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Idea działającego słowa w tekstach polskich zamówień

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Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska S.
Etnolingwistyka. Problemy Języka i Kultury
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2001
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vol. 13
101–115
PL
Człowiek współczesny, uformowany w kręgu pisma i druku, nie myśli o słowach w kategoriach zdarzeń. Słowa przypominają mu raczej rzeczy, które nie są działaniem, są czymś martwym. Inaczej jest w tradycyjnej kulturze ustnej, w której słowo ma zdolność dokonywania zmian w świecie, jest słowem działającym, słowem sprawczym. Taki status ma słowo w zamówieniu. W tekście magicznym jest ono nie tyle odpowiednikiem myśli, co sposobem działania, zdarzeniem.
EN
Contemporary humans, conditioned by the omnipresence of writing and print, do not conceive of words in terms of events. Rather, words are seen as inanimate objects. It is different, though, in the traditional speech-based culture, in which a word, as an acting agent, can effect changes in the world. Such is the status of a word in magic spells. In texts of magic, a word is not a correlative of an idea but a way of acting, an event.
2
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Gatunkowe uwarunkowania znaczeń symbolicznych

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Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska S.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2016
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issue 22
203-224
EN
Folklore texts operate on two levels: inside the folk culture in combination with traditional beliefs and customs, and within the national culture as a point of reference and source of inspiration for writers and poets. Individual words also function on those two levels, as they can be understood ‘the literary way’ or ‘the folk way’. The paper presents two units of the vocabulary of the national language (jabłoń ‘apple tree’ and jabłko ‘apple’) which have fixed base meanings but which also accommodate additional senses on a higher semantic level and thus become the signifiant for a new sign. In folklore texts, depending on the genre, the images of apple tree and apple accept the symbolic senses of happy and fulfilled love (in love and courting songs), fertility and vitality (in wedding songs), of readiness for marriage and the stable, cosmic order (in wishing carols), of temptation and sin (in nativity plays), richness and ability to regenerate and renew life (in fairy tales), of the sense of security and parental care (in orphan songs), of the value of family home and proximity to the loved ones (in soldiers’ songs). These symbols can be explained using extralinguistic data (beliefs and customs) as the same senses can be expressed through words, rituals, or objects. The analysis reveals that the images of apple tree and apple serve to communicate values underlying the image of the world contained within the specific genre. The same images, transplanted to a different domain, outside of their particular social group, lose their value, become illegible, incomprehensible, and are viewed as merely a signal of folksiness.
3
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Ustalanie znaczeń symbolicznych w słowniku etnolingwistycznym

100%
Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska S.
LingVaria : Półrocznik Wydziału Polonistyki UJ poświęcony zagadnieniom języka i językoznawstwa
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2013
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issue 15
127-144
EN
The notion of symbol, though popular and commonly used, has not so far received a satisfactory operational definition, i.e. a methodology of description that would allow to assign specific symbolic meanings to images in a foreseeable, “controllable” way. This is revealed by the different symbolic meanings which dictionaries assign to the same images. The paper uses examples from the Lublin Słownik stereotypów i symboli ludowych ‘Dictionary of stereotypes and folk symbols’ to question the rules for determining symbolic meanings and the “linguistic and cultural proofs” connected with the assignment of those senses – the rules that link the sun with life, truth and perfection, fire with love and passion, light with the God and heaven, dew with life-giving force and male sperm, wind with life-giving spirit, rainbow with the sign of peace, &c. The article reveals that the symbolic sense is sometimes prompted by the etymology, metaphorical meanings, parallel constructions, equivalence, or may also result from the genre convention of the text (an erotic, a dream book, a wishing carol), or finally from the beliefs and practices of bearers of folk culture. Regardless of all those attempts at determining symbolic meanings, the formulation of such meanings remains a hypothesis of a kind. Texts, especially artistic ones (where also folk texts belong), contain an unclosed semantic potential and remain unsaid, open and susceptible to new symbolic readings.
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