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PL
Opowieść etiopska Heliodora, utwór z gatunku starożytnej powieści greckiej, zwanej też romansem, jest dziełem o szczególnie skomplikowanej strukturze, w którą bardzo umiejętnie zostały włączone elementy i wątki religijne. Do omówienia w artykule wybrałem ich 20 najbardziej charakterystycznych dla całego utworu. Dotyczą one zachowań religijnych zbiorowych oraz indywidualnych. Do pierwszych należą między innymi: procesje, składanie ofiar, religijne uroczystości pogrzebowe, a do drugich: okolicznościowe modlitwy, wezwania do bogów czy sny z ich udziałem, a nawet nekromancja. Poza hymnem ku czci Tetydy, mającym cechy pieśni powtarzanej w określonej sytuacji, wszystkie inne miejsca, omówione w artykule jako elementy religijne, mają cechy indywidualnego zwracania się do bogów albo kontaktu z nimi w sennych widzeniach. Zagęszczenie elementów religijnych następuje pod koniec romansu, zakończonym przyjęciem przez parę głównych bohaterów urzędów kapłańskich. Ostatnim elementem religijnym jest wyznanie autora, że jego rodowód wywodzi się od Heliosa, boga czczonego właśnie w Etiopii.
EN
Heliodorus’ work Aethiopica belongs to the ancient literary genre called romance or novel today. His romance has a very complicated structure into which skillfully are inserted religious elements. Their content embraces public and private religious behaviors such as: processions, sacrificial ceremonies, occasional prayer, summing gods, a vision of gods in a dream, and even necromancy. Apart from the hymn to Thetis, which looks like a religious piece occasionally used to worship this very goddess, all other religious elements are mainly personal summing gods and deities or the contact with them takes place in a dream. The density of religious elements takes place at the end of the romance finished with receiving priestly offices by the main characters. The very last religion element is author’s confession that he derives his lineage from the god Helios, just worshiped in Ethiopia.
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EN
Modern reflection on a literary work uses the term "parabasis", which has been borrowed from ancient tradition. In the article the author goes back to the very sources of parabasis and reminds the meaning of the word parabasis which in Greek means departure from something, leaving the stage and the chorus remains to address the audience directly and in reference to Old Attic comedy, with which it is unequivocally associated, it means the structural part of a literary work in which a suspense of dramatic action occurs. Particular parabases were discussed which are found in the extant comedies of Aristophanes, this in order to find out that in none of the comedies it occurs in its complete model form as accepted by classical philologists on the basis of material known from Aristophanes and from fragments of comedies by other authors. The practical function of parabasis and its particular parts were shown on the example of The Knights by Aristophanes. In the final part of the article the author presented some contemporary views on parabasis of which some speak traditionally about breaking the scenic illusion while the others about the integral relation of parabasis with the other parts of the comedy. The author concludes that in spite of all parabases in Greek comedy have no parallel either in the earlier or in the later Greek literature. It has its own poetics, its own structure, and explicitly breaks science illusion, even if Greeks differently viewed the very phenomenon of breaking illusion in drama.
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