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EN
Henryk Oskar Kolberg (1814–1890), a musician, composer, the greatest Polish ethnographer and one of the fathers of European ethnomusicology, collected over 20,000 folk songs, dances, and instrumental melodies from the territory of today’s Poland, Belarus, Ukraine and other Slavic countries. The musical culture of the Hutsuls was an object of Oskar Kolberg’s interest in the late 1870s and early 1880s. The research material related to this region was collected by Kolberg, similarly as in other regions, from two different types of sources. The core of his work consisted of field notes written down during his few trips to that region. Another way of collecting information for Kolberg’s publication included an extensive study of already published resources – historical and ethnographical works, collections of songs, short articles, etc. Kolberg’s study of the musical culture of the Hutsuls is a very valuable source for the history of the culture of this part of Europe.
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EN
The article promotes the argument that anthropological or ethnological knowledge is primarily produced through ethnographies that present fieldwork experience. As publications that appear after returning home, they provide the social sciences with the most recent information about the present reality. Moreover, that is where we can find new methodological approaches and new theoretical concepts. Our contemporary experience in such a fast-changing world shows the uselessness of the formerly applied analytical notions, forcing us to search for a new form of description and new interpretative categories. The article is actually a survey of the best known fieldwork monographs presented through theories, schools and trends in cultural and social anthropology that have been constituted or overcome by these very monographs, which are milestones in over a century of ethnological/anthropological research. As the last ones are from the 21st century, they present not only the newest research results, but also the most up-to-date methodologies.
EN
This article concerns a fragment of research interests of the ethnographer from Lodz – professor Jaworska. In fact, Jaworska neither created the methodological theory of doing an ethnographical field research in a rural socio-cultural context nor the special theory connected with rural study, despite the fact that the most important area for her (in terms of science as well as her personal interests) were the Carpathian villages and the type of pastoral economy. The author of the text analyzes the letters of Jaworska written over 40 years, which reflect Jaworska’s attitude to her mountain field work carried out there as well as to the area itself.
PL
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EN
This article focuses on personal experience of fieldwork in the Basque Country. The author reflects on the linguistic and political dimensions of her research, on the relationship between the researcher and research participants, and on the emotional challenges of ethnographic fieldwork, with particular focus on the impact of motherhood on such research. Emphasizing the importance of autoethnography, the author also points out a variety of approaches to the research process and ways of presenting research results.
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PL
Artykuł dotyczy kwestii uwspólnienia procesu tworzenia tekstowego opracowania wyników badań etnograficznych prowadzonych przez zespół badawczy. Autorzy omawiają doświadczenie wspólnego działania w dwóch projektach terenowych – pierwszy poświęcony był pamięci o stacjonowaniu wojsk radzieckich w Legnicy, drugi spotkaniom rocznicowym organizowanym w Prywatnym Muzeum Ludowego Wojska Polskiego i Pamiątek po Armii Radzieckiej im. gen. Ludwika Polańskiego prowadzonym przez Michała Sabadacha, które znajduje się w Uniejowicach koło Złotoryi (ok. 30 km od Legnicy). Wynikiem tego pierwszego, realizowanego w ramach grantu NCN Legnica – pamięć podzielonego miasta, było powstanie zespołu Spółdzielni Etnograficznej. Jedną z manifestacji wspólnotowości badań jest omawiany w artykule dziennik terenowy, będący zarazem zapisem doświadczenia terenowego jak i rodzajem gry między badaczami. Eksploracja imprez rocznicowych w Uniejowicach od początku była doświadczeniem wspólnotowym. Autorzy artykułu wskazują, jak wpływało to na generowanie wiedzy i koncepcji interpretacyjnych. W efekcie badacze Spółdzielni zdecydowali się na pisanie monografii o rozmytym autorstwie, posługując się metodami współtworzenia tekstów on line. Dynamika tego procesu i trudności, jakie napotkał zespół, stanowią temat ostatniej partii artykułu.
EN
The article concerns the mutualization of the textual creation of the outcome of ethnographic research conducted by a team. The authors discuss the experience of joint activity in the course of two field projects – the first about the Soviet army stationed in Legnica, and the second, conducted by Michał Sabadach, about anniversary meetings organised by the General Ludwik Polański Private Museum of the Polish People’s Army and Soviet Army Mementoes situated in Uniejowice near Złotoryja (ca. 30 kms from Legnica). The outcome of the first project, realised as part of a National Science Centre grant: Legnica – memory of a divided town, was the creation of an Ethnographic Cooperative. One of the manifestations of the communality of the studies is the field diary, discussed in the article, a record of field experiences and, simultaneously, a game of sorts conducted by the researchers. From the very onset the exploration of the anniversary events held in Uniejowice was such a communal experience. The authors of the article indicate the manner in which it affected the process of generating knowledge and interpretation conceptions. Consequently, the Cooperative researchers decided to write a monograph with a vague authorship, while using methods of creating online texts. The dynamics of this process and the obstacles encountered by the team are the topic of the last part of the article.
EN
The 360-degree camera is a relatively new technology that might become an effective tool for the development of students and teachers and overall educational improvement. As “normal” video provides a maximum 130-degree perspective, it could not offer a complex capture of education. This paper presents a way to use a 360-degree camera during two different modes of trainee teachers’ fieldwork and proposes how to evaluate this form of education in terms of teacher-student-environment interactions by identifying the occurrence and duration of each type of interaction. It is evident that the type and intensity of interactions affect fieldwork significantly and may lead to different depths of learning.
PL
At the time of postmodern deconstruction in thinking about aesthetic education, the concept of prof. Irena Wojnar on the integration of art with daily life is still valid. In the 1980s and 1990s, the legitimacy of prof. Wojnar’s theory were our studies of amateur artistic teams from youth vocational schools in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Lublin, Kraków, Andrychów, Koronowo, Kołobrzeg. Despite various profiles of the schools such as: mining, metallurgy, medicine, gastronomy, railway, amateur creativity was developed within the three following stages: (1) social meetings functioning instrumentally; (2) workshops enhancing the autonomy of art; (3) formation of a lifestyle that shapes the hierarchy of values. The integration of art with daily life is not limited to the past: Młodzi i teatr (‘Youth and the Theatre’) report prepared by the Malta Festival Foundation in Poznań (2013) shows its usefulness in the educational practice. Together with defining the typology of audience and the conditions for dissemination of the theatre, it emphasises the need for a broader cultural participation in the debate on art creation within the new social environment.
PL
At the time of postmodern deconstruction in thinking about aesthetic education, the concept of prof. Irena Wojnar on the integration of art with daily life is still valid. In the 1980s and 1990s, the legitimacy of prof. Wojnar’s theory were our studies of amateur artistic teams from youth vocational schools in Gorzów Wielkopolski, Lublin, Kraków, Andrychów, Koronowo, Kołobrzeg. Despite various profiles of the schools such as: mining, metallurgy, medicine, gastronomy, railway, amateur creativity was developed within the three following stages: (1) social meetings functioning instrumentally; (2) workshops enhancing the autonomy of art; (3) formation of a lifestyle that shapes the hierarchy of values. The integration of art with daily life is not limited to the past: Młodzi i teatr (‘Youth and the Theatre’) report prepared by the Malta Festival Foundation in Poznań (2013) shows its usefulness in the educational practice. Together with defining the typology of audience and the conditions for dissemination of the theatre, it emphasises the need for a broader cultural participation in the debate on art creation within the new social environment.
EN
Scientific research and student education aimed at preparing students to practice their profession under the conditions of civilization and technological changes play a special role in geography teaching. It is important to be aware of the impact of key competences which are necessary for every person to function in the modern world and are needed for self-fulfilment, personal development, social integration, flexible adaptation to any changes and which determine the success in adult life. Proper development of such skills contributes to the correct interpretation of natural and socio-economic phenomena and processes. The aim of the article is to present and discuss research work and teaching activities pursued by the Department of Geography Didactics and Ecological Education at the Faculty of Geographical and Geological Sciences of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, aimed at the use by students of various educational concepts and the resulting key competences necessary for their future work. Students also have the opportunity to develop soft competences, such as communication, courage of expression, self-esteem or responsibility for the group, to which employers have paid special attention in recent years. Therefore, comprehensive preparation of the student requires the implementation of specific educational concepts. The most important ones include bilingual education; CLIL, inquiry based science education (IBSE), project method, fieldwork, geographical educational trails, participation, as well as the use of geoinformation technologies, GIS and ICT.
Mäetagused
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2023
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vol. 85
43-60
EN
To study the childbirth customs and stories of Siberian Estonians, I used conversations and interviews conducted in various Siberian Estonian communities during the fieldwork of the Estonian Folklore Archives between 1991 and 2013, as well as the memories of Estonians who had been born in the Estonian settlements in Siberia and repatriated during or after the Second World War. As information related to childbirth customs is very much a private matter, the collection of such material during fieldwork in Siberia was somewhat limited due to short time and the guest status of the collectors. Women born in the 1910s–1930s who had experience of giving birth at home were more likely to share information. Siberian Estonians, who were born and raised in village communities with a rich heritage, share both personal and community experiences in their childbirth stories. Although the triumph of state medicine, with its small hospitals, had reached Siberian villages after the end of the Second World War, the initially trained medical professionals were met with mistrust and alienation. Village midwives were still respected, and villages adhered to many of the old beliefs about childbirth, as childbirth was controlled by the village community. Over time, giving birth under the supervision of hospital-trained medical staff became the norm. So, the need for village midwives has disappeared, and some of the traditions and customs associated with childbirth have been forgotten. At the same time, traditions related to the pre-pregnancy period and some childbirth stories helping to raise community awareness have remained very much alive.
EN
The article is based on materials collected during fieldwork focusing on mapping place lore objects, including natural holy places, as well as the author’s personal experience. The main focus lies on so-called silent places with scant data in the archives, and also the places difficult to identify in today’s landscape without a local guide. The oldest lore narratives were written down about one and a half centuries ago. Since then landscapes have been extensively rearranged, which has brought about changes in people’s way of life, their recollections of place lore narratives, and the appearance of lore places, sometimes also in their names. Northern and western Estonian hiis (holy grove) lore, for example, manifests fragmentariness and fast fading during the Soviet period. Researchers fulfilling their primary assignment within fieldwork can find themselves in rather wild conditions and therefore the romance that is perceived while reading older holy place lore tends to fade away quickly in reality. The article emphasises that meaningful places speak, first and foremost, through people; most regions have had their own key persons with a sense of mission, thanks to whom we have archival data in the first place. The author highlights the problems of today’s fieldwork, for example, difficulties in finding a well-informed guide, as consistent lore information with its carriers has often shifted away from the vicinity of the historical object and has to be searched for somewhere else. It is not seldom that links between narratives and places cannot be established anymore, as the object has been destroyed, the initial data are too scarce, or the connecting link or the person who has information is missing. So a stone, a hillock, or a spring remains silent until new people come to create new connections. On the other hand, if we interpret archival lore and old maps sensibly and competently, these silent places can sometimes be turned into eloquent ones again. But do today’s people still understand what they are saying? In any case, fieldwork results can be interesting both for guides and those establishing local identity.
EN
In this article, I elaborate on some ethical and methodological doubts that have emerged in the course of my ethnographic fieldwork. They relate to the process of constructing the field, moments of collective experimentation, and the process of developing long-term relationships between the ethnographer and his or her interlocutors. I show how the stage of constructing the field may be uncertain and contingent, yet at the same time crucial for understanding the studied phenomena. I then explain how some forms of closeness and friendship in the field may be also transform into common social and artistic projects. Finally, I reflect on deeper ethical tensions related to authorship and authorization during the writing-up stage of research. I argue that some forms of collaboration in the field lead both towards a form of shared authorship and to the necessity to make our interlocutors’ identity anonymous and invisible.
EN
The aim of this anthropological essay is to present the emotional and intellectual processes accompanying me over the years of field research among the Bolivian Moré, who belong to the Chapacura language family. The narrative structure is twofold: addressing both topics and issues that motivated me intellectually to do the research, and the attitudes of Moré themselves, as well as conceptual categories around which their narratives seem to focus. Some passages of this essay take a more analytical form, as I focus on the impor- tance of unpredictable events, the context, and the transformation of field experience over time during the research process. I conclude that both sides of the fieldwork encounter face the task of getting to know the Other. Each gets to know the Other in a particular way through conceptual categories and ways of acting that result from their current way of being in the world.
EN
The subject of the present article is a reflection on the epistemological value of ethnographic materials collected by ethnologists in academic archives, especially during the period of the People’s Republic of Poland. The author disagrees with Filip Wróblewski, who, in one of his articles, radically criticises not only the scientific value of the aforementioned archives, but more broadly the activities of the researchers themselves at that time. Therefore, from the large catalogue of problems that emerge from reflection on these archives, the author first focuses on the possibilities of using these materials in current research, including attempts at re-contextualisation, as well as the ethical issues related to today’s archival methods and access rules.
EN
The article gives an overview of the achievements in Belarusian folkloristics in the 21st century, highlighting the most vulnerable areas in folklore research, and trying to understand the reasons and prerequisites for successes and shortcomings in folkloristics. The author is especially concerned about the shortage of professionals in the country to block the non-scientific publications. Although entertainment-specialised publications offer the reader exiting mythology, they also contain unsubstantiated generalisations made on the basis of traditions in a narrow region. This makes detailed research into folklore as a complete historical and cultural phenomenon the more essential. Therefore, Belarusian folklorists’ most important direction of work is the recording of the folk heritage, identification of the typology of the folklore genres, determination of the spread areas of song melodies, dances, plots, motifs, and images, and preparation of collections revealing the richness of the cultural landscape of the Republic of Belarus in its regional and local peculiarities. In 2013 the Centre of Fine Arts, Ethnography, and Folklore at the Belarusian Academy of Sciences launched an annual collection of scholarly articles under the heading Belarusian Folklore: Materials and Studies. The edition has already become a fruitful and interesting platform for discussing topical problems in folklore studies. The research covers the main directions of Belarusian folkloristics, and new approaches to study and understand the traditional world of Belarusian spiritual culture.
Lud
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2014
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vol. 98
157-180
EN
In his article the author reflects on the ways of thinking by some Polish anthropologists representing the younger generation of researchers and mainly addresses the way in which they approach fieldwork. The author uses materials collected during his study of Polish ethnographers and anthropologists conducted from 2010 to 2014. The author applies tools of analysis and set of concepts developed by cognitive linguistics. Primarily he uses George Lakoff’s and Mark Johnson’s theory of metaphor, which lets him map and show the scale of the impact of everyday thinking on reasoning and practice in anthropology. This influence increases because anthropologists conceptualize fieldwork using such categories as empathy, empathize, dialogue and face-to-face relation with informants and fieldwork participants. Based on the gathered data the author distinguishes three fundamental subdomains involving 1. the field and the contact, 2. the researcher, and 3. the meeting. Each subdomain comprises three conceptual metaphors: 1. field is ownership, contact is a test of power, contact is a deal; 2. researcher is an expert, researcher is a sinner, researcher is obliged; 3. meeting is the situation, meeting is the task, meeting is a union. These metaphors not only constitute a model of selected aspects of anthropologists’ professional way of thinking, but also, indirectly, as preconceptions and hidden presuppositions influence researchers’ attitudes in the field, their results and the form of anthropological knowledge.
EN
In this article we analyse factors that help interpret silence and speaking in different cultures. Economic activities and lifestyle related to natural conditions as well as beliefs are crucial here. In terms of speaking and silence, a relatively good distinction can be made between peoples traditionally engaged in hunting-gathering and agriculture, and the modern Western code of communication that has developed from the latter. The modern code does not tolerate silence and non-speaking very well, considering it either as expression of impoliteness, stupidity or lack of sincerity. For indigenous peoples silence clearly has a magical function in order not to be threatened by ambivalent animistic agents. This also explains the greater carefulness of indigenous peoples in expressing their emotions. For the same reason, in animistic cultures, which are not so human-centred, the usual communication situations (meetings, departures, making compliments) and the corresponding speech acts are very diffuse, minimalist or non-existent. In (monotheistic) agricultural cultures the sphere of spirit beings has generally been demonized, and the norm of silent behaviour that reflects it has become incomprehensible or interpreted as inappropriate. The Veps living in north-western Russia have been in close contact with Russian peasant culture for more than 1,000 years. The relatively emotional and speech-oriented Russian culture has undoubtedly had an impact on the Veps. On the other hand, the Finno-Ugric animistic norm and the corresponding tendency to speak less or remain silent can be perceived. It also seems that from Russians the Veps have acquired speech acts used at meetings and departures – greetings, farewells, blessings, formulas that close and delimit situations, and so on. The corresponding words and phrases taken from Russian also refer to borrowing. Because of the Russian influence the interpersonal relations of the Veps are not that diffuse as those of the non-agricultural indigenous peoples. Nevertheless, as the forest and beliefs related to it are still very central in Vepsian folk life, the Veps are very careful in their ways of speaking because of the animistic spirits around, which very much determines their behaviour in general. In the fieldwork situations we have noticed that silence/speaking significantly depends also on the social role and profession of the informant. There exist also situations that require silence (for example eating, certain works related to starting of something, getting on the road). Our experiences show that silence may arise also when issues related to death and the supernatural sphere are touched upon.
EN
The article presents the results of the social-anthropological field research realized in the town of Tachov and several adjacent villages (especially Lesná, Mýto). It focuses on the mapping of the so called small history, identified through the biographical method, that is, stories related to the lives of the interviewed persons. It analyzes the situation during and after the return migration and final settlement of the region, as it is presented in the memories of the participants of the provesses of settlement, as well as their descendants. The article is structured into several blocks according to the priorities of the narratives, ascertained during the field research. These priorities are: memories of the industry of the pre-war era, the theme of return migrants and settlers, their integration and mutual relations with other ethnic groups. At the same time, it was possible to create an image of the spontaneous tale-telling repertoire. The main purpose of the research was to follow-up with the researches of the region realized in the 1970s and 1980s and to supplement them with new data.
EN
Transport and communication are phenomena which are based on significant human needs and which play a serious role in human life. The theme was also accepted in the course of research conducted for the needs of the Polish Ethnographic Atlas. Fieldwork made it possible to gather large source materials which were analysed using the ethnographical method. The display of information gained from memories registered on the maps of ethnographic fragments created (re)constructions of the former reality. (Re)constructions that did not take into account the context of common or individual involvement of the users. Such a picture of the past does not make a multi-dimensional view of the phenomena concerned. The application of new interpreting methods offers new knowledge to the researchers.
Lud
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2014
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vol. 98
17-40
EN
The article, comprising four sections, presents Oskar Kolberg, a Polish ethnographer and folklorist, and his work. The first section is devoted to the ethnographer’s early work and to the results of his lifelong research, namely a twenty-three-volume monograph entitled Lud, jego zwyczaje, sposób życia, mowa, podania, przysłowia, obrzędy, gusła, zabawy, pieśni muzyka i tańce (Folk: Their Customs, Way of Life, Language, Legends, Proverbs, Rituals, Spells, Games, Songs, Music and Dances) and a nine-volume series entitled Obrazy etnograficzne (Ethnographic Pictures). The second section presents the methodology that Kolberg used to collect his data, including his own research, materials received from other researchers and data gathered as the result of contests organised by various scientific societies around the country. The third section describes the methods used by Kolberg to organise the materials. Kolberg aimed to create an overall ethnographic description of Poland with a division into the so-called provinces. Additionally, Kolberg differentiated and described ethnographic groups, including their ethnonyms, which are still recognised and used today. The fourth section presents the scope of his monographs, which have become the standard for this type of ethnographic work. The article also reflects upon the challenges that Kolberg’s work presents for the contemporary reader.
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