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1

Czy królowa Rycheza używała pieczęci?

100%

Pac G.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2015

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vol. 122

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issue 1

PL

Did Queen Rycheza Use a Seal?The two extant identical seals supposedly belonging to Queen Rycheza (d. 1063) and accompanying documents allegedly issued by her in 1051 and 1054 are undoubtedly forgeries, but could testify to the existence of the original seals. This supposition is suggested by the bust depiction of the queen, typical for the eleventh century and subsequently vanishing; apparently, the forger executing Rycheza’s seal could have acted in the same way as did the Brauweiler forger (possibly the same person) of the archbishops’ seals, i.e. he copied the bust likeness upon the basis of an accessible eleventh-century original. Just as intriguing is the seal’s rare pear shape – we do not know why the author of the original decided to choose it, and it is even more difficult to explain the selection of such an untypical outline unless the forger resorted to a similarly shaped model. Finally, the hypothetically oldest document mentioning the seal (dated 1054) comes at least from the 1130s. In other words, it originated at a time when seals of female aristocrats and queens were so rare in the Reich that there was still no distinct need for forging them if they were not featured on the original documents. It must be kept in mind that the content of the document in question was recognised by its last publisher as reliable and formulas pertaining to the addition of the seal used therein did not give rise to reservations. The same holds true for their analogous formula inserted into authentic fragments of the corroboration of a document from 1056, known only from later copies. If Queen Rycheza in her capacity as a widow did actually use a seal, which was extremely rare at the time, then it was important evidence of her status and, first and foremost, says a lot about the queen’s conviction relating to her exceptional status and majesty.

2

Święte dziewictwo, Królowa dziewic i władza w ottońskiej Rzeszy

100%

Pac G.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2018

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vol. 125

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issue 4

EN

Artykuł dotyczy znaczenia, jakie w religijności i ideologii władzy w ottońskiej Rzeszy miało święte dziewictwo. Zwraca uwagę na jego szczególną rolę w budowaniu autorytetu ludzi Kościoła obojga płci, a także pozycji władczyni. Pokazuje, że właśnie w kontekście dziewictwa należy rozumieć szczególne związki łączące ich z Marią Panną, traktowaną jako pierwsza ze świętych dziewic i ich królowa. Towarzyszy temu pytanie o związek dziewictwa z płcią, a więc o jego znaczenie tak w duchowości mężczyzn i kobiet, jak i w proponowanych im wzorach świętości. The article focuses on the importance of holy virginity for the devotion and ideology of power in the Ottonian Reich. The author pays attention to its special role in establishing the authority of people of the Church, of both genders, and the position of the queen. He demonstrates that it is in the very context of the virginity that their special relationship with the Virgin Mary should be understood, for she was regarded as the first of the holy virgins and their queen. This is accompanied by the question about the relation between virginity and gender, and thus about its significance for the spirituality of men and women as well as models of sanctity offered to them.

3

Let’s Write a Better Book about Mieszko I!

100%

Pac G.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2017

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vol. 124

PL

The paper is a critical review of Przemysław Urbańczyk’s monograph on Mieszko I, but rather than being a systematic discussion of the whole work, it focuses on those issues discussed in the book, which concern the relations between archaeology and history. Fragments basing exclusively on archaeological research are considered the most valuable by the author, whereas he is more critical about those parts which are based on the on interpretation of written sources. He postulates that such works, relating to both archaeology and history, should be created in close cooperation between representatives of both disciplines.

4

Kalendarz z Kodeksu Gertrudy jako świadectwo dewocji monarszej. Wokół kultu świętych na styku chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego i wschodniego w XI wieku

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Pac G.

Roczniki Historyczne

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2018

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vol. 84

EN

Artykuł dotyczy kalendarza z Kodeksu Gertrudy i składa się z dwóch części. W pierwszej autor odnosi się do dotychczasowej dyskusji dotyczącej czasu i miejsca powstania oraz wzorów kalendarza, w drugiej zaś stawia tezę o wpływie samej Gertrudy lub jej kręgu na kształt kalendarza, w szczególności zaś na dobór wspomnień świętych w nim zawarty. The paper deals with the calendar from Gertruda’s Codex and consists of two parts. In the first, the author discusses earlier proposals concerning the time and place of the calendar’s creation and its patterns, and in the second, a thesis is presented on the influence of Gertruda herself or her circle on the form of the calendar, especially the selection of the remembrances of saints it includes.

5

Wokół wczesnego kultu św. Ludmiły

100%

Pac G.

Historia Slavorum Occidentis

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2019

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issue 1 (20)

11-52

EN

The text presents the early cult of St. Ludmila and the author’s disagreement with the opinion that the cult did not exist until the mid-12th century. The author opposes the view that not only was it not officially recognised but sometimes even opposed by the Prague bishops.

6

Napiszmy lepszą książkę o Mieszku I!

100%

Pac G.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2015

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vol. 122

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issue 3

PL

Let’s Write a Better Book about Mieszko I!The article is a critical review of a monographic study by Przemysław Urbańczyk: Mieszko Pierwszy Tajemniczy (Toruń 2012); at the same time, it concentrates more on relations between archaeology and history than on a systematic presentation of the reviewed publication. Fragments based exclusively on archaeological research are regarded as of greatest value even though the article’s author simultaneously draws attention to certain inconsistencies hampering the use of the presented material by historians. The reviewer is more critical of the book’s fragments dealing with an interpretation of written sources and in certain instances notices an erroneous approach. The very character of the polemic conducted by Przemysław Urbańczyk with historians also gives rise to doubts in view of his arbitrary and selective citations of their works and the sometimes not quite comprehensible focus on older studies. An acquaintance with some of the findings made by scholars, and often contained in works mentioned in Urbańczyk’s book, would certainly make it possible to avoid dubious interpretations or to better justify his views. Nevertheless, it appears that the indicated problems can be regarded as typical for attempts at entering an unfamiliar domain – after all, similar mistakes appear also in the works of historians trying to interpret archaeological material on their own and without suitable training. This observation suggests the following thesis: the writing of much-needed works combining these two disciplines should be accompanied by a closer cooperation between representatives of both fields, particularly in the case of studies about the beginnings of Polish history.

7

Chrystianizacja i prawo we wcześniejszym średniowieczu

63%

Pac G.

Kwartalnik Historyczny

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2015

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vol. 122

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issue 4

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Czy królowa Rycheza używała pieczęci?

Święte dziewictwo, Królowa dziewic i władza w ottońskiej Rzeszy

Let’s Write a Better Book about Mieszko I!

Kalendarz z Kodeksu Gertrudy jako świadectwo dewocji monarszej. Wokół kultu świętych na styku chrześcijaństwa łacińskiego i wschodniego w XI wieku

Wokół wczesnego kultu św. Ludmiły

Napiszmy lepszą książkę o Mieszku I!

Chrystianizacja i prawo we wcześniejszym średniowieczu