Search results - CEJSH

1

Ocena zgodności z Konstytucją RP przepisów ustawy o planowaniu rodziny, ochronie płodu ludzkiego i warunkach dopuszczalności przerywania ciąży

100%

Gromek Z.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2021

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issue 1(69)

247-287

EN

The request of a group of Deputies concerned the assessment of the constitutionality of the provisions of the act, according to which the termination of pregnancy may be performed by a doctor in the event when prenatal tests or other medical conditions indicate a high probability of severe and irreversible fetal impairment or an incurable life-threatening disease; in this case, termination of pregnancy is permissible until the moment of fetus becoming able to live independently outside of the pregnant woman’s body. In the position of the Sejm, it was requested that this provision be declared inconsistent with Article 38 of the Constitution in connection with the principle of specificity of legal provisions, derived from Article 2, Article 30, Article 31 para 3 and Article 32 para 1 of the Constitution.

2

Pojem osoby v diskusi o etice potratů

100%

Jirsa J.

Filosofický časopis (Philosophical Journal)

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2014

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vol. 62

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issue 6

831-846

EN

Much of the recent debate over the moral permissibility of abortion focuses on the question of whether the foetus is or is not a person, i.e. the only entity endowed with moral rights including the right to life. The article traces this line of thought in several key figures in the debate (Thomson, Tooley, Warren and Brody). However, I consider this way of argumentation as both inappropriate and misleading; in the second half of the article I offer arguments against using the concept of person in this debate.

3

Abortions in Russia before and after the fall of the Soviet Union

100%

Wites T., Mikulska M.

Miscellanea Geographica. Regional Studies on Development

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2004

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vol. 11

217-228

EN

The initial section of the article elaborates on diverse attitudes towards abortion, and specifies the number of abortions performed before and after the fall of the Soviet Union. The following section presents spatial characteristic of the performed abortions against the largest Russian administrative units. Regional conditioning has been analysed based on the number of abortions per 100 labours and number of abortions among women in labour age (between 15 and 49 years of age). The article also discusses the activity of non-governmental women organisations which aim at providing medical information and participate in the family planning initiatives. Finally, the article presents the rules and conditions of allowing to perform abortion and significant changes in Russian legislation on that issue.

4

Parliamentary Parties and the Anti-Abortion Laws in Poland (1991–2019)

100%

Kowalczyk K.

Polish Political Science Yearbook

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2021

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issue 2 (50)

27-35

EN

This article aims to analyze the approach of Polish parliamentary parties to the anti-abortion legislation in 1991-2019 on the level of their ideological programmes. Classification of political parties concerning their ideological families has been proposed. Next, the article presents a typology based on the party’s attitude to the discussed problem, distinguishing the following categories of parties: the proponents of apportioning, the opponents of abortion, heterogeneous parties, and parties that do not express an opinion on this issue.

5

Kazus Alecka Bourne’a a konstytucyjne zasady ochrony życia i zdrowia

100%

Szudejko P.

Studia Prawa Publicznego

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2021

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vol. 2

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issue 34

87-105

EN

The article presents the case of Dr. Aleck Bourne, which the author proposes to include in the catalog of borderline cases constituting the basis for in-depth discussions on ethical and legal aspects of human life with regard to the development of biology and medicine. The starting point is the presentation of the worldwide models for regulating the practice of abortion as well as the Polish regulation, together with a discussion on the role of the Constitutional Tribunal in shaping current legal provisions. The author notes that the interpretation of the right to life adopted by the Tribunal encourages the repeal of the indication model and the introduction of a complete ban on abortion, which will have significant consequences for ordinary legislation. Apart from describing the facts in the Bourne case, the strategy adopted by the defense and the sentence itself, the possible further areas of considerations regarding the limits of permissibility of termination of pregnancy have been signaled. Then, the conclusions resulting from legal analysis of the case were transferred to the exegesis of the constitutional principles of the right to life and the right to healthcare. Their constitutional form, interpretation resulting from the rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal and the ordinary legislation have been presented. The author indicates the main terminological deficiencies identified in this respect: the lack of any definition of the beginning of a human being, the existence of two separate criteria for determining death, which could lead to different results and the lack of an unambiguous definition of disease adopted by the legislator. Based on the concepts presented in the case, the right to healthcare has been defined as a legal right resulting from the right to life. The final thesis is that there are no grounds for hierarchizing these rights, as they are intertwined in content and function.

6

Opinia prawna na temat klauzuli sumienia lekarzy, farmaceutów oraz pielęgniarek w prawie włoskim

100%

Waszczuk‑Napiórkowska J.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2012

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issue 3(35)

257-268

EN

The object of this paper is to provide an opinion on the regulation of conscience clause in relation to doctors, nurses and pharmacists under Italian law. The opinion was based on the legislative texts available on the websites of the Italian government and the Ministry of Health. Conscience clause is governed by Article 9 of Legge 22 maggio 1978, Norme per la tutela sociale della maternità e sull’interruzione volontaria della gravidanza (Legge 194/1978), under which a doctor or nurse may re‑ 194/1978), under which a doctor or nurse may refuse to provide and participate in carrying out abortions, should they submit a statement – subject to Article 5(3). Conscience clause is governed by Article 16 of Legge 19 febbraio 2004, n.40 standard in materia di procreazione medicalmente assistita (Law 40/2004), under which a doctor or nurse may refuse to participate in medical procedures and assisted conception treatments.

7

Judgement of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal of 22 October 2020 (K 1/20) on Eugenic Abortion

100%

Wiak K.

Teka Komisji Prawniczej

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2021

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vol. 14

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issue 2

491-501

EN

The paper discusses the judgement of the Constitutional Tribunal of the Republic of Poland, given on 22 October 2020 (K 1/20) concerning eugenic abortion. The Constitutional Tribunal adjudicated that legal provisions permitting termination of pregnancy on the basis of “a high probability of the foetus’s severe and irreversible impairment” or of “the foetus’s life-threatening incurable illness” are inconsistent with the Constitution of the Republic of Poland. The result of the ruling is a ban on eugenic abortion and, consequently, a wider scope of protection of human life in the prenatal period.

8

Kaśka Kariatyda już tu nie mieszka. Temat niechcianej ciąży i aborcji w nowej prozie kobiet

100%

Nowacki D.

Postscriptum Polonistyczne

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2017

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issue 2 (20) Oblicza kobiecości

85-101

EN

The article discusses the literary representations of the experience of unwanted pregnancy and abortion in new women’s prose. The author of the article refers to the novels published between 2003 and 2016. He considers the previously conducted research on the same subject (especially that of Agnieszka Mrozik). However, he concentrates mainly on the prose created in the last few years. He is above all interested in changes regarding the problem of unwanted pregnancy and abortion that occurred after 1989. When writing about this aspect of female experience has appeared in new prose, it is usually about the past and used to question the morality of the Polish People’s Republic. Recently the problem of unwanted pregnancy seems to be non‑existent as all issues pertaining to maternity are solved in a similar way: despite initial hesitations the heroines of the novels decide to have babies and never regret their choice. In this context Aleksandra Zielińska’s novel Przypadek Alicji (The case of Alice) seems to be especially interesting. Considerations concerning this novel appear in the final part of the article.

9

Kiedy cnota staje się maską tyranii, czyli jeszcze kilka uwag o rozstrzygnięciu Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie K 1/20

100%

Niżnik-Mucha A.

Constitutional Review

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2023

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issue 4

55-77

EN

In its judgment of 22.10.2020 (K 1/20), the Constitutional Court ruled out the possibility of aborting a pregnancy due to the occurrence of a so-called embryopathological premise. It deprived women of the possibility to make an autonomous decision in the case of severe and irreversible disability or incurable disease of the fetus. The paper analyses the Court’s errors in, inter alia, establishing the constitutional status of the nasciturus, conducting the dignity argument or the proportionality test. The authoress shows that the judgment is political and ideological in nature and that the Court refers to the judgment in Case K 26/96 in a selective and manipulative manner. The text to some extent polemics with the theses of P. Łącki and B. Wróblewski presented in the paper on Niekonstytucyjność tzw. aborcji eugenicznej (embriopatologicznej). Schemat argumentacji Trybunału Konstytucyjnego w sprawie K 1/20 (Unconstitutionality of the so-called eugenic (embryopathological) abortion. The pattern of argumentation of the Constitutional Tribunal in Case K 1/20), which came out in the previous issue of the “Przegląd Konstytucyjny” quarterly.

10

Abortion and the Electoral Campaign in Poland AD 2023

100%

Bień-Kacała A.

Constitutional Review

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2024

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issue 1

121-138

EN

Two years after the abortion decision of the Polish Constitutional Tribunal and just after the mid-term election in the USA, there was a calculation that the abortion issue might play a pivotal role in the parliamentary election in Poland in the Fall of 2023. Analysis of the USA election showed that the Dobbs v Jackson Women’s Health Organization decision of the Supreme Court of June 2022 and discontent among voters on its result violating women’s rights significantly contributed to the electoral achievement of Democrats. On the eve of the electoral campaign in Poland, there was a hope that a similar trend might occur in the next election and might contribute to the loss of the majority of illiberal rulers. The paper focuses on using abortion arguments within the electoral campaign by competing political parties. The main question is, to what extent did the abortion issue influence the result of a general election in Poland in 2023 and the change of the ruling majority?

11

(Nie)dopuszczalne ograniczanie liczby potomstwa? Refleksja o aborcji w świadomości społecznej Polaków (na podstawie badań opinii publicznej)

100%

Gębka M.

Teologia i moralność

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2018

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vol. 13

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issue 2(24)

147-167

EN

Abstract: The "Humanae Vitae" Encyclical lists abortion among illicit means of regulating birth. Since 1993 abortion has been legal in Poland only in three instances: when the pregnancy is a result of criminal offense, when it poses risk to the life and health of the mother and when there is high probability of fetal defects. Public opinion polls conducted since the 1990s show that while Poles are against abortion „on demand” (and against using abortion as a method of regulating birth), they are inclined to accept abortion in the cases in which it is permitted by law (especially when the pregnancy results from a criminal act or when it poses a risk to the life or health of the mother).

PL

Streszczenie: Encyklika Humanae vitae wśród niedozwolonych form ograniczania liczby potomstwa wymienia m. in. aborcję. Od 1993 roku w Polsce aborcja jest legalna wyłącznie w 3 sytuacjach: ciąży będącej wynikiem czynu zabronionego, zagrożenia życia i/lub zdrowia matki, dużego prawdopodobieństwa wady/choroby płodu. Badania opinii publicznej (od lat dziewięćdziesiątych do chwili obecnej) pokazują, że o ile Polacy przeciwni są powszechnej dostępności aborcji (traktowania jej jako narzędzia kształtowania liczby potomstwa), o tyle skłonni są akceptować aborcję w sytuacjach dopuszczanych przez prawo (zwłaszcza w przypadku czynu zabronionego i zagrożenia życia/zdrowia matki).

12

Polityczny aspekt samostanowienia – muzyczny przekaz kobiet

100%

Sieńko P.

Heteroglossia. Studia Kulturoznawczo-Filologiczne

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2018

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issue 8

151-168

EN

The main purpose of suspicion by the developer is the analysis of two texts of culture, songs of Natalia Przybysz-sleep and Iron Vagina of the same title. The main thread of the two texts relates to the issue of abortion, while not only the themes of abortion is a reflection of the author. In this connection, that the artist wondering, indicate and highlight system, legal drama women’s oppression, the author made the reflection on the method of comparatistic and found it to be the most effective. Therefore, this section describes and demonstrates how it can be combined with research on the texts involved.

13

Interruption of pregnancy in Russia – medical, social and legal problems

100%

Klimatckaia L. G., Dolgolenko T. V.

Puls Uczelni

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2016

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issue 2

32-36

EN

The article deals with the problem of abortion. The authors consider the related medical, social and legal responsibility in Russia. Despite a decrease in the number of performed abortions, as it is noted in the “Concept of the state family policy in Russia till 2025”, interruption of pregnancy is one of the factors which influence the birth rate and reproductive health of women in a negative way. Analyses of the main Russian legal acts show directions of the state policy aiming at increasing the birth rate and strengthening the institution of family. Russia is one of the countries, where abortion is legally performed not only upon medical and social indications, but also at the request from a pregnant woman, irrespective of indications. Abortion is carried out at the following pregnancy lengths: at the request of the woman – until the 12th week, due to social indications – until the 22nd week, and in the presence of medical indications and consent of the woman – irrespective of the length of pregnancy. Illegal carrying out artificial interruption of pregnancy entails administrative or criminal liability. The term “abortion” functions in the medical and legal understanding. From the legal point of view “abortion” is equal to “artificial interruption of pregnancy” and is characterized by complete removal of the fetus from uterus with the use of medications or by means of a surgical intervention. There is a necessity of emergence of administrative responsibility for violation of requirements of the legislation in the sphere of health protection when carrying out artificial interruption of pregnancy. However, to increase the birth rate and strengthen the Russian family, it is necessary to consider extensive legislative experience of the pre-revolutionary and Soviet periods. The authors support the view that medical, criminal and legal means should be used to protect human life from the moment of conception and that the idea of protecting human life should be instilled more firmly in Russian society’s consciousness.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy problemu aborcji i odpowiedzialności medycznej, socjalnej i prawnej w społeczeństwie rosyjskim. Pomimo spadku liczby aborcji, jak zauważono w „Koncepcji państwowej polityki rodzinnej w Rosji do 2025 roku”, przerwanie ciąży jest jednym z czynników negatywnie wpływających na wskaźnik urodzeń i poziom zdrowia reprodukcyjnego kobiet. Analiza głównych rosyjskich aktów prawnych w tej dziedzinie pokazuje kierunki działalności społeczeństwa i politykę państwa na rzecz zwiększenia liczby urodzeń oraz wzmocnienia instytucji rodziny. Rosja jest jednym z krajów, w których aborcja nie jest zakazana nie tylko ze względu na wskazania medyczne i społeczne, ale całkowicie zależy od woli i decyzji kobiety w ciąży. Aborcja jest przeprowadzana: na wniosek kobiety – do 12 tygodnia, w zależności od wskazań socjalno-społecznych – do 22 tygodnia i w zależności od wskazań medycznych i decyzji kobiety – w każdym terminie ciąży. Nielegalne przeprowadzenie sztucznego przerwania ciąży wiąże się z odpowiedzialnością administracyjną lub karną. Definicja „aborcji” może występować w rozumieniu medycznym i prawnym. Z prawnego punktu widzenia „aborcja” równa się „sztucznemu przerywaniu ciąży” i jest to całkowite usunięcie płodu przy pomocy leków lub metodą zabiegu chirurgicznego. Należy wprowadzić odpowiedzialność administracyjną za naruszenie wymagań ustawodawstwa w dziedzinie ochrony zdrowia podczas wykonywania sztucznego przerwania ciąży, jednak dla zwiększenia przyrostu naturalnego i wzmocnienia instytucji rodziny, konieczne jest rozważenie bogatego doświadczenia w tej dziedzinie w różnych okresach rozwoju kraju. Autorzy wspierają stanowisko, które powinno być realizowane w uzupełnieniu ochrony medycznej, prawnej i karnej ludzkiego życia od momentu poczęcia.

14

OWN EXPERIENCES OF ABORTION IN DESCRIPTIONS OF PEOPLE ASSOCIATED IN PRO-CHOICE GROUPS ON FACEBOOK IN POLAND

88%

KULETA K.

Society Register

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2020

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vol. 4

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issue 1

85-100

EN

A restrictive anti-abortion law is in force in Poland. However, many people terminate pregnancy in cases other than those specified in the Act. Public discourse on this subject is dominated by philosophical and legal issues, and it lacks the voices of those who terminated the pregnancy. Abortion is often presented as a sad necessity, as always difficult or traumatic. I conducted research on describing own abortion experiences by people from Facebook pro-choice groups. 99 respondents who had 102 abortions completed an anonymous online questionnaire. From the material of answers, I selected categories that were used to analyze the results of the study: positive emotions, negative emotions, pregnancy as a burden, good experience, difficulty experience, stigmatization, support. It turned out that the experiences of termination of pregnancy were diverse. Respondents, describing their experiences, discussed topics rarely present in the discourse, such as the fact that abortion can be a good experience.

15

The seven-year epidemiological study of legal abortion caused by heart disease, blood disorders, diabetes and hypertension as referred to forensic medicine centers in Fars Province

88%

Ghodrati F., Saadatmand N., Gholamzadeh S., Akbarzadeh M.

Family Medicine & Primary Care Review

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2019

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issue 1

23-29

EN

common risk factors for high risk pregnancies and spontaneous or therapeutic abortions. Objectives. To investigate the legal abortion caused by heart disease, blood disorders, diabetes and hypertension as referred to forensic medicine centers in Fars Province from 2007 to 2013. Material and methods. In a retrospective, cross-sectional study, samples consisted of all documents of people referred to forensic medicine centers in Shiraz since 2007 to 2013, comprising of 1664 files. Data collection tools included a demographic forum and the checklist of abortion causes. SPSS.16.0 was applied to analyze the data through descriptive statistical analysis. Results. The most frequent age group was 25–29 years at 31.5% (n = 522) and the lowest was over 40 years old at 4.15% (n = 70). The statistical report of the reasons for legal abortion permission were 19% (n = 63), 24.4% (n = 81), 10.54% (n = 35), and 8.13% (n = 27) due to heart problems, blood disorders, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus, respectively. Most frequent legal abortion permits by forensic medicine due to maternal causes were between the years of 2011–2012 at 17.8–28% (n = 59–93). The relationship between legal abortion permission at The Forensic Medicine Center at different years and maternal ages was statistically significant (p < 0.00001). Conclusions. The most common prevalent reason of abortion was Blood Disorder – 81 patients (24.4%) and heart disease – 63 cases (19%). It is essential that family education and prevention of repeated pregnancies be done with high-risk women. Also, initiation of pregnancy care at lower gestational age in identifying risky pregnancies and timely control of complications must also be undertaken

16

Improving Unjust Laws Without Inviting Unjust Plans: The Case of Abortion for Fetal Anomaly

88%

Watt H.

Logos i Ethos

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2020

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vol. 53

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issue 1

179-193

EN

Some laws cannot yet be entirely abrogated in a current political situation, though permitting grave injustices against some individuals; for example, unborn and/or disabled individuals. In supporting the passing of new ‘imperfect’ laws that protect only some of those who now lack protection, do we ourselves discriminate unjustly against those remaining unprotected? Or does that depend on factors such as our intentions – including what we intend that others intend? How may we collaborate with colleagues who intend, and perhaps explicitly defend, the continuation of remaining, closely-related injustices, although they are willing to join us in trying to improve some aspects of the status quo? This paper explores the moral constraints on our attempts to extend the law’s protection to some, but not to all, of those individuals currently deprived of such protection and at risk of serious harm.

17

Informacja prawna dotycząca klauzuli sumienia w zawodach medycznych w Niemczech

88%

Kościelny P.

Zeszyty Prawnicze BAS

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2012

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issue 3(35)

254-256

EN

This paper describes the rules for conscience clause applying to doctors and nurses in German law. German legal system provides the right to refuse to participate in carrying out abortions. It is available not only to doctors but also to those who might be involved in the abortion procedure as well. The legal system also provides the right to refuse to participate in treatment of embryos.

18

The Offence of Forced Miscarriage as Documented in the Polish State Archive in Suwałki (1921–1939)

88%

Dworas-Kulik J.

Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica

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2023

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vol. 22

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issue 1

573-592

EN

The Polish term spędzenie płodu (forced miscarriage), used in interwar Poland, meant an intentional termination of pregnancy, now referred to as abortion. Miscarriage was considered an abortion if it was purposely induced by an external factor leading to a preterm delivery, so-called artificial miscarriage, which was carried out with the woman’s consent and resulted in foetal death. The offence of forced miscarriage was regarded as related to murder of a person, so abortion regulations fell in the category of provisions concerning crimes against life. Conditions for the permissibility of terminating a pregnancy were not stipulated in the Russian penal legislation governing this criminal act, which was in force in interwar Poland; instead, the Tagancev Code applied by reference. The Polish Penal Code of 1932 went a step further as it took into account not only the state of absolute necessity, but also health issues in a wider context, which was confirmed by legal scholars in their commentaries. The protection of the mother’s life and health was not associated with the phase of foetal and pregnancy development, because the legislator did not determine the time limit for terminating pregnancy. It was assumed that forced miscarriage could apply to a newly born baby before it was detached from the mother’s organism – a baby that was unable to live independently. In this article, the legal-historical method was used to present a criminal-law analysis of the crime of forced miscarriage in the former Russian Partition, considering the rulings in such cases handed down in the Suwałki District. In the literature of the subject to date, no such a study can be found, which justifies this inquiry.

19

Attitudes towards life and death in Europe: a comparative analysis

88%

Bartolomé-Peral E., Coromina L.

Sociologický časopis. Czech Sociological Review

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2020

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vol. 56

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issue 6

835-862

EN

Fundamental aspects of human existence such as birth and death are at the core of our values and profoundly sensitive to our religious beliefs, our ideals as a society, and our opinions on the extent to which individuals may interfere in these basic life issues. This article analyses the factors that explain people's attitudes towards key beginning- and end-of-life issues. To do this, we first tracked variations across two points in time, and then looked at the effects of value orientations and socio-demographic factors in comparative perspective across countries. Based on previous literature, we consider justification for euthanasia, abortion, and in vitro fertilisation as a latent variable using European Value Study data from the 2008 and 2017 waves. Five European societies were analysed: Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic, and Russia. All the countries observed showed growing levels of justification for these practices, although significant differences were found in the value orientation effects and respondents´ background variables on attitudes towards life and death issues. In order to properly address comparability, multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across countries and across waves were conducted, and measurement invariance tested. From our analyses, we can conclude that age and religiosity, alongside other sociodemographic variables, are important explanatory factors in the justification of life and death issues in all the countries examined; however, value orientations show less conclusive effects on such attitudes.

20

Turning Religious Values into Law Through the Language of Human Rights: Legal Ethics and the Right to Life Under the European Convention on Human Rights

88%

Kirchner S.

Baltic Journal of Law & Politics

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2012

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vol. 5

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issue 1

70-98

EN

In a globalized world in which different cultures and religions intermingle and live in close proximity to one another, there are hardly any truly mono-religious states any more. At the same time mainstream politics has become significantly secularized in most of Europe. This has implications for the way the role of religiously motivated values are perceived in the context of making and interpreting legal rules. Seen from a specifically Catholic perspective, this article investigates whether it is morally licit to import (religiously motivated moral) values into law. Looking at the moral fundament of the European Convention of Human Rights and at the issue of the right to life of unborn children, the relationship between justice and faith is investigated.

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