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Hybrid warfare, which has been conducted since 2014 in Ukraine, has become a new geopolitical phenomenon which threatens Euro-Atlantic security that appeared after the collapse of the bipolar world. The paper discusses how the Russian Federation takes advantage of hybrid warfare to achieve its political objectives and to further its own interests. The paper also contains an assessment of the threat of hybrid warfare in Poland and determines what undertakings are necessary to effectively counter threats coming from Russia.
EN
The aim of the article was to clarify the essence of the strategic deterrence and to characterize the deterrent mechanisms used to shape international security. The article explains the nature of the deterrent and mechanisms to guarantee international security. It presents the genesis of deterrence and characterizes its evolution. It also indicates the need for changes in the theory and practice of deterrence. As a result of the studies, it has been established that, nowadays, thanks to the complementary use of hard and soft power, strategic deterrence has a multi-faceted character and its importance for international relations is increasing. It is closely linked to diplomacy and constitutes a mechanism, by means of which the foreign political interests of states are realized and the international security order is shaped.
EN
The current situation in the Ukraine confirms that the European thesis on solving conflicts with peace categories and through the road of diplomacy does not work in a perfect way. The evaluation of the Russian Federation’s activity (RF) after occupying the Crimea shows that strategic objectives of Moscow spread farther. In the strategic dimension the hybrid war led by Moscow is measured up against the entire NATO as perceived being the main threat. Past experiences in the Ukraine and the theory assessment show that the new generation war run by the RF embraces multistorey efforts directed at the state’s function destabilizing, changing the internal order or/and leading to the state’s bankruptcy not even necessarily seizing its territory. The complex nature of the hybrid threats requires undertaking integrated actions by the international community. It seems it will be possible to reach it while having the common NATO and EU doctrine on the hybrid threats counteraction. States, particularly those endangered, should draw up and implement their own accustomed strategy of the national security that will let opposing both classical and hybrid threats, with as well as without the NATO aid.
EN
The aim of the research, the results of which are presented in this article, was to clarify Russian views on strategic deterrence and the mechanisms of its application. It was established that strategic deterrence has a broader scope of meaning than its Western counterpart, as it encompasses peacetime, the influence of crisis and wartime by nuclear, non-nuclear and non-military means. Russian deterrence is universal in nature because it shapes the behavior of strategic rivals without the need for armed confrontation. Holistic coercive campaigns conducted in cyberspace allow to combine conventional military and non-military capabilities with nuclear ones and achieve political goals in the ongoing international competition.
XX
W przyszłych działaniach o charakterze kryzysowym w przeciwieństwie do innych instrumentów, siły zbrojne będą odgrywały coraz mniejszą rolę, jednak należy modernizować siły zbrojne i pozyskiwać nowe zdolności tak, aby mogły one skutecznie podejmować przyszłe wyzwania i przeciwstawiać się zagrożeniom oraz być efektywniejsze w zapewnieniu bezpieczeństwa międzynarodowego i narodowego.
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