Search results

1

Vesnice sedláků, hostů, nevolníků. K profilu venkova staršího středověku

100%

Žemlička J.

Historická geografie (Historical Geography)

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2021

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vol. 47

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issue 1

7-18

EN

We have lots of information about the look and forms of medieval villages, we know less about their social profile. As indicated by research, there were also villages where special citizen groups were concentrated in the Early Middle Ages, such as villages of peasants, serfs, fishermen, guests etc. (villae rusticorum, servorum, piscatorum, hospitorum).

2

Potřebujeme sociální a hospodářské dějiny středověku?

100%

Nodl M., Miller S.

Český časopis historický (The Czech Historical Review)

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2022

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vol. 120

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issue 2

409-426

EN

The polemically tuned discussion text reflects on the unfortunate situation of research on the social and economic history of the Middle Ages in contemporary Czech medievalism. It indicates the absence of an institutional background for research on socio-historical issues of the Middle Ages, provides a critical overview of the development of research in social and economic history of the Middle Ages from the 1930s to the present, points to the specificity of socio-historical approaches and considers the pitfalls of sociohistorical research and the reasons for the lack of interest of the younger generation of adepts of historical science in the social and economic history of the Middle Ages.

3

Mikołaj Kopernik wciąż tajemniczy? Obrazki z życia astronoma w przededniu 550. rocznicy urodzin

100%

Mikulski K.

Nauka

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2022

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issue 1

73-92

EN

This article is a summary of the author's research into the background, social environment and other elements of Nicolaus Copernicus' biography. The author draws attention to the genesis of the dispute over the astronomer's “nationality” and emphasises his nineteenth-century origins. The author points to the influence of the partitions of Poland on the one hand, and the rise of German nationalism on the other, as the main reasons for its emergence. He emphasises the fact of Copernicus' loyalty to the Polish king and, consequently, Copernicus' historically understood “Polishness”. The author discusses the history of the astronomer's home town - Toruń, its economic and political role in the 13–16th centuries and, in particular, the commercial confederation linking the city and its merchants with Western and Northern Europe, the lands of the Polish Kingdom, Upper Hungary (today's Slovakia) and Silesia. These links indicate the causes and directions of merchant migration that led to the appearance of the Copernicus family in Toruń. The author put forward a thesis on the Westphalian origin of the family of Nicolaus Copernicus' mother, Watzenrode. The family came from the village of Wazerath (in the 15th century Watzenrode), situated near the German- Belgian border. The Watzenrode family arrived in Toruń in the first half of the 14th century together with a wave of migrants from Westphalian towns with Soest and Dortmund at the head. Of the 8 great-grandmothers of Copernicus, 6 came from families directly descended from Westphalia, one from Ruthenia, and one from Livonia. The Watzenrode family belonged to the elite of Toruń's patricians - three of its members were local councillors and three jurors, and five of its representatives went on to study at university. There was a tradition in the family of striving to achieve high social prestige through a clerical career for its members, taken from John Abezier, and continued by the astronomer's uncle, Łukasz Watzenrode, both bishops of Warmia. The astronomer's father's family came from Silesia, not from the village of Koperniki, but from the town of Nysa. The surname “Copernicus” had a professional character, being connected with the mining or processing of copper. In Nysa the Koperniks were recorded in the bench book under the name “Kopersmed”, which was a translation of their Slavic surname into the official language of the books – German. Considered in earlier literature to be the astronomer's grandfather, John Copernicus was probably his father Andrew's cousin. However, he played a significant role in the life of the astronomer's family. It was probably thanks to Jan Nicolaus Copernicus that his father went from Nysa to Cracow for a merchant apprenticeship to Jan Sweidniczer, and later, thanks to the relationship with this merchant, he went to Prussia and settled in Toruń. Nicolaus Copernicus was not the youngest child in his family. This misconception was caused by the order in which the children of Nicolaus and Barbara Copernicus were listed in a genealogical table prepared by the Gdańsk writer Stanisław Bornbach. Earlier biographers of Copernicus considered this order to be chronological, whereas it was alphabetical. In contemporary sources Nicolaus appears twice before his brother Andrew (never in reverse order), which is sufficient evidence for the recognition of his seniority in relation to his brother. The astronomer was born in Toruń, but not in the tenement house at 15 Kopernik Street, where today there is a part of the museum devoted to him. This house belonged to the astronomer's family in the years 1458–1480, but probably already in 1468 they moved to the tenement house at 36 Rynek Staromiejski, half of which belonged to the Watzenrode family already at the end of the 14th century, and the other half was bought by the astronomer's father in 1468. Anna Schilling, hailed in literature as the “lady of the heart” of the astronomer approaching the end of his days, was most probably his cousin from Gdańsk. She was the daughter of Nicolaus Copernicus' cousin. She lived in Frombork as a widow, rather as a carer of her elderly and probably already ailing cousin. The question of Copernicus' place of rest in Frombork Cathedral is still open. The identification of his remains still raises some doubts among researchers, especially anthropologists and geneticists. Despite these reservations, the author concludes that our knowledge of Nicolaus Copernicus' background, youth and private life on the eve of his 550th birthday is much greater than it was even several decades after his death and only a few years ago.

4

"Droga ta była ciężka, lecz została stopniowo pokonana". Dzieje polityczne i społeczne Andrychowa w latach 1945-1950

100%

Matyjasik K.

Wadoviana. Przegląd historyczno-kulturalny

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2017

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issue 20

55-86

EN

The topic of this article is Andrychów’s history after World War II. The time-frame includes the events from 1945 (the city’s liberation by the Red Army and the creation of the communist system in Andrychów) to 1950 (the beginnings of the Six-Year Plan). The purpose of the article is to present the postwar history of Andrychów regarding the city’s political and social history over the examined period. The article was divided into two parts. In the first part – Political life – I presented the politcal situation in the city after its liberation in January 1945. The Polish Worker’s Party (Polska Partia Robotnicza, PPR) was active in 1944 in Andrychów. Thanks to the fact that the German army was driven out of Andrychów by the Red Army, the Polish Worker’s Party could begin its activity. The political situation had an influence over the politics of the Andrychów’s authorities. In 1946 was hold a referendum „Three Time Yes referendum” in Andrychów. At the beginning of the year 1948, the most important parties in the city – the Polish Socialist Party (Polska Partia Socjalistyczna, PPS) and the PPR strived for unification. Andrychów’s authorities were fighting with the anti-communist resistance. The inhabitants, however, were also affected by the repressions. In the second part – Social life – I described the most important social problems of Andrychów’s inhabitants after the war. As the social life is concerned, the communist authorities were well-disposed towards certain pursuits of Andrychów’s inhabitants. In 1948, a radio network was installed in the city. In 1949, the authorities tried to establish a seondary school.

5

Konfliktipelglik ja koneosav vaikimine: korts kui kommunikatsiooniruum Saksa keisririigis

88%

Owzar A.

Mäetagused

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2020

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vol. 77

11-30

EN

The Wilhelmine society was hit by a huge number of social, political, religious, and ethnic conflicts. How did people deal with these conflicts in their everyday life? The article tries to answer this question by describing the different segments of an urban society (especially Hamburg) and their ways of face-to-face communication in pubs. A qualitative and a quantitative analysis of roughly 20,000 reports of investigation written by the Wilhelmine police, who over 22 years visited the pubs of Hamburg, shows that there was nearly no communication between the different segments of society. If they got into conversation, they normally did not talk about politics or anything else concerning their identity or beliefs. There are different reasons for this behaviour: anthropological reasons such as fear of isolation, and political reasons caused by the ‘Obrigkeitsstaat’. One of the most important reasons is the variety of conflicts in Wilhelmine Germany itself. The social, religious, political, and ethnic problems were increasing alarmingly, so that silence seemed to be the most appropriate and reasonable strategy of managing conflicts. For the development of Weimar society the results turn out to be ambivalent. On the one hand, this strategy of managing conflicts helped to stabilize the different ‘milieus’ and, as a result, the Weimar Republic. On the other hand, the same behaviour had serious consequences for the disintegration of German society and was responsible for lack of empathy shown towards the members of other ‘milieus’ and ‘lager’.

6

„Nie chodzi o to, czy nienawidzi czy nie. Muzułmanie mu przeszkadzali” – kategoria zakłócenia w narracjach o muzułmanie w literaturze Szoa

87%

Bock D.

Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. Seria Literacka

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2015

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issue 25

137-163

EN

In the literary recollections of camp survivors the figure of the Muselmann is a recurring motif. The author puts forward a thesis about the existence of a dominating, prototypical narration about a Muselmann, which occurs not only in literary texts but also in scholarly studies. The questioning of the exemplary forms of depicting a Muselmann may lead to irritation and evoke in readers the feeling of “disturbance”. The re-enactment of such disturbances possesses a hidden analytical potential, as it reveals routinized and partly problematic cultural structures of reception and cquisition apparent especially in the context of post-catastrophic narrations and remembrance of the Shoah.

7

Między stabilizacją a radykalizmem — polska emigracja górnicza w Belgii

75%

Szumski J.

Neerlandica Wratislaviensia

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2015

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vol. 25

19 - 37

EN

Polish mining immigration to Belgium between 1918 and 1939 is a significant, yet overlooked phenomenon. Despite difficult circumstances, Polish miners did not constitute a socially radical group. In fact, we witness quite opposite attitudes: focusing on honest work, religion and family. To understand this situation, we need to reconstruct various factors that influenced Polish miners in Belgium. An analysis led to dividing these factors into two categories: destabilising and stabilising. The former are rapid migration dynamics, blocked social advancement and communist activity. The latter I found in the presence of old mining societies and — most importantly — Polish diaspora’s concentration, which slowed down the assimilation and also dispersion processes. Overall, Belgium was not treated as a necessary evil and after many years the province of Limburg was still called the “Belgian Silesia”.

8

Перша світова війна в сучасній німецькомовній історіографії: теми й концептуальні ідеї досліджень

75%

Martynov A.

Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки

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2016

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issue 25

EN

The article concerns the topics and conceptual approaches of German historiography of World War I. The author analyses research papers focusing on origins of World War I, state of social institutions in war, fronts history, everyday life on the frontlines and in the rear, specifics of war propaganda, historical biography studies and postwar world. The article also describes World War I place in the collective memory of German-speaking nations. This war not only became the precursor of German Nazism, but also made the interwar period too short. Therefore historiosophical understanding of World War I lessons remains an important task of interdisciplinary socio-historical research.

9

Wdowy w universum wczesnych chrześcijan – trzy perspektywy badawcze

75%

Nakonieczny R.

Vox Patrum

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2022

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vol. 83

7-20

EN

This article presents the findings of a metascientific analysis of the topic of the widow's situation in the early Christian community. This topic is studied today from at least three perspectives. It is still interesting for historians studying the development of early Christian communities. Secondly, the situation of women (including widows) is a very interesting field of research for authors of the critical school (not always definitely feminist) wondering about the possibility of an alternative reconstruction of social relations. The assumption of these studies is often that the originally high position of women in the Christian community was gradually diminished. A special emphasis in this study however is placed on the third research aspect, which is the presentation of the widows' situation in the ancient world (biblical, Hellenistic, early Christian) as an impulse for a deep reflection on our attitude to the weakest individuals. These include – as in the past – lonely and elderly women (often widowed). Numerous contemporary studies postulate that efforts should be made to prevent their marginalization and loneliness. This is demanded by Christian anthropology and the properly understood virtue of solidarity - without excluding anyone. One possibility for the realization of such an objective may be the reactivation of the orders of widows in contemporary Christian communities.

PL

W niniejszym tekście przedstawione zostały wnioski z analizy metabadawczej tematu sytuacji wdowy w społeczności wczesnych chrześcijan. Temat ten badany jest współcześnie co najmniej w trzech perspektywach. Jest on bowiem nadal interesujący dla historyków badających rozwój gmin wczesnochrześcijańskich. Po drugie sytuacja kobiet (w tym wdów) stanowi bardzo interesujące pole badawcze dla autorów nurtu krytycznego (nie zawsze zdecydowanie feministycznego), którzy zastanawiają się nad możliwością alternatywnej rekonstrukcji stosunków społecznych. Założeniem tych badań bywa przyjęcie, iż wysoka pierwotnie pozycja kobiet w gminie chrześcijańskiej stopniowo ulegała umniejszeniu. Szczególny akcent postawiono jednak w tym studium na trzeci aspekt badawczy, jakim jest ukazanie sytuacji wdowy w świecie starożytnym (biblijnym, hellenistycznym, wczesnochrześcijańskim) jako impulsu do głębokiego namysłu nad naszym stosunkiem do jednostek ex definitione najsłabszych. Zaliczają się do nich – podobnie jak w przeszłości – samotne starsze kobiety (często owdowiałe). Liczne prace współczesne postulują podjęcie wysiłku, by nie dopuścić do ich marginalizacji i osamotnienia. Domaga się tego antropologia chrześcijańska i właściwie rozumiana cnota solidarności – bez wykluczania kogokolwiek. Jedną z możliwości realizacji takiego celu może być reaktywacja stanu wdów we współczesnych wspólnotach chrześcijańskich.

10

Social History and Historical Sociology

75%

Knobl W.

Historická sociologie (Historical Sociology)

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2013

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vol. 1

9-32

EN

This paper deals with exchanges and misunderstandings between the German school of social history (most prominently represented by scholars from the University of Bielefeld (such as Hans-Ulrich Wehler) and Anglo-American trends in historical sociology (exemplified by the works of Barrington Moore, Theda Skocpol and Michael Mann). The social historians tended to dismiss historical sociology as too dependent on modernization theory, without taking into account the critique of that tradition by authors who brought processes of state formation and revolutionary change into the debate. On the other side, mainstream historical sociology worked with assumptions that limited its ability to change the terms and directions of sociological discourse, and to assimilate lessons from history. Among these inbuilt biases, organizational realism and materialism - particularly pronounced in the work of Michael Mann - stand out as particularly important. The paper closes with arguments in favour of bringing more history into historical sociology, with particular emphasis on three sets of problems. There is a need for more historical approaches to differentiation, less dependent on functionalist premises than the hitherto prevalent paradigm. A more explicit thematization of temporality in history and society would, among other things, help to clarify issues linked to the notion of path dependency. Finally, a reconsideration of the models and types of explanation in historical sociology would place more emphasis on their interpretive dimension.

11

Jedno miasto, dwa różne światy. Społeczno-przestrzenne zróżnicowanie umieralności niemowląt w Szczecinie w latach 1876–1913 (część II)

75%

Chojecki D. K.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2010

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vol. 75

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issue 2

103-150

EN

The article touches upon issues connected with infant mortality in Szczecin in the years of 1876–1913, analyzing the phenomenon with the emphasis on the social-spatial diversification. The choice of the research topic was determined by two factors. Firstly, at the beginning of the 20th century in Szczecin infant mortality was exceptionally high in comparison with other big German and European towns; secondly, the phenomenon gave rise to one of the first surveys concerning infant mortality, financed by the city in 1902. Apart from the latter – published in the magistrate records – (Bericht über die Verwaltung über der Gemeinde-Angelegenheiten der Stadt Stettin), the source material for the article is the monumental Statistics of Prussia (Preußische Statistik) and The Statistical Yearbook of the City of Szczecin (Statistischer Jahresbericht der Stadt Stettin). Archival materials kept in the State Archive in Szczecin have a complementary significance. They include the correspondence of the royal district doctors (kgl. Kreisärzte) conducted with the authorities of the Szczecin Province (Regierung Stettin). In order to limit the influence of the destiny factor, the method of aggregation of data was used. In the analysis of the population processes commonly used demographic rates and graphic representations were employed. The Geographic Information System (GIS) was used to show spatial differences in the shaping of different phenomena. The method of standard deviation was chosen. The basis for the description of the issues constituted a simple model of causes of infant mortality by Jörgen Vögele, with emphasis on the analysis of deaths due to disorders in the digestive system, treating their level as the marker of the influence of exogeneous environmental factors. The research showed a negative influence of the growing influx of people to the city on infant mortality. It was particularly visible at the end of the 19th century, when the development of industry in the city and nearby towns reached its peak. In that period post-natal mortality was the highest in comparison with infant mortality. It shows the role of environmental factors in the high rate of deaths of children who were under 1 year old. In the group of the aforementioned factors, the most prominent turned out to be insufficient breast-feeding. The 1902 survey demonstrated that among the youngest children who died of digestive disorders (51,5% of the total of deaths), only 0,3% were children who had been constantly breast-fed. In the group of children who died of digestive disorders the number of children of better-off parents was lower. The situation made the municipal authorities take prevention measures, including the promotion of breast-feeding among poorer population strata where infant mortality was much higher than in families of better-off parents. It is confirmed indirectly by the social-professional statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years of 1902–1913 ( the rate of deaths of children of unqualified agricultural workers was set against the rate of deaths of children of freelancers and officers – the difference amounted to 270%) and the spatial statistics of the natural demographic changes from the years 1911–1913 ( the rate of infant deaths in bourgeois districts was set against the one in workers’ areas – the difference was 130%). A clear negative correlation between the average number of rooms and infant mortality in the statistics districts of Szczecin (–0,808; p<0,001) allows the author to consider the economic factor very important in the creation of the phenomenon. However, bad housing was connected with infant deaths from digestive disorders only in half of the cases (1902), which indicates “bad habits” of parents, which are statistically more di cult to grasp. At the beginning of the 20th century together with the fall in the number of births, the increase in general wealth and the introduction of care over newborn babies, including the obligatory control of non-marital children (1910), infant mortality started to fall. However, it still remained high in comparison with other German cities. Moreover, social differences in relation to the phenomenon did not disappear, but they became stronger. It has not been explained yet why Szczecin was the leader in the disgraceful statistics.

12

Památníky četnických stanic – jeden z málo známých historicko-etnologických pramenů

75%

Svoboda L.

Národopisná revue (Journal of Ethnology)

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2014

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vol. 24

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issue 2

128 - 139

EN

The study writes about so-called memory books of gendarmerie stations – a resource that so far has been used mainly by those interested in modern military history (in many memory books are vividly described the events from 1937–1939 and from May 1945), history of security corps and regional history. The opportunity to use the memory books for social history, history of everyday life or history of criminality remains aside. The memory books of gendarmerie stations were one of fruits resulting from an unusual boom of chronography in the former Austrian-Hungarian Empire and then in Czechoslovakia in the early-20th century. Although they existed for less than forty years as official documents, they were written in one of the most dynamic and dramatic stages of Czech modern history limited by the World War I from the one side, and the communist totalitarian regime from the other. All social turns were also reflected in gendarmerie memory books that became one of the important resources of Czech modern history.

13

Социальные и экономические эффекты трудовых миграций поляков в Германскую империю в конце XIX – начале XX века

75%

Zhitin R., Topiliskiy A.

Przegląd Wschodnioeuropejski

|

2018

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vol. 1

21-29

EN

The article focuses on the problem of labor migrations of the peasant population of Vistula Land of Russia to the German Empire at the turn of the XIX and ХХ century. The subject of the study are the causes of migration, the situation of Polish workers abroad, the specifics and main spheres of hiring workers, the social and economic effects of the movement. The urgency of the work is determined by inadequate historiographic attention to the factor of the annual retreat of tens of thousands of Poles abroad. The article uses the civilizational approach, the principle of historicism, the ideas of the French school “Annals”. The conclusions obtained by the authors of the article testify to the special significance of migrations not only for the inhabitants of the Polish province, but also for the entire German landlord economy. Migration compensated for the labor shortage in Germany’s agrarian sector, ensuring rapid growth in production in the states. The experience of migration stimulated the economic initiative of Poles, increased their standard of living, affected the size of peasant land ownership in the Vistula Land.

14

Służba i milczenie

71%

Steedman C.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2017

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vol. 23

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issue 1

64-83

EN

A translated chapter of Carolyn Steedman’s book Master and Servant. Love and Labour in the English Industrial Age. This text reconstructs the experience of a 18th-century servant, Phoebe Beatson, on the basis of a diary of John Murgatroyd, her employer. Confronting this testimony with other documents of social life, Steedman constructs a history of a class overlooked by traditional Marxist historiography – female domestic servants.

PL

Tekst jest wstępnym rozdziałem z książki Carolyn Steedman „Służąca i jej pan. Miłość i praca w Anglii wieku industrialnego” (Master and Servant. Love and Labour in the English Industrial Age). Tytułowa służąca to Phoebe Beatson, której losy Steedman rekonstruuje na podstawie dziennika jej pracodawcy – pastora Johna Murgatroyda. Zestawiając to świadectwo z innymi dokumentami życia społecznego epoki, Steedman pisze historię klasy pominiętą w tradycyjnych marksistowskich historiografiach – historię kobiecej służby domowej.

15

Hydra wielości i komunizm commonersów w dobie biopolitycznego kapitalizmu

71%

Moll Ł.

Praktyka Teoretyczna

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2015

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vol. 15

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issue 1

245-264

EN

The article is an attempt to situate the main Peter Linebaugh's works in the context of modern theories of the common, especially in juxtaposition with Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt's biopolitical paradigm. American historian's oeuvre is still not well known in Poland, although his works in the field of social history, labour history, colonial Atlantic or global enclosures can inspire not only historians, but social theory as well. Linebaugh in his research on subaltern groups in the eve of capitalism introduces new ways, in which concepts such as working class, class struggle, commoning or the commons can be regarded and he draws ambitious, transmodern genealogy of global capitalism. The article tries to show the actuality of Linebaugh's research perspective in the era of biopolitical capitalism.

PL

Artykuł stanowi próbę osadzenia najważniejszych prac Petera Linebaugha na tle współczesnych teorii tego, co wspólne (the common), w szczególności w zestawieniu z biopolitycznym paradygmatem Antonia Negriego i Michaela Hardta. Dorobek amerykańskiego historyka na gruncie polskim pozostaje mało znany, mimo że jego prace z zakresu historii społecznej, dziejów ruchu robotniczego, kolonialnego Atlantyku czy globalnych grodzeń (enclosures) mogą być inspirujące nie tylko dla historyków, ale i dla teorii społecznej. Linebaugh przyglądając się zaniedbywanym przez historyków losom grup zdominowanych w okresie formowania się kapitalizmu, wyprowadza nowe ujęcia pojęć takich jak klasa robotnicza, walka klasowa, commoning czy dobra wspólne (the commons) oraz kreśli ambitną, transnowoczesną genezę globalnego kapitalizmu. Artykuł wskazuje na użyteczność jego perspektywy badawczej w dobie kapitalizmu biopolitycznego.

16

Wybrane polsko-jugosłowiańskie organizacje w okresie międzywojennym

63%

Lis T. J.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

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2021

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vol. 56

|

issue 1

69-92

EN

In the article, the author presents his research on the selected Polish-Yugoslav organisations active in the interwar period. On the basis of archival materials kept in Slovenia, Bosna, Hercegovina, Croatia, Ukraine, and Poland, he discusses the two most important organisations of this type in the Second Polish Republic, the Polish-Yugoslav Society in Poznań and the Polish-Yugoslav League in Lviv. He depicts their cultural and publishing activities and presents the background of the members of both organisations. Moreover, he also touches upon the subject of the League of Polish-Yugoslav Societies, established in Warsaw in 1930, associating all Polish-Yugoslav organisations, including those from Poznań and Lviv.

PL

W artykule autor prezentuje wyniki badań dotyczących działalności wybranych organizacji polsko-jugosłowiańskich w okresie międzywojennym. W oparciu o dokumenty z kilku krajów (Słowenia, Bośnia i Hercegowina, Chorwacja, Ukraina i Polska) omawia funkcjonowanie dwóch najważniejszych organizacji tego typu w II RP, Stowarzyszenia Polsko-Jugosłowiańskiego w Poznaniu i Polsko-Jugosłowiańskiej Ligi we Lwowie; ich działalność kulturalną, wydawniczą, a także prezentuje środowiska, z jakich wywodzą się członkowie obydwu organizacji. Ponadto pojawia się też wątek Ligi Towarzystw Polsko-Jugosłowiańskich, która została zainicjowana w 1930 r. w Warszawie, zrzeszającej wszystkie organizacje polsko-jugosłowiańskie, w tym Poznań i Lwów.

17

Drobna szlachta w Królestwie Polskim w drugiej połowie XVI wieku i jej znaczenie społeczno-gospodarcze

63%

Boroda K.

Roczniki Dziejów Społecznych i Gospodarczych

|

2017

|

vol. 78

PL

W artykule omówiono zagadnienie znaczenia drobnej szlachty w strukturach społecznych i ekonomicznych stanu szlacheckiego wczesnonowożytnego Królestwa Polskiego. Przeprowadzono analizę danych statystycznych dotyczących liczby zarejestrowanych majątków szlacheckich, opodatkowanego areału ziemi w uprawie własnej i kmiecej oraz potencjalnego areału folwarcznego, uzyskanych z rejestrów podatkowych pięciu województw: krakowskiego, poznańskiego, kaliskiego, łęczyckiego i płockiego. Petty nobility in the Polish Kingdom in the second half of the sixteenth century and its socio-economic importanceThe article deals with the importance of petty nobility within the social and economic structures of the noble estate in the early modern Polish Kingdom. It presents an analysis of statistical data on the number of registered noble estates, taxable land area in own cultivation and that of peasants, and a possible manor area, obtained from tax registers of five provinces (voivodeships): of Cracow, Poznań, Kalisz, Łęczyca, and Płock.

18

Od izolacji do leczenia. Ewolucja stosunku do psychicznie chorych w dziewiętnastowiecznych Prusach na przykładzie funkcjonowania Prowincjonalnego Zakładu dla Chorych Psychicznie w Darłowie (1841–1900)

63%

Chróściak E.

Zapiski Historyczne

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2020

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vol. 85

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issue 2

95-112

EN

The situation of the mentally ill changed significantly at the end of the eighteenth and in the nineteenth century, the era that saw a gradual dissemination of humanitarian ideas. In Prussia, the humanitarian reforms began in the early nineteenth century and resulted in the establishment of several institutions for the mentally ill, which were to appear in all provinces of the Hohenzollern monarchy. One of these facilities was the institution in Darłowo (Rügenwalde), which was established in 1842. The aim of the paper is to answer the question whether the humanitarian proposals were implemented in practice. To date, Polish researchers have studied these issues only in the context of the Province of Silesia and Province of Posen. The application of the comparative method and the analysis of the documents, including rules and guidelines for the facility in Darłowo, have demonstrated that the implementation of the reforms in the Province of Pomerania was significantly delayed. The facility in Darłowo was not meant as an institution for treating patients with mental illness until the 1860s. The organisation of the staff, little or no variety in categorising patients, and slim chances of leaving the facility indicate that its main aim was to isolate patients from the society. The humanitarian ideas can be deemed to have been implemented only as of 1863, i.e. after the institution had been reorganised. It was then that the main task of the facility became to effectively and non-violently treat the mentally ill and enable their return to society.

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Historia społeczna i socjologia historyczna: rezultaty pewnego spotkania

63%

Gorlach K., Wierzba-Kubat M.

Studia Socjologiczne

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2015

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issue 1(216)

261-293

PL

Artykuł recenzyjny zawiera analizę dwóch opracowań historycznych: Marcina Zaremby i Eweliny Szpak. Omawiane prace wkraczają na obszar nauk społecznych czerpiąc materiał do analizy historycznej ze źródeł zastanych: zredagowanych wywiadów archiwalnych, pamiętników lub wykorzystując wywiady i opracowania socjologiczne. Autorzy artykułu starają się ukazać paradoks koegzystencji socjologii historycznej i historii społecznej oraz opisać wynikające z tego faktu konsekwencje. W analizowanych pracach socjologia wykorzystywana jest przede wszystkim jako źródło etykiet ukazujących określone charakterystyki procesów społecznych. Brakuje natomiast wykorzystania socjologii jako dostarczycielki ram analityczno-teoretycznych ułatwiających opis i wyjaśnienie omawianych procesów społecznych oraz umożliwiających konstrukcję bardziej ogólnych ujęć życia społecznego w dobie gwałtownych przemian. Obydwie omawiane prace dowodzą słabego wykorzystania analitycznego potencjału socjologii, traktując opracowania z tej dyscypliny jako mało znaczące tło dla historycznych rozważań.

EN

The present review article is the analysis of two historical books: Marcin Zaremba’s „Wielka trwoga. Polska 1944–1947: ludowa reakcja na kryzys” and Ewelina Szpak’s „Mentalność ludności wiejskiej w PRL. Studium zmian”. These works are also relerant to the field of sociology, deliberately using secondary sources such as edited archival personal interviews, diaries and also other sociological works. Authors try to demonstrate the paradox of coexistence of historical sociology and social history and to describe their results. In the works analyzed here sociology has been used mainly as a source of labels describing some particular characteristics of social processes. Unfortunately, the authors of the analyzed works do not use sociology as a source of analytical and theoretical frames to describe and explain social processes. Neither do they use it as a starting point for construction of more general considerations about social life under rapid changes.

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Osaczeni, samotni, bezbronni... Refleksje po lekturze książki Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski, T. I, II, pod redakcją Barbary Engelking i Jana Grabowskiego, Warszawa 2018

63%

Chrobaczyński J.

Res Gestae. Czasopismo Historyczne

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2018

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vol. 6

266-301

PL

The two tomes prepared by the team of authors directed by B. Engelking and J. Grabowski are a scientific and publishing phenomena in Poland. Nine independent, author monographies on the level of poviat, municipality and village, devoted to the case of Holocaust, but perceived through the prism of microhistory. All the texts were prepared accordingto the common, agreed upon draft, with accent put on the issue of experience and course ofevents (German occupation, Soviet occupation), and most of all the survival strategy and the Polish-Jewish, Polish-Polish and Ukranian-Jewish relations in this hard time. Studies have shown that the will to survive was the strongest, uniform, constant Jewish message, task and attitude, while the Polish perspective and the perception of Jews in this tragic forthem time was characterized with a number of attitudes and actions. However, there was a visible shift in the Polish accent – not as much towards mass help for the co-citizens, as towards indifference. Sometimes, there was compassion and mercy and quite clear, so not marginal, cooperation with the German (Soviet) occupant. The authors are correctly defining this typical attitude as the Polish (Ukrainian) complicity in the Holocaust. It is a valuable revaluation, exactlyon the microhistoric level, of the common imaginations and myths about mass help given to Jews by the Poles. It’s an important scientific find, made based on a solid analysis of the vast source base and subject literature. As a supplement of this picture there is a statistic of the phenomenonof Holocaust in both tomes, “counted” (with limitations, of course) on this lowest levelof the historical process. The names – of both the perpetrators and co-perpetrators – and, whatis most important – both institutional, Polish (Polish Blue Police, the volunteer fire brigades, military guard, the Junaks from Baudienst), and individual co-perpetrators, who mostly tookover a part of the Jewish wealth after the Holocaust – are the complementing factor here. The two tomes require the studies to be continued, as only the full elaboration on the poviat level will allow for the synthetic and balancing approach. It will allow for deconstructing many propaganda or political-ideological myths present in part in Polish history, and most of all – in Polish journalism and the attitudes of Polish politicians and sometimes ecclesiastic personalities. As a consequence, it will also affect, in some way, the myths present in the consciousness and attitudes of a part of the society. This is why these two tomes are that important – they are scientifically solid and reliable, requiring reflection and discourse, and are a result of free scientific research and authors’ sovereignty.

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Historia społeczna i socjologia historyczna: rezultaty pewnego spotkania

Osaczeni, samotni, bezbronni... Refleksje po lekturze książki Dalej jest noc. Losy Żydów w wybranych powiatach okupowanej Polski, T. I, II, pod redakcją Barbary Engelking i Jana Grabowskiego, Warszawa 2018