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PL
The truth as a principle of journalistic discourseThe paradigm of truth is a precondition for social communication; it defines the recognition of events, gives meaning to the facts and formulates messages. The article attempts to unravel the dilemma of whether the formula of truth in journalism transmission is identical with the philosophical, juridical and ethical formula. Moreover, the paper considers whether the truth might partially result from the character of the means of communication which transmit the information. The author proposes several theses referring to truth as a condition of freedom of speech and the adequate, discursive, and paradoxical nature of truth. These theses are meant to determine the axis of the discussion about the idea of truth in the media and to answer the question about the veracity of the journalistic discourse formula.
PL
Framing and the Management of Information in JournalismInformation management plays an extremely important role in journalism, mainly because journalists are autonomous in selecting and prioritizing topics. Walter Gieber wrote: “News is what newspapermen make it,” emphasizing the omnipotence of journalists and editors in the process of selecting information , primarily in the context of journalism winning or losing its credibility. One of the instruments of control over the contents of communication in the media is framing. This is an important tool used in editorial work, to predict the life of a media event. The article is an attempt to outline the relationship between framing and management of information in modern journalism
PL
Zawarte w prawie prasowym zobowiązanie prasy do prawdziwego przedstawiania zjawisk nie zostało wsparte nałożeniem takiego samego rygoru bezpośrednio na dziennikarzy. Ich obowiązki zostały określone przez wskazanie zasad dziennikarskiego działania, które powinna cechować szczególna rzetelność i staranność, a nie – rezultaty tego działania. Ten faktyczny lub pozorny dysonans częściowo tłumaczy zawarta w prawie prasowym trójelementowa defi nicja prasy, która uwzględnia ujęcie podmiotowe, a więc zespoły ludzi i poszczególne osoby zajmujące się działalnością dziennikarską. Obowiązki zawodowe dziennikarzy wynikające z prawa prasowego zostały również właściwie ujęte w obowiązującej wykładni prawa tak, by nie narażały ludzi mediów na odpowiedzialność karną, gdy dochowają zobowiązań wynikających z ustawy prasowej. Autor tekstu wskazuje, że właściwa ocena publikacji dziennikarskich możliwa jest jedynie wówczas, gdy analizuje się nie tylko samą publikację, ale także całokształt postępowania dziennikarza, w tym normy profesjonalne dziennikarstwa.
EN
Press law requires that only the truth is presented to the public. However, the law does not apply to journalists. A journalist’s responsibilities are defi ned by the rules and not the results of their actions; results might only be characterized by reliability and accuracy. This apparent dissonance is strongly associated with normative issues of professionalism and broader journalistic culture. The author indicates that the proper assessment of journalistic publications is possible only when taking into account the process of collecting and editing news, not the publication itself. Standards and norms of professional journalism are crucial in this case.
EN
Access to the media is one of the most important civil rights. Adopted many years ago in the Polish Press Law model of corrections and responses can not guarantee the balance of power in the access to the press. The main reason is the lack of precision in defining these concepts by the legal act and doctrine of law. The presented paper describes and summarizes the projects and proposals for amendments to the right of reply.
PL
Spory o  prawo do repliki prasowej (zakres dostępu do mediów) wiążą się z  przyjętym przed laty modelem sprostowań i  odpowiedzi zawartym w  Prawie prasowym. Uchwalone w  1984 roku w  Polsce rozwiązania wprowadzały model mieszany, który był jedyną w  Europie próbą połączenia romańskiej koncepcji repliki z  germańską koncepcją sprostowania. Rozwiązania mające pełnić funkcje wychowawcze, prewencyjne i  odszkodowawcze w  praktyce nie gwarantowały osobom zainteresowanym skutecznej realizacji prawa dostępu do prasy. W  artykule przeanalizowano i  porównano projekty i  propozycje zmian związanych z  prawem do repliki w  prasie na tle normatywnych i  kulturowych różnic w  dwóch obowiązujących w  Europie modelach prawnych, które mają gwarantować równowagę sił w  dostępie do mediów.
PL
The journalistic autopoiesis. Journalistic self-regulation and self-esteem in discourseThis article examines journalism considered as a profession, an attitude towards the world, and a public and ethical duty requiring charisma and leadership. Through analyzing the media system the author concludes that the journalistic identity currently undergoes a crisis. This paper sketches out the assumptions on which a theory of self-definition, self-regulation and self-esteem in journalism is based, as well as the kind of insights it promises, and how it can be applied in journalism research and practice. The paper is an attempt to consider and compare the contemporary issues of professional identity based on the crisis of leadership in journalism and media.
PL
Journalists as a professional category in the context of the press law changes , postulates of media management groups and attempts to introduce corporate limitsJournalism, belonging to a group of creative professions, should emphasize the following categories: social status and required qualifications, personal space, and professional, corporate and public-legal loads. Based on these factors, this study attempts to identify identity, legal and economic status as well as the responsibilities of the members of the community of professional journalists. It has been established that a journalist is a person who works intellectually over the material collection, creating texts, broadcasts, programs, internet publications. At the same time, this person remains in a stable relationship with the editors. Taken in mid-2012, the amendment to the Press Law takes into account the elements of the legal and economic status of the journalistic profession. Furthermore, the article defines journalism as a modern professional category in the context of European legislation, national as well as environmental discussion of journalists and publishers associated with the changes in the perception of journalism.
EN
External security and foreign policy for the German Social Democrats are the key areas of politics. Author’s main purpose was to describe the changes in German policy on external security against global processes of international politics. The article indicates the most important decisions in German foreign policy, such as the refusal to support the war in Iraq in 2002 and sent the German army for foreign missions to Kosovo and Afghanistan. The author also tries to map out the future of German foreign and security policy, including the traditional dilemmas – relations with America and the domination of Germany in Europe.
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