Full-text resources of CEJSH and other databases are now available in the new Library of Science.
Visit https://bibliotekanauki.pl

Results found: 17

first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last

Search results

help Sort By:

help Limit search:
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
EN
The purpose of this article is to present Hugo Grotius’s views concerning the idea of freedom. It must be pointed out that the idea of freedom was not the subject of a separate thought, except for the freedom of the seas, which Grotius dedicated a separate work. Theses on freedom were formulated in the light of other issues such as natural law or the essence and scope of state power. For this purpose, the first part of the article presents a historical background. In the second part, Grotius’s views will be presented in three contexts. First, freedom of the individual as power over oneself. Second, freedom in political terms, as a relationship of community. Finally freedom in the global aspect, as freedom of navigation, trade and migration.
PL
Zasada godności człowieka jest jednym z najważniejszych elementów systemu prawa. Jeden z amerykańskich teoretyków prawa drugą połowę XX w. nazwał wręcz erą godności. Temu wzrostowi znaczenia godności w teorii i praktyce prawa towarzyszą zażarte dyskusje. Spory toczą się na wielu płaszczyznach, począwszy od tego, czym w istocie jest godność oraz jak ją zdefiniować (i czy jest to w ogóle możliwe), poprzez wskazanie jej początków i genezy, opisania ewolucji pojmowania tej idei, a skończywszy na funkcjach, jakie pełni, i roli, jaką odgrywa, lub powinna odgrywać, godność w systemie prawnym państw demokratycznych.
EN
Neither in the Constitution of the United States nor in the later enacted Bill of Rights, does the term “human dignity” occur. Therefore the thesis that was established in the early 90s of the 20th century by Ronald Dworkin and William J. Brennan Jr. may come as a surprise. Both of them – an eminent philosopher of law and a judge of the Supreme Court, recognized human dignity as a fundamental value declared by the American con- stitution and its complementary Bill of Rights. After closer recognition with American legal culture, this thesis no longer raises such controversies. Despite the fact that the Founding Fathers of the United States did not care so much about dignity as they did about other values, this idea nevertheless appeared in their publications and personal letters. Moreover, in the first Supreme Court ruling on Chisholm v. Georgia, the state, as a product of the human being and its importance, took the view that the right to human dignity was innate. Of course, the American doctrine and its legal culture have been evolving for two hundred years, changing under the influ- ence of a number of important social phenomena. As key topics for the article the following are recognized: abolitionism and the fight against slavery, the suffrage movement and the struggle for women’s rights and the civil rights movement and the fight against racial segregation. All of them undoubtedly have impacted the American idea of dignity, and they certainly have played a significant role in the changes that have occurred over the years in the United States. In European legal culture dignity similarly plays a crucial role, both in individual countries as well as at su- pranational level. Analysis of the place of dignity in American legal culture will provide material that can be compared with its European heritage.
PL
Celem artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, w jaki sposób mowa nienawiści jest definiowana w języku prawniczym. Realizacji tego zadania służy analiza wybranych orzeczeń Sądu Najwyższego, Trybunału Konstytucyjnego oraz sądów powszechnych, wydanych w sprawach karnych. W kontekście karnoprawnym do zdefiniowania omawianego zjawiska istotne jest zrozumienie takich zwrotów, jak „publiczne propagowanie faszystowskiego lub innego totalitarnego ustroju państwa”, „publiczne nawoływanie do nienawiści na tle różnic narodowościowych, etnicznych, rasowych, wyznaniowych albo ze względu na ateizm” oraz „publiczne znieważenie grupy ludności albo poszczególnej osoby z powodu jej przynależności narodowej, etnicznej, rasowej, wyznaniowej albo z powodu jej bezwyznaniowości”. Na podstawie zawartych w artykule rozważań wskazany zostanie sposób pojmowania i definiowania mowy nienawiści mający zastosowanie w języku prawniczym.
EN
The aim of this article is to answer the question of how hate speech is defined in legal language. The analysis of selected decisions of the Supreme Court, Constitutional Tribunal and common courts issued in criminal cases serves the purpose of the above-mentioned task. In the criminal-law context, it is important to understand such phrases as “public promotion of a fascist or other totalitarian state system”, “public incitement to hatred on the grounds of national, ethnic, racial, religious, or atheistic differences” and “publicly insulting a group of people or an individual because of their national, ethnic, racial, religious, or atheistic affiliation” to define this phenomenon. Based on the above considerations, the manner of understanding and defining the speech of hatred applicable within the legal language will be indicated.
EN
The aim of the paper is presentation of the most significant scientific interests of a full pro­fessor and post-doctorate degree Maria Zmierczak, reputed and prominent scholar of history of political and legal doctrines, for many years head of the Chair of Political and Legal Doctrines and Philosophy on the Faculty of Law and Administration at Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. The scientific interests of Professor Maria Zmierczak include the classical political doctrines of 19th and 20th century and chosen legal doctrines of 20th century. Among the first ones the most compelling is the research on history and the evolution of liberalism and the study on totalitarianism and fascism. The other issues analyzed by Professor Maria Zmierczak consist of the research on the Renaissance of the natural law after the Second World War and the study on the rule of law.
PL
Zgodnie z tytułem celem opracowania jest przedstawienie poglądów Raymonda Arona na temat wolności, zwłaszcza jej istoty oraz roli, jaką odgrywa w demokracji liberalnej. Przy czym Aron pisał nie tyle o wolności w liczbie pojedynczej, lecz o wolnościach w liczbie mnogiej, wskazując między innymi na wolności realne i formalne (w szczególności wolności polityczne) oraz wolność zbiorowości jaką jest naród
EN
The essence of democracy is the rule of the sovereign, that is the nation, today understood as all of the state’s citizens. At present, the most common type of governance is representative democracy, exercised by representatives elected from the citizens themselves. Therefore, for the proper functioning of liberal democracy it is difficult to find a more important issue than the procedure for the election of those who govern us. The article presents two alternative electoral systems: an alternative voting system (AV) and the system of Single Transferable Vote (STV).
EN
The purpose of the article is to investigate the most important events in the evolution of law and doctrine regarding freedom of expression in the British colonies of North America. For certain, philosophical treaties brought over the Atlantic on ships arriving from the European metropolis were not the only factors influencing the ultimate shape of the American Constitution and the First Amendment. Indigenous experiences of the colonies — meaning the events preceding the United States’ independence — also rested at the foundations of these normative acts. In particular, the role played by legislative assemblies and governors of individual colonies deserves to be investigated. Apart from that, also legal trials which became a battlefi eld between pro-independence aspirations of the colonists and despotic impulses of metropolitan authority are worth special attention. The trial of Peter Zenger serves as the best example. All those experiences certainly had an impact on the views and attitudes of the Founding Fathers which in turn can be discovered in the constitutional text, where the fight against despotism for the largest possible scope of civil rights remains one of the basic assumptions.
10
Publication available in full text mode
Content available

Politically correct hate speech

63%
EN
In the paper we discuss the reasons behind a specific permissiveness of the Polish judicial authorities with regard to hate speech. Hate speech is criminalized by various provisions of the Polish Criminal Code. But as conducted surveys and statistics show, these regulations do not seem to be used adequately. The acceptance of hate speech does not necessarily result from the fact that we are a less tolerant society, but also to a large extent, from the fact that the scope of what is allowed to be said, especially publicly, is in Poland very broad. Paradoxically, it seems that in this ‘new democracy’ there is more freedom of speech than in Western countries, where political correctness plays a very important role in public and social life. The lack of responsibility that goes with freedom of speech and of boundaries on what might be expressed in public, the scurrilous language used also by high-ranking officials, influence the rules of socially acceptable behaviour. These rules also influence the scope of what is considered criminal behaviour. When tackling the problem of the acceptance of hate speech, it is also very important to remember that legal acts, especially criminal law, might not necessarily be the best way to change the attitudes in a society. Restrictions on freedom of speech might not only have a freezing effect but also be counterproductive – that which it is prohibited to say tends to be said more. The problem is to strike the right balance between those two possible outcomes.
EN
The starting point is thinking that the modern political debate manifests in the degradation of the culture of discussion. One of the issues that can be observed next to this phenomenon is the brutalization of the language of public debate — hate speech is becoming more and more common. The aim of the paper is the description and the characteristic of vital aspects which appear in accordance to the designation of hate speech and its manifestations in public sphere.
first rewind previous Page / 1 next fast forward last
JavaScript is turned off in your web browser. Turn it on to take full advantage of this site, then refresh the page.