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1

Pogranicza systemów prawnych, w szczególności pozaborowych, w pracach nad kodyfikacjami prawa cywilnego i handlowego w II RP

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Górnicki L.
Prawo
|
2017
|
issue 324
129-167
EN
The author explores the question of codification of civil and commercial law in the Second Polish Republic in conditions of mixed legal systems, especially those of Poland’s former parti­tioners. The co-existence in independent Poland of several legal systems prompted the country’s codifiers to conduct extensive comparative studies, as a result of which in the codification process they drew also on other legislative systems from Europe and even other continents. The author argues that the common denominator, developed by Poland’s Codification Com­mission, of the intermingled legislations encompassed primarily the legislations of the partitioning states, complemented by other legal systems, and what bound them together was the Polish, original legal thought. A model, not always enactable, consisted in creating a synthesis of the legislations of the former partitioners and more recent developments in law. In particular, the codifiers wanted to avoid radical solutions highlighting one system or model of law in order to avoid too great upheavals in the various provinces of the state. A model example of putting the idea of “mixed systems” into practice is the Code of Obliga­tions of 1933, which combined elements of the Romanesque and the German systems. Both these systems were also in evidence — in varying mutual relations and scope of use — in other acts of parliament and draft codifications of civil law. In the Commercial Code, on the other hand, pragmatic considerations prevailed over the idea of a synthesis, hence the predominance of German and Austrian solutions. In the laws concerning industrial property, the provisions dealing with the fundamental question of obtaining patents were based on the Romanesque system, while the Act on Combatting Unfair Competition was closer to the French rather than the German system. The Polish bill of exchange law, taking into account convention-based solutions (the bill of exchange rules of 1910 and 1912), was similar to the German regulations; similarly, the Polish cheque law was based on the provisions of the Hague Convention of 1912, the Austrian and the German cheque laws as well as the later cheque rules of 1931.
DE
Der Verfasser behandelt die Probleme der Kodifizierung des Zivil- und Handelsrechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik vor dem Hintergrund der Berücksichtigung der Grenzgebiete von Rechtssystemen, insbesondere der Nachteilungszeit. Die Koexistenz von einigen Rechtssystemen im unabhängigen Polen veranlasste unsere Kodifikatoren, umfangreiche vergleichende Rechtsana­lysen durchzuführen. Infolge dessen hat man bei der Kodifikation des Rechts zu anderen europäi­schen und sogar weltweiten Gesetzgebungsverfahren gegriffen. Der Autor beweist, dass vor allem das Recht der Nachteilungszeit und ergänzend auch andere Rechtssysteme den gemeinsamen, durch die Kodifikationskommission der Republik Polen ausgear­beiteten Nenner für die sich durchdringenden Einflüsse verschiedener Rechtsvorschriften bildeten, und die polnische, originelle Rechtsidee diente als verbindendes Element. Ein gewisses Modell, das nicht immer realisierbar war, stellte eine Synthese des Rechts der Nachteilungszeit und der neuen Strömungen im Recht dar. Man wollte insbesondere radikale Lösungen vermeiden, die ein gewisses System bzw. ein Rechtsmodell einseitig bevorzugen, damit zu den zu weit gehenden Erschütterun­gen in den einzelnen Staatsteilen nicht kommt. Die Idee des „Grenzlandes“ realisierte fast modellartig das Schuldrechtsbuch von 1933, das in sich die Elemente des romanischen und germanischen Systems vereinigte. Diese beiden Systeme, im diversen gegenseitigen Verhältnis und verschieden angewandt, waren auch in anderen Gesetzen und Kodifikationsentwürfen aus dem Bereich des Zivilrechts sichtbar. Beim Handelsgesetzbuch wiederum waren pragmatische Gründe stärker als die Idee der Syn­these, so dominierten hier die deutschen und österreichischen Lösungen. Die Vorschriften betreffend gewerbliche Schutzrechte, bezogen auf die fundamentale Frage zur Erlangung eines Patents, wurde auf dem romanischen System gestützt, das Gesetz über die Bekämpfung des unlauteren Wettbewerbs stand dagegen dem französischen System näher. Das polnische Wechselrecht, unter Berücksichti­gung der konventionalen Lösungen (Wechselreglement aus den Jahren 1910 und 1912) platzierte sich im Bereich der germanischen Rechtsvorschriften. Auch das Scheckrecht basierte auf den Be­stimmungen der Hager Konferenz von 1912, auf dem österreichischen und deutschem Scheckgesetz und auch dem späteren einheitlichen Scheckreglement aus dem Jahre 1931.
2

Komisja Kodyfikacyjna II RP: pozycja ustrojowa, struktura organizacyjna, podejmowanie decyzji

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Górnicki L.
Prawo
|
2019
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issue 328
109 - 151
EN
Established one hundred years ago, the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic initiated and prepared draft legislation dealing with private, criminal, substantive and procedural law as well as the judiciary and the legal profession. The Commission served as de facto legislator, that is lawmaker in the sociological sense, for it had a genuine impact on the content and form of legislative acts. In the article the author analyses the position of the Codification Commission of the Second Polish Republic within the legal system, on which opinions differ in the literature on the subject. He defends the thesis that is was a central state institution, the existence of which was not, however, coordinated with the political system of the Second Polish Republic. Next, he investigates the impact of the transformations of the organisational structure and decision-making methodology on the efficiency of the Commission’s codification process. He takes into account the management and administration of the Codification Commission, organisation of work in Departments, Sections (Subsections), Subcommittees, role of the delegates of the Minister of Justice and delegates of ministries, finally — decision-making mechanisms, including adoption of drafts as well as work in the Sections (Subsections) and Subcommittees. The author concludes that the experiences of the Second Polish Republic’s Codification Commission, a central state institution of advisory nature, established for an indefinite period, demonstrate that the best solution is to entrust codification to a special, apolitical and expert codification commission, operating with a degree of independence, of internal autonomy. Within such a commission a more effective mode of operation is preparation of drafts by teams of several people and then consultation of these drafts by larger bodies.
DE
Die Kodifikationskommission der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, die vor hundert Jahren entstandt, hat Entwürfe von Rechtsakten aus dem Bereich des Privat- und Strafrechts des Sachen- und Verfahrensrechtes sowie betreffend die Struktur der Gerichte und der Anwaltschaft eingeleitet und vorbereitet. Sie war praktisch ein Gesetzgeber, also soziologisch gesehen ein Rechtgeber, denn sie hatte einen realen Einfluss auf den Inhalt der Rechtsakten und die Bestimmung ihrer formellen Gestalt. Der Autor analysiert zuerst den staatsrechtlichen Rahmen der Kodifikationskommission der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, der in der Fachliteratur verschieden gesehen wird. Er verteidigt die These, dass die Kommission eine zentrale staatliche Institution war, deren Bestehen mit dem strukturellen System der Zweiten Polnischen Republik jedoch nicht koordiniert war. Dann untersucht er den Einfluss der Umwandlungen der Organisationsstruktur und der Methodik der Entscheidungen auf die Effektivität des Prozesses der Kodifikation des Rechts durch die Kodifikationskommission. Er berücksichtigt also die Führungsorgane und die Verwaltung der Kodifikationskommission, die Organisation der Arbeit in den Abteilungen, Sektionen (Untersektionen) und Unterkommissionen, die Rolle der Abgeordneten des Justizministers und der Abgeordneten der Ministerien, und zum Schluss die Mechanismen der Entscheidungen, darunter die Beschließung der Entwürfe und die Arbeit in den Sektionen (Untersektionen) sowie in den Unterkommissionen. Der Autor kommt zum Schluss, dass die Erfahrungen der Kodifikationskommission der Zweiten Polnischen Republik, die eine für unbestimmte Zeit berufene, zentrale staatliche Organisation eines beratenden Charakters war, bewiesen haben, dass die beste Lösung wäre, eine speziell dazu berufene, apolitische Fachkodifikationskommission, die über gewisse Selbständigkeit und interne Autonomie verfügen würde, mit der Kodifikation des Rechts zu beauftragen. Im Rahmen einer solchen Kommission stellt eine Arbeitsgruppe, die aus ein paar Personen besteht, die Entwürfe zuerst vorbereitet und sie erst später breiteren Gremien zur Konsultation vorlegt, ein effektiveres Modell dar.
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Unifikacja i kodyfikacja prawa o spółkach akcyjnych w II Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej

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Górnicki L.
Miscellanea Historico-Iuridica
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2015
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vol. 14
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issue 1
133-168
EN
The text is about the unification and the codification of the law on joint-stock compa- nies in Poland in the years 1918–1939. The author analyses the process of preparing the draft, which led to the President’s decree from March 22nd, 1928, Law on Joint-Stock Companies (Journal of Laws No. 39, item 383). This decree was subsequently included into the Commercial Code, which was passed as the President’s decree from June 27, 1934, part I (Journal of Laws No. 57, item 502). As the author endeavours to prove, the law on joint-stock companies was a common work of the Codification Committee, esta- blished in 1919, and the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. The main contribution to the works was made by professor Aleksander Doliński, who was chairman of the sub- committee of commercial law in the Codification Committee. Also dr. Witold Supiński, legal counselor in the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, played an important role. In the last phase of works on the Commercial Code, the contribution of professor Tade- usz Dziurzyński should be mentioned. The author then characterizes the basic grounds of Polish law on joint-stock companies. He expresses that the normative system, instead of concession system, was implemented (with some exceptions). Like other modern le- gal systems, the law did not construct the definition of the joint-stock company, but pointed out the important elements which differentiate it from other companies. The author examines these elements. In conclusion he expresses that Polish law on joint-stock companies was an original law, based on domestic experience of commerce. However, it referred to the German Handelsgesetzbuch from 1897 (§ 178–319 HGB).
4

O pojęciu i znaczeniu wielkich kodeksów cywilnych. W związku z książką Katarzyny Sójki-Zielińskiej, Wielkie kodyfikacje cywilne. Historia i współczesność

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Górnicki L.
Kwartalnik Prawa Prywatnego
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2012
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vol. 21
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issue 1
51-89
EN
The starting point and inspiration for the reflection of the Author is the outstanding, multithreaded, erudite work of Katarzyna Sójka-Zielińska, Great Civil Codifications. History and the Present Day. Katarzyna Sójka-Zielińska sees these codifications as the result of a long historical evolution, and also as a starting point for the new development of law, based on these codes. Therefore, the Author analyzes the trust in the method of codification of the law characteristic of the Roman-Germanic legal systems (Continental law). He also focuses on the concept of codification of the law. He distinguishes between codification in a broader sense and codification in the strict sense. In the first of these approaches, the codification includes even the oldest sets of laws that meet certain established criteria. In the second, however, the codification is conceived as a rational, methodical systematization of the law, based on the contribution of original creation, and not on the normal compilation. He draws attention to the fact that in current legislative systems the codification is conceived differently in the Anglo-American model on the one hand, on the other - in the continental European tradition, and still somewhat different - in mixed legal systems located as it were in the middle. Unlike Katarzyna Sójka-Zielińska, who associates the beginning of the modern codification of civil law with the eighteenth century, the Author moves the process into the eighteenth century, justifying his position more broadly. He deals also with the problem of classification of the phenomenon of codification of law and considers the concept of the „great civil codifications”. He emphasizes that the creation of their catalogue is not easy, due to the lack of unambiguous criteria enabling the inclusion of given legislative works in this group. Unlike Katarzyna Sójka-Zielińska, who includes in the canon of those „great civil codifications” three nineteenth-century codes: French code civile of 1804, Austrian Allgemeines Bürgerlisches Gesetzbuch (ABGB) of 1811 and German Bürgerlisches Gesetzbuch (BGB) of 1896, the Author adds here the Swiss civil code (Schweizerisches Zivilgesetzbuch, Code civil suisse, Codice Civile Svizzero), from the years 1907/1912 and the Italian civil code of 1942 (Codice Civile Italiano), analyzing their systematics and meaning.
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Przewodnie konstrukcje i pojęcia kodeksu handlowego z 1934 roku

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Górnicki L.
Przegląd Prawa i Administracji
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2015
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vol. 101
63 - 91
EN
The Polish Commercial Code, which came into force on 1 July 1934 and in fact ceased to be binding on 1 June 1965, was prepared by the Codifying Commission, established by the Act of 3 June 1919. It is a significant codification achievement in the twentieth century in Poland. With the entry into force of the Civil Code of 23 April 1964, the Commercial Code was repealed, while most of its provisions were maintained, and namely those relating to general partnerships, limited liability companies and joint stock companies, but not limited partnerships, together with the introductory provisions concerning: the business name, commercial power of attorney and the commercial register. As far as foreign trade relations are concerned, the provisions of the right of retention and compensation were maintained in force. Also, the provisions of the Commercial Code relating to commercial activities did not disappear from Polish law, as they were maintained for the entire civil circulation or just its part, such as foreign trade, or they were included, usually in a modified form, in the Civil Code. In principle, however, the Commercial Code became a normative act concerning exclusively commercial companies. This situation lasted until the entry into force of the Commercial Companies Code of 15 September 2000. Like the German Handelsgesetzbuch of 1897, also the Polish Commercial Code, treated as lex specialis in relation to the Civil Code, included only substantive commercial law, but not in its entirety. The Commercial Code did not include cooperative law, banking law, stock exchange law, bankruptcy and composition law and commercial judiciary, as well as some specific matters that were applied not only in the trade but also in the civil circulation. As the author of the Polish Commercial Code argues, the Code was a major step forward in the global legislation in defining the concept of a merchant, because the condition it adopted here was in principle the mere fact of running a commercial enterprise of any type, any size and in any way. A commercial enterprise constituted the basic construct of the Commercial Code, on which depended understanding of all other institutions of commercial law. Polish codifiers adopted a position that it was necessary to use a very broad concept of a merchant, that would allow for other persons who have not been previously qualified as merchants, to be now qualified as such. It was the mere fact of carrying out a commercial activity, and not other activities that determine whether a person is a merchant or not. In this way, the term “merchant” moves closer to the term “entrepreneur.”
6

Narodowosocjalistyczne prawo w poglądach Szymona Rundsteina

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Górnicki L.
Studia nad Faszyzmem i Zbrodniami Hitlerowskimi
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2011
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vol. 33
47-77
EN
The author presents the views of Szymon Rundstein, one of the most eminent European legal scholars and one of the most versatile Polish lawyers of the 20th century, on the law of the total states, in particular of the Third Reich. Rundstein represented phenomenological version of normativism which was chiefly connected to the theories of H. Kelsen, A. Reinach and F. Kaufmann. In his last book titled In Search of Civil Law he significantly modified his previously held theoretical and legal opinions and formulated, on the background of the penetrating critique of legal systems of total states which he perceived differently than it is done today by theories of totalitarianism, authoritarianism and Fascism, an original variant of the concept of the relative autonomy of law and of the immutability of the idea of law, the rejection of which must lead to chaos and ultimately to lawlessness. Rundstein attached the biggest importance to the civil law of the Third Reich and of other total states. His resolutely critical assessment revealed a certain characteristic vacillation with respect to the predictions concerning the future fate of law. On the one hand, he maintained that the relentless synchronization of communal existence, the reification of economic life, which constitute the antithesis of personality and individuality of mutual interactions in a large measure made the return to the classical rules of civil law a mere fi ction. The occurring changes could, in his opinion, not only lead to the destruction of the concept of private sphere but even to the annihilation of the very idea of law. However, on the other hand, he wanted to believe in a regulatory impact of the idea of law; that is why he observed that his gloomy prophecies about the coming age of darkness either may or may not be fulfi lled. The author also presents the analysis of the National Socialist doctrine of the law of nations, made by Rundstein in 1935 which — as the author proves — was original and at least partially brilliant. After the outbreak of World War II Rundstein, though a descendant of the Jewish family, remained in Poland due to patriotic reasons and refused to accept an earlier Hitlerite offer to lecture in English and Swiss universities. For this decision, he paid the ultimate price. Imprisoned in the Warsaw Ghetto, he was subsequently deported in the August of 1942, together with his wife, daughter (who was a medical doctor) and granddaughter, to the extermination camp in Treblinka where he was murdered, with his family, in a gas chamber.
7

Regulacje prawne spółki cywilnej według ustawodawstw pozaborowych w II RP

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Górnicki L.
Prawo
|
2016
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issue 321
229-265
EN
The author analyses the institution of private partnership in the Second Polish Republic from the entry into force in 1934 of the Polish Code of Obligations. He examines post-partition civil law in force in the central part of Poland and in Poland’s Eastern Borderlands, later in the southern part of Poland, and finally in the Western Territories. Thus he presents private partnership in Code civil des Français, also known as Code Napoléon — Napoleonic Code of 1804; in Svod Zakonov Rossiyskoy Imperii of 1832 in its 1914 edition with amendments and supplements; in Allgemeines Bürgerlisches Gesetzbuch (ABGB), i.e. the Austrian Civil Code of 1811, with amendments; and the German Civil Code of 1896 — Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch (BGB). The author’s objective is to demonstrate similarities and differences in the legal constructs of private partnership in the foreign legislation temporarily kept in force in Poland, emphasising the differences that constituted areal challenge for Polish codifiers in the Second Polish Republic. The article presents ahistorical-legal perspective and emphasises the significance of the author’s analysis of post-partition regulations of private partnerships in the Second Polish Republic to research into the current legislation in Poland in this respect. Juridical constructs as well as the content of the current regulations point to influences primarily of German legislation but also Austrian, French and Swiss legislations, with an evolution of views expressed in case-law and the doctrine, both Polish and foreign.
DE
Im Artikel wurde die Institution der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik bis zum Inkrafttreten des polnischen Schuldrechtsbuches im Jahre 1934 analysiert. Der Autor befasste sich mit der Gesetzgebung der Nachteilungszeit, die auf den zentralen Gebieten und im Ostpolen, dann auf den südlichen Gebieten, d.h. in Kleinpolen und im Teschener Schlesien sowie in den Westgebieten galt. Er stellte daher der Reihe nach die Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts im Code civil des Français auch Code Napoléon genannt — dem Kodex Napoleons aus dem Jahre 1804, im Swod Zakonow Rossijskoj Imperii aus dem Jahre 1832, nach der Ausgabe von 1914 mitsamt der Änderungen und Ergänzungen, im Allgemeinen Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch (ABGB), d.h. dem österreichischen Zivilgesetzbuch aus dem Jahre 1811, mit Änderungen und im deutschen Zivilgesetzbuch aus dem Jahre 1896 — dem Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch (BGB) dar. Ziel des Autors war, auf die Ähnlichkeiten und Unterschiede in der rechtlichen Konstruktion der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der zeitweilig in Polen in Kraft bleibenden fremden Gesetzgebung hinzuweisen, mit nachdrücklicher Hervorhebung dieser Unterschiede, die eine wahre Aufforderung für die polnischen Kodifikatoren in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik darstellten. Der Artikel hebt sowohl die geschichtsrechtliche Perspektive hervor, als auch betont den erkenntnisreichen Inhalt der durchgeführten Analyse der nachteilungszeitlichen rechtlichen Regulierung der Institution der Gesellschaft bürgerlichen Rechts in der Zweiten Polnischen Republik für die Forschungen über die aktuelle diesbezügliche Rechtslage in Polen. Die juridischen Konstruktionen und der Inhalt der derzeit geltenden Vorschriften zeigen Einflüsse vor allem der deutschen Gesetzgebung, aber auch der österreichischen, französischen und sogar der schweizerischen mitsamt der Evolution der Ansichten der Rechtsprechung und der Rechtsdoktrin, sowohl der fremden, wie auch der polnischen.
8

Przedsiębiorstwo w projekcie części ogólnej kodeksu cywilnego Rzeczpospolitej Polskiej z lat 1928−1932

100%
Górnicki L.
Prawo
|
2014
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issue 316/2
187 - 207
EN
The subject of analysis are the legal regulations on enterprise in the draft of the general part of the Civil Code of 1928–1932, whose author (referent of the Codifi cation Committee of Poland) was professor Ignacy Koschembahr-Łyskowski (1864–1945). The author of the article analyzes the overall objectives of the draft of this part of the Code, which was based on a rejection of the idea of individual rights and was difficult to reconcile with the majority of drafts of Codification Committee of the Second Republic of Poland. He indicates that enterprise was placed in the provisions of the general part of the Code relating to legal items, based on a broad concept of legal items and the subject of rights in rem. In the French court judiciary referent Łyskowski noticed a tendency to treat the general relations of monetary value, which a person finds himself, as a property, which could be the subject of property, considered by the doctrine as the universitas iuris. This was to be confirmed also in the Austrian legislation. The referent constructed enterprise as the property of entrepreneur, and as the property which explicitly refers to differentiation of enterprise in civil law, the essence of which could not depend solely on business activities of entrepreneurs and on enterprise in commercial law. The author of the article argues that the legal regulations on civil enterprise included in the analyzed draft were not exhaustive, could sometimes cause problems of interpretation, moreover did not always suit the trends expressed in the legislation of the Second Republic of Poland.
9

Czek i jego forma w projekcie ustawy czekowej z 1923 roku

100%
Górnicki L.
Wrocławsko-Lwowskie Zeszyty Prawnicze
|
2018
|
vol. 9
33-57
EN
In this article, I deal with the fundamental issues regarding cheques and their form in the first draft of the law of cheques, which was drawn up by Stanisław Wróblewski, prepared by the Codification Committee and published with its motives in 1923. The draft law did not assume the full emancipation of the material cheque law and subjected the cheque to the specified scope of legal regulation provided for in the promissory note. On the other hand, it emphasized formal emancipation: (1) exclusion of the cheque institution, as well as the promissory note, from general civil law, and consequently subjecting them to special regulation; as well as (2) separating the matter of cheques from the promissory notes, that is the development of a cheque act separate from the promissory note act. As regards the form of cheques, the draft law relied on art. 1–7 of the Hague resolutions of 1912. The Polish codifiers departed from this model, especially when it was required by the economic conditions of Poland, taking special care to prevent situations that could discredit cheques at the beginning of their development. Therefore, they did not accept in particular the solution proposed in the Hague resolutions (Article 5), which did not accept the scriber’s capacity as the condition of cheque validity.
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Zasadnicze przejawy ingerencji w prawa podmiotowe prywatne jednostek przez III Rzeszę

63%
Górnicki L., Kruszewski T.
Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem
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2017
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vol. 39
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issue 1
45-74
EN
The article analyzes the most important manifestations of limitation of subjective rights of private individuals by the Third Reich. The authors begin the article by undermining by the national socialist regime one of the fundamental principles, which is equality before the law. Then, the au­thors analyze the violations of particulars individual rights of private individuals. The purpose of the authors is to demonstrate that the self-reliance of aperson (Eigenständig­keit) has ceased to be an essential element of private law in the national socialist legal order. The sphere in which the subject of law could freely regulate the legal situation created by acts of his will, became clearly restricted. But also, and even more specifically, the sphere of traditionally protected civil rights of private individuals has fallen. The interference of the national socialist regime in the sphere of human privacy followed by changes both in civil and in public law. The existence of a for­mal legal basis was supposed to exclude the unlawfulness of the behavior of the subjects of the law, especially the state, its organs and institutions, but in the light of the idea ofthe law of the civilized nations it was “statutory lawlessness”.
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