchu „Solidarności” w całej jego złożoności, w szczególności zaś nie wyjaśnia jego rozmiarów i długotrwałych kon- sekwencji kulturowych. Poszczególne z nich wskazują jednak na ważne aspekty jego działania i tworzą podstawę do dalszych bardziej syntetycznych badań.
EN
T he “Solidarity” Movement is interpreted similarly to the classical approach discus- sed in the theories of social movements, each of which defines the social mechanism fuelling its activities in a different way. The aim of the article is to structure the inter - pretations used in the national and international literature on sociology (usually by relatively obscure historians). The author discusses “Solidarity” as a class movement by explaining its emergence as a reaction to the system crisis, fuelled by the activities of the democratic opposition, as well as two types of methods referring to the so-called theo- ry of new social movements. The author claims that none of the described theoretical approaches reflect the entire complexity of the dynamics of the “Solidarity” movement; in particular, they do not explain its aims and long-term cultural effects. However, the author emphasizes the important results of its activities and lays foundations for furt- her research of a more synthetic nature.
The paper focuses on the manner people active within the Committee for the Defence of Democracy present their protests. The author analyses the way the protests’ image presented by the interviewees is built, as well as the sources of its form and content. The aim is to identify the applications of discursive strategies used in the positive self- and the negative other presentation. As it is shown, in the process of discursive construction of the protests, the ‘us’ and ‘them’ dichotomy, and the specific rules that form the basis for the functioning of the public sphere in Poland are applied. Hence, the distinctions are created with nominations (metaphors, naturalising), predications (positive, negative traits) and representations (examples) referring to the figures of civilised and uncivilised men present in the Polish public discourse. Thus, the analysed presentation of the protests can be interpreted as inscribed in the binary structure of civic discourse.
Even though no part of the world is untouched by the global economy, the role played by the State continues to have an impact on the resistance of indigenous peoples, and Chile is no exception. At present, the Chilean government presents several contrasting faces to indigenous peoples. On the one hand, it offers multicultural public policies based in “Development with Identity”, whose formal objective is to generate economic and social development from the ground up. In contrast, in areas where the indigenous communities are in conflict with large companies over the control of natural resources, the Chilean government considers these communities to be terrorists, denying their basic legal rights. At present, there is a diversity of positions within the Mapuche movement and within Mapuche communities with respect to the Chilean State, although the media tend to emphasize only the violent conflicts. Our paper analyzes the development of the “conflict” between the Mapuche and the Chilean State due to the extractive activities of private companies from a systemic perspective, situating this conflict within the larger international political and economic system.
Among the social and political outcomes of the pandemic in Poland, one should list the development of anti-COVID social movements. Their specific character, as compared to other social movements, is the subject of exploration in this paper. The basic objective of the paper is thus to analyse the motivations of members and supporters of the so-called corona-sceptic movement at the early stage of its presence in the Polish political arena. Key questions the authors sought to answer concern individuals’ assessment of their situation associated with the pandemic and their attitude to public institutions managing the crisis on behalf of the government. The paper is based on the results of a quantitative research carried out in December 2020.
The main objective of the present study is to reflect on the problem of social justice and the ways it is portrayed in Joker (2019, directed by Todd Phillips). A discourse analysis is used in order to identify the particular elements of social injustice and social unrest within the movie in question. Social injustices which were deeply felt within the atmosphere of the movie and the social explosion which followed social injustices instigated a social movement. Contrary to the general belief, the social movement was identified with tyranny. By designating the social movements as illegal, the movie established a type of identification which would attribute legitimacy to homicides. Being just and having equal opportunities in the distribution of societal resources come to the forefront. This ‘web’ of relations signifies the position of the individual and society vis-à-vis the state, and assures that the individual enters into the public sphere. Along with the disparity and the lack of resources in terms of equal opportunities, an individual’s attitude follows a positive or negative path in the public sphere. In the movie Joker, a world in which the concept of social justice had fallen apart was pictured. By establishing identification with Joker’s psychological disorders, the social movement which was experienced hereby was presented as a tyranny to the moviegoers. In this study, together with the analysis of the movie, the concepts of “social justice” and “social movement” will be discussed.
The authors try to answer the basic question concerning the issue of usefulness of social movements in the area of social work as an academic discipline. Theories of social movements have used two types of theoretical achievements. On the one hand we have in mind three perspectives used in sociology to reconsider the nature of society, namely: the organism, the battle-field (in two forms: the conflict and the exchange) as well as the theater. Moreover, the fourth perspective might be added under the frame of social movements, namely: the protest. As a result, some mechanisms of generating of social problems might be perceived in this context. On the second hand, theories of social movements introduce the issues of various types of social mobilizations treated as mechanisms of social problems solutions. The structure of article has been based on some key concepts, such as: society, social change, social problem, social movement and social mobilization. Such a conceptual and theoretical perspective has had a major task to enable various analyses in the area of social problems as well as social change and the role of social movements in this context. However, the main goal of the article has been mainly focused on the broadening of analytical frames that might be useful in the description and explanation of social problems without providing interested researchers in exact tools to analyze particular methods and ways of action in the area of social work.
This paper, as part of a study explores the reinvention of identity and culture through community making, specifically in the process of creation and way of functioning of autonomous temporal groups and intentional communities through socio-cultural spaces. The analysis makes use of a network of four different organized communities from Western and South-Eastern Europe, namely Toestand (Brussels, Belgium), Termokiss (Prishtina, Kosova), Space Tetova (Tetova, North Macedonia), with a specific focus on the performance of the project − event Uzina (Tirana, Albania). Through an ethnographic approach, based on active participant observation and interviews that are shown below, this research is an attempt to engage the participating members of the different groups in the construction of the thorough insight of the research. The patterns of intercultural contact and reflexive behaviors in this collective’s endeavors, accentuate the complexity of relationships that arise in the course of the collaboration of the network and wider, revealing the ‘agonistic’ dynamics of Self and Other, West and East, unity and diversity, giver and receiver, hierarchy and equality, global and local, concentrating on new social movements and contemporary identity practices in Europe.
The activity of Campaign Against Homophobia constitutes a crucial element of the LGBT social movement in Poland. It is directed towards non-heterosexual people and for society in general. In this article the author analyze the activity of CAH, pointing the legal and psychological help especially for LGBT movement and educational activity among Polish society. It has to be underlined, that the analyzed organization in this article, deals with pro-health and educational polices and has great success in defending the rights of LGBT people in Poland. Worth noting is the publishing activity which consist of periodical reports of LGBT social situation in Poland.
PL
Działalność Kampanii Przeciw Homofobii stanowi istotny element funkcjonowania ruchu społecznego LGBT w Polsce. W niniejszym artykule autor dokona analizy działalności kampanii, wskazując pomoc prawną i psychologiczną dla osób LGBT oraz edukacyjną udzielaną polskiemu społeczeństwu. Należy podkreślić, że organizacja będąca przedmiotem analizy w niniejszym artykule prowadzi szeroko pojętą politykę prozdrowotną oraz edukacyjną, ma na swoim koncie także sukcesy w obronie praw osób LGBT w Polsce. Na uwagę zasługuje ponadto prowadzona działalność wydawnicza, wśród której istotny element stanowią wydawane cyklicznie raporty, obrazujące sytuację społeczną osób LGBT w Polsce.
This article examines the ideas most commonly put forward to explain the emergence of the Solidarity social movement on the Coast of Poland from the perspective of social movement theories. Focusing on „grand” theories, namely the ones of new social movements and resource mobilization, it discusses their strengths and weaknesses, indicating at the same time the reasons why none of them is fully appropriate to explain the emergence of Solidarity.
PL
Celem niniejszego artykułu jest rozważenie najczęściej wskazywanych przyczyn powstania Solidarności na Wybrzeżu z perspektywy podstawowych założeń kilku wybranych teorii ruchów społecznych. Autorka koncentruje się na „wielkich” koncepcjach teoretycznych – teoriach nowych ruchów społecznych i mobilizacji zasobów, starając się ukazać ich silne strony, ale też przyczyny, dla których żadna z tych perspektyw nie jest w pełni adekwatna.
In 1981, the French sociologist Alain Touraine (with a group of Polish young sociologists led by the veteran of Polish sociology – Jan Strzelecki), conducted a famous research on the Solidarity Movement with the use of a new and distinct method of investigation called “sociological intervention.” It was the first time that Polish sociologists, who were trained in a specific combination of Marxist and positivist traditions, had experienced this kind of ‘hard’ qualitative methodology. The reactions were mixed and the general approach was rather cautious. Nevertheless, the sociological intervention method has since been used several times by Polish scientists. The aim of this paper is to summarize these experiences.
The aim of the article is to analyze the antitourism movement in Barcelona and Catalonia as an example of a new social movement. The author assumes that the organizational activities and ideas of the region’s social organizations, local communities and residents in the 2010s meet the criteria of a this type of movement. In order to prove this assumption, the article makes references to selected definitions of the social movement as a category belonging in political science, as well as the academic literature on tourism. The study presents the genesis and demands of the movement along with the most probable scenario of its future development. The author concludes that the antitourist movement is regional and concerns only cities and regions where negative tourist phenomena have occurred. Therefore, antitourist demands may become part of the election debate at the local level and strengthen the potential of radical parties.
PL
Celem artykułu jest dokonanie analizy ruchu antyturystycznego w Barcelonie i Katalonii jako przykładu nowego ruchu społecznego. W artykule założono, że działania organizacyjne i podstawy programowe przyjęte przez organizacje społeczne, wspólnoty lokalne i mieszkańców w dekadzie lat dziesiątych XXI wieku w Katalonii spełniają kryteria ruchu społecznego. W tym celu nawiązano do wybranych definicji ruchu społecznego jako kategorii politologicznej. Ponadto przybliżono uwagi i rozważania naukowe w zakresie badań nad turystyką. W opracowaniu przedstawiono genezę i postulaty ruchu oraz najbardziej prawdopodobny scenariusz rozwoju ruchu w przyszłości. W podsumowaniu stwierdzono, że ruch ma charakter regionalny oraz dotyczy jedynie miast i regionów, w których wystąpiły negatywne zjawiska turystyczne. W związku z powyższym postulaty antyturystyczne mogą stać się częścią debaty wyborczej na poziomie lokalnym i wzmocnić potencjał partii radykalnych.
The aim of this article is to analyse Solidarity 1980–1981 as a “revolutionary movement” or “revolution”. These terms were used almost from the beginning, both among the movement’s activists and among researchers in the humanities and social sciences. The phrase “self-limiting revolution”, coined by Jacek Kuroń and popularised by Jadwiga Staniszkis, is often quoted. Some authors link the revolutionary nature of Solidarity with the movement’s non-violent repertoire of contestation, which is expressed in terms of “non-violent revolution”, “peaceful revolution” or “Polish bloodless revolution”. The word “revolution” also appears with an appropriate adjective, emphasising the movement’s class basis or values. In this convention, Solidarity is, for example, a “workers”’ or “republican” revolution. Despite the frequent practice of calling Solidarity a revolution, few researchers have attempted to substantiate the “revolutionary” nature of the movement. Most of them have ignored the long tradition of theoretical reflection on revolution within historical sociology in this context. The author reviews the literature in which Solidarity is treated as a revolution. He points out the main ways of defining revolution and the sine qua non features of this phenomenon. He argues that the use of the term “revolution” in reference to Solidarity is a misuse and is not justified in the light of the theory of revolution.
PL
Celem artykułu jest analiza Solidarności 1980-1981 jako „ruchu rewolucyjnego” lub „rewolucji”. Terminy te były niemal od początku stosowane zarówno w kręgu działaczy ruchu, jak też wśród badaczy z obszaru nauk humanistycznych i społecznych. Często przywoływana jest wymyślona przez Jacka Kuronia i spopularyzowana przez Jadwigę Staniszkis fraza „samoograniczająca się rewolucja”. Niektórzy autorzy łączą rewolucyjność Solidarności z pozbawionym przemocy repertuarem kontestacji ruchu, co wyraża się w takich pojęciach jak „rewolucja bez przemocy”, „rewolucja pokojowa” czy „polska bezkrwawa rewolucja”. Fraza „rewolucja” pojawia się również ze stosownym przymiotnikiem, akcentującym podstawę klasową czy wartości ruchu. W tej konwencji Solidarność jest np. rewolucją „robotniczą” lub „republikańską”. Pomimo częstej praktyki nazywania Solidarności rewolucją, tylko nieliczni badacze podejmowali się próby uzasadnienia „rewolucyjności” ruchu. Większość z nich ignorowała w tym kontekście długą tradycję refleksji teoretycznej nad rewolucją w ramach socjologii historycznej. Autor dokonuje przeglądu literatury przedmiotu w której Solidarność jest traktowana jako rewolucja. Wskazuje na główne sposoby definiowania rewolucji i cechy sine qua non tego zjawiska. Argumentuje, że stosowanie w odniesieniu do Solidarności terminu „rewolucja” jest nadużyciem i nie znajduje uzasadnienia w świetle teorii rewolucji.
Artykuł przedstawia analizę jakościową protestów rolniczych w Polsce w latach 1989–2014. Analiza ta odnosi się do tych cech protestów, które manifestowały się w sferze kulturowej. Przyjęta dla prowadzonych rozważań perspektywa teoretyczna zogniskowana jest przede wszystkim wokół teorii nowych ruchów społecznych, a w szczególności teorii ramifikacji znaczeń. Zarówno w jej wersji podstawowej, zaproponowanej przez Davida A. Snowa i Roberta D. Benforda, jak również przez późniejszych autorów, którzy rozwijali ten nurt teoretyczny w badaniach nad rolniczymi ruchami społecznymi, jak i nad obszarami wiejskimi. Eksplorację przeprowadzono na podstawie materiału empirycznego zgromadzonego metodą analizy wydarzeń protestacyjnych. W jej rezultacie sformułowano następujące wnioski: po pierwsze, rolnicy w trakcie swoich działań kontestacyjnych odwoływali się do trzech ram podstawowych (narodowej, religijnej i chłopskiej); po drugie, element uzupełniający stanowiły tu ramy znaczeniowe wypracowywane na podstawie relacji protestujących z otoczeniem instytucjonalnym, społecznym i ekonomicznym; po trzecie, dynamika zmian ram znaczeniowych ukierunkowana była na eliminowanie przez kontestatorów w kolejnych okresach tych ram, które nawiązywały do wymiaru religijno-patriotycznego oraz etosu chłopskiego; po czwarte, ciągłość historyczną zachowała podstawowa rama interpretacyjna nawiązująca do symboliki narodowej, jak również coraz większą rolę odgrywać zaczęły ramy nawiązujące do aktualnego położenia tej kategorii społecznej; po piąte, na tej podstawie możliwe jest stwierdzenie, że dynamika ram znaczeniowych, którymi posługiwali i posługują się rolnicy, stanowi w dużym stopniu odzwierciedlenie zmian świadomościowych i ekonomicznych, które dotykają tę kategorię społeczną.
EN
The paper describes a qualitative analysis of farmers’ protests in Poland over the last 25 years. The analysis concerns the features of protests that manifest themselves in the cultural sphere. The theoretical perspective, adopted by the author, is primarily oriented towards the theory of new social movements and, in particular, the framing theory proposed, in its basic version, by David A. Snow and Robert D. Benford, as well as by later authors who developed the current theoretical research on farmers’ social movements and, more generally, on rural areas. The exploration was conducted on the basis of empirical material gathered in the course of protest events analysis. As a result, the following conclusions have been made: Firstly, the farmers in the course of their contestation refer to three fundamental frameworks: national, religious and peasants’; secondly, a complementary element are the frameworks developed on the basis of relationships between protesters and institutional, social, and economic environment; thirdly, the dynamics of the changes of frames in subsequent periods was focused on the elimination by the contestants of the frames that alluded to the dimension of religious-patriotic and peasants’ ethos; fourthly, the master frame, which referred to national symbols, retained historical continuity and the frame referring to the current position of this social category started to play an increasing role; fifthly, on this basis, the dynamics of the frameworks used by the farmers is reflected in the economic and mental changes relevant to this social category.
Tekst jest próbą analizy roli Kongresu Kobiet Polskich, który odbył się w 2009 i 2010 roku, zwłaszcza jako ważnego wydarzenia na drodze budowy ruchu kobiecego w Polsce. Próbuje się w nim podsumować 20 lat aktywności kobiecej i feministycznej z perspektywy socjologicznej koncepcji ruchu społecznego. Opierając się na podejściu Ewy Malinowskiej, wykorzystuje się w nim teoretyczną koncepcję Alaina Touraina, a wyniki badań Malinowskiej , porównujące ruchy kobiece w Polsce i Europie, stanowią punkt wyjścia. Porównanie miedzy latami 2009/2010 a poprzednią dekadą, która była przedmiotem badań Malinowskiej, z jednej strony wskazuje na pojawienie się nowych zjawisk społecznych, z drugiej – uzupełnia obraz przedstawiony przez tę autorkę. To, co różniło Polskę od zachodniej Europy 10 lat temu była obecność tam i nieobecność tu demokracji parytetowej. Idea parytetu, choć obecna w teoretycznych dyskursie feministycznym, została nagłośniona, spopularyzowana i wprowadzona w życie dopiero przez Kongres Kobiet, który to jest przedmiotem niniejszej analizy. Kongres może być postrzegany jako przekraczający ograniczenia dotychczasowego ruchu kobiecego, dodając mu trzeci niezbędny zdaniem Touraina element, nieobecnego od ponad dziesięciolecia adwersarza. Kongres Kobiet i jego oddziaływanie społeczne można też analizować z innych od Tourainowskiej perspektyw teoretycznych, na przykład jako przykład sieciowych relacji społeczeństwa sieci w ujęciu Manuela Castellsa.
EN
The article tries to analyze the role of Polish Women’s Congress in 2009 and 2010 as important step in development or revitalization of women or feminist movement in Poland. It summarizes 20 years of women and feminist activities in Poland in a view of sociological concept of a social movement. Following former study conducted by Ewa Malinowska, it adapts theoretical framework of Alain Tourain, and bases on Malinowska’s research results, concerning both European and Polish women movements. Comparison between 2009/2010 and previous decade, analyzed by Malinowska, on one hand brings new social phenomena into the light, on the other completes and fulfills the portrayal of the movement with elements predicted by Malinowska. Such additional element, invisible ten years ago in Poland, and present in western Europe, was parity democracy. The idea of parity democracy, however having been present earlier in feminist thought, was popularized only recently by Polish Women’s Congress, the subject of and reason for the analysis. The congress may be viewed as less imperfect embodiment of women’s social movement than the other activities, as it made both community and collective activity under the same banner, without the third element of Touraine’s definition of social movement: an opponent. The phenomenon of the Congress and its effect onto society might be also studied from other theoretical perspective, given by Manuel Castells: of social movement as a network as a new form of social organization.
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