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EN
Professor Lech Leciejewicz, a scholar of the Polish and European Middle Ages and one of the most outstanding Polish archaeologists, died suddenly on 23 March 2011. Lech Leciejewicz was born on 26 January 1931 in Poznań. In 1949-1953 he studied prehistory and history at the Poznań university. From his youth he remained deeply interested in the history of the Early Middle Ages and he followed these scholarly interests throughout his life, carrying out research not only in Poland, but also abroad, in France, Spain and Italy. He published extensively, including several books among the near to 500 publications. Personally he considered as his greatest achievement a book on the origins of medieval European civilization. From 1954 until his retirement Lech Leciejewicz was associated with the Institute of Archaeology and Ethnology (formerly Institute of the History of Material Culture) of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where he served in different administrative and managerial positions, including twice president of the Scientific Board. He was a member of many national and international scientific bodies, societies and committees, editorial boards, and a laureate of numerous awards and distinctions, as well as being a person decorated with medals. Professor Lech Leciejewicz helped to shape modern archaeology in Poland through his own discoveries, publications, grassroots work and strong influence on his students. In Polish postwar archaeology he was truly outstanding, his scholarly status supported by his oeuvre, a professed care for the common good and the impact his work has had on the development of Early Medieval archaeology in Poland.
EN
The course, character and conditions of the excavations conducted in 1948-1966 in Pomerania as part of the program research on the origins of the Polish State were discussed in the paper. Their effects and significance for the development of archaeology in this region of Poland were evaluated.
EN
Archaeological research on the Hanseatic towns established in the Middle Ages in the Baltic region has been conducted on a large scale since the 1980’s. Discoveries made since then allow to formulate a thesis about the cultural unity among the inhabitants of towns situated on the South Baltic coast between the 13th and 15th centuries. Based on selected instances of the urban culture, widely discussed in archaeological sources, the paper is an attempt to prove that a number of similarities can be revealed in various spheres of life led by the inhabitants of towns located in the Baltic region, often situated far away from one another. The analysis covered the following aspects: architecture – quoting the example of tenements with entrance halls which in the 14th century became a common element of the cultural landscape in towns located in the Baltic region; pottery – quoting the example of popular in this part of Europe stoneware and red glazed jugs; and, last but not least, devotional objects – quoting the example of pilgrim badges that revealed evident preferences demonstrated by the pilgrims as to their pilgrimage destinations, paying special attention to supra-regional sanctuaries located in German-speaking area, particularly on the Rhine and the Moza rivers.
PL
Badania archeologiczne nadbałtyckich miast należących w średniowieczu do Hanzy rozpoczęto na większą skalę dopiero w latach 80. XX wieku. Odkrywane w ich trakcie źródła pozwalają postawić tezę o istnieniu wspólnoty kulturowej mieszczan południowego wybrzeża Bałtyku w XIII–XV wieku. W artykule, na wybranych przykładach różnych elementów kultury materialnej dobrze czytelnych w źródłach archeologicznych, podjęto próbę wykazania podobieństw istniejących w odległych od siebie miastach nadbałtyckich w różnych sferach życia mieszczan. Analizę przeprowadzono w odniesieniu do: budownictwa – na przykładzie tzw. kamienic sieniowych, które w XIV wieku stały się wspólnym dla wielu miast nadbałtyckich elementem krajobrazu kulturowego; zestawów naczyń stołowych – na przykładzie popularnych w tej części Europy dzbanów kamionkowych oraz czerwonych naczyń szkliwionych, jak również dewocjonaliów religijnych – na przykładzie znaków pielgrzymich, wskazujących na istnienie wyraźnych preferencji w wyborze celów pielgrzymek, koncentrujących się na ponadregionalnych sanktuariach pielgrzymkowych położonych w niemieckim kręgu kulturowym, zwłaszcza w rejonie nadreńsko-nadmozańskim. Przyczyny wytworzenia wspólnoty kulturowej miast upatrywane są w podobnych uwarunkowaniach prawnych i gospodarczych ich rozwoju, podobnym pochodzeniu kulturowo- etnicznym dominującej części mieszczan, wywodzących się z terenów niemieckich, jak też w intensywnych kontaktach handlowych, których skutkiem była przecież nie tylko wymiana towarów, ale również idei.
PL
The article contains an analysis of archaeological and historical sources related to the Świna, one of three straits constituting the mouth of the Oder to the Baltic. By referring to the sources, an attempt was made to evaluate the ways of taking advantage of the strait and its significance in the early Middle Ages.
EN
One of the main features of the Christian funeral rite in the Middle Ages is supposed to have been a specific location of the graveyards. The paper aims to analyse how the problem of a choice and a location of burial space was presented in Rationale divinorum officiorum written by bishop Wiliam Durand of Mende in the end of the 13th century. The work was the most famous and most complete medieval handbook of Christian liturgy, containing the explanation of all the rites related to the Christian worship. According to Rationale the space was not homogenous. By means of rite of consecration a Bishop was able to delimit holy places („loca sacra”) where the God’s activity could be manifested in a special way. One of such places was also “locus religiosus” which was the space assigned for burying dead body of Christians and usually named cemetery. What is of special importance, there was expected a spatial unity of the cemetery with a church. As we know, the above norm has originated already in the 4th century. However, it can be supposed that the handbook allowed in the extraordinary situation a church and a cemetery were distant each other. To bury a body of dead Christian beyond the consecrated cemetery was allowed only in exceptional cases. The author defined in some way also the space of the Christian grave itself. Dead body was to be laid with a head turned towards West and feet towards East which means the position following the orientation of a church. It is well known, that this habit has also originated in the 4th century. Interesting conclusions may be drawn by a comparison of the contents of Rationale t o t he r esults of a rchaeological research on different peoples of the former Barbaricum Christianized in the early Middle Ages. Almost everywhere in the beginning there was visible two-way development in the location of inhumation cemeteries. Apart from the cemeteries situated just nearby churches there were also graveyards located without any spatial relation to a church. However, the latter have also some features typical for the Christian funeral requirements like for example the westeast orientation of bodies which resulted in row layout of the whole cemetery. The functioning of only one designated space for burying the dead, which means the final unification of burial customs, was taken over by churchyards c. 100-150 years after the Christianization.
PL
Na mapie europejskich sanktuariów pielgrzymkowych w XIV i XV w. ważnym punktem stało się także położone w Alzacji Thann. Przechowywano tam relikwie św. Teobalda – biskupa Gubbio – które ściągały pielgrzymów przede wszystkim z tere¬nów niemieckich. Celem artykułu jest analiza częstotliwości, geografii oraz chronologii pielgrzymek do Thann mieszkańców tych części Pomorza, które w średniowieczu wchodziły w skład diecezji kamieńskiej. Jako źródła wykorzystano przede wszystkim zapisy z „Księgi cu¬dów św. Teobalda” i znaki pielgrzymie. Łącznie stwierdzono występowanie informacji o 23 osobach, pochodzących z różnych grup społecznych, które odbyły pielgrzymki do Thann z Pomorza w latach 1407–1461. Na XV w. datuje się również siedem odlewów cha¬rakterystycznych znaków pielgrzymich z Thann, zidentyfikowanych na dzwonach wiej¬skich kościołów, oraz fragment oryginalnego znaku odkryty w klasztorze Seehausen. Wszystkie kategorie źródeł wskazują, że pielgrzymki do św. Teobalda w Thann cieszyły się popularnością przede wszystkim w ciągu XV w., o czym świadczą również inne przejawy kultu tego świętego, widoczne w tym okresie na Pomorzu.
PL
Profesora Władysława Łosińskiego wkład w polską archeologię wczesnego średniowiecza, czyli przyczynek do szkicu o pokoleniu archeologów okresu badań „Milenijnych”
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