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Wieki Stare i Nowe
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2017
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vol. 12
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issue 17
24-40
EN
The second half of the 17th century history of the Great Duchy of Lithuania was dominated bythe hegemony of two families: the Pac family and the Sapieha family. The latter managed to seize control over all spheres of public life and made decisions regarding the attitude of Lithuania with regard to the king and the Republic of Poland. The period of domination of the Sapieha family dates from 1685 to the early 1690s., when the plans of Jan III Sobieski, who attempted to build a political force that could withstand and counterbalance the influence of the Sapieha family, started to come to fruition. This, in turn, resulted in armed conflicts in the late 1690s aimed against the Sapieha family and an eventual civil war in Lithuania. After the lost battle at Olkieniki and the unsuccessful attempts at pacifying Lithuania, the Sapieha family started to look for protection, in the face of the actions of the Polish military. To this end, they supported Charles XII of Sweden, who went to war against the Polish Republic. The help of Charles’s troops guaranteed the Sapieha family that they would recovertheir lost estates.On March 6, 1702, the Sapieha family announced a manifesto, in which they attempted to justify their actions to the nobility and aristocracy. Their alliance with Sweden was dictated by personal reasons which nonetheless influenced the functioning of the entire family, as evidenced by the repeated mentions of the ruin of their estates and the inability of the republic to keep their promises. The Sapieha goods, which constituted the foundations of not only the family’s existence, but also the functioning of their entire faction, became the first object of aggression on the part of the republicans, who, driven by vengeance and greed, attempted to destroy the foundations of the functioning of the Sapieha faction as well as the family itself. There can be no doubt that the Sapieha family turned to Charles XII for help in an attempt at regaining the lost political influence as well as their fortune, and that they planned to bring the perpetrators of their downfall to - what was in their opinion - justice.
EN
In the 17th century in Poland after moving the deciding centre to the province, magnate estate started to play greater role among the local society. The estate became a centre of life of the nobility living in its areas as well as in magnate’s barony. In the magnate estate the nobility recieved help in judicial matters, solving conflicts with neighbours and protection of private magnate army. The estate became the centre of social, economical, cultural and political life. Thanks to the influential intercession of the magnate it was possible to get a clerical promotion and supervision over sons and daughters in the magnate estate. Sons of the nobility could start their clerical or military career there, while daughters learned good manners. In the magnate estate the nobility recieved help in traiding and financial matters. Magnates were desired quests on noble weddings and christenings. The magnate estate was also a place where it was possible to get the latests information about country’s politics, new trends in art, literature and fashion. Without a doubt the magnate estate, like magnet attracted the nobility who counted on the benefits. It became the only avaible centre of social life in the area.
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PL
„What Is Witchcraft? What Signify It ?” Lithuanian Sermons and Methods against Witchcraft from the End of 17th and 18th Centuries Witchcraft as a crime attracted the attention of Polish-Lithuanian society in many aspects at the turn of 17th and 18th centuries. On the one hand, it was connected with a belief in its efficiency, in the existence of witches and sorcerers, and their covenant with the devil. The article analyzes two manuscripts: a prayer „Modlitwa przeciwko czarom i niebezpieczeństwom” and a sermon „Jako się strzedz czarów i potwarzy o nie”. The sermon utilizes contemporary rhetoric, stresses the importance of sin and appeals to the receivers through fear. What is somewhat surprising, the text maintains that most witchcraft happened with God’s permission, as God allows the devil to function in the society. The preacher was very skillful in using listeners’ emotions, building suspension and condemning peoples’ sins and bad deeds. There is no doubt he managed to attract the attention of the audience and had a real impact on the surrounding reality.  
Wieki Stare i Nowe
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2019
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vol. 14
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issue 19
109-118
PL
Sapiehowie i Potoccy byli jednymi z najbardziej wpływowych rodzin w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Druga z wymienionych familii posiadała liczne dobra na Ukrainie, które rujnowały częste przemarsze żołnierzy litewskich. Władzę nad nimi sprawował hetman wielki Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest rozpatrzenie kwestii dotyczącej możliwej ochrony przez hetmana Sapiehę dóbr Potockich w zamian za ich głosy poparcia na sejmie i obronę w czasie ataków na litewskiego dowódcę wywołanych jego absencją pod Wiedniem.
EN
The Sapiehas and the Potockis were amongst the most influential families of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. The latter family owned numerous estates in Ukraine, which were directly under threat from marching Lithuanian soldiers. Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, Grand Hetman of Lithuania was in charge of the said estates. Due to cooperation of the two magnate families, he attempted to shield the Potockis’ estates and possessions from Lithuanian troops marching to or returning from the war with Turkey. To that aim he utilised legal proclamations called Universals. The Potockis returned the favour by entering into political collaboration. Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, having been absentfrom the Siege of Vienna, had to incur accusations and attacks during Sejm proceedings. He was then (1684) defended in a propaganda letter by Andrzej Potocki, Castellan of Kraków. The research themes analysed in the article serve as both, an introductory outline and a voice in the discussion regarding cooperation of Lithuanian and Polish noble families in the second half of the 17th century.
Wieki Stare i Nowe
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2019
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vol. 14
|
issue 19
109-118
PL
Sapiehowie i Potoccy byli jednymi z najbardziej wpływowych rodzin w dawnej Rzeczypospolitej. Druga z wymienionych familii posiadała liczne dobra na Ukrainie, które rujnowały częste przemarsze żołnierzy litewskich. Władzę nad nimi sprawował hetman wielki Kazimierz Jan Sapieha. Zasadniczym celem artykułu jest rozpatrzenie kwestii dotyczącej możliwej ochrony przez hetmana Sapiehę dóbr Potockich w zamian za ich głosy poparcia na sejmie i obronę w czasie ataków na litewskiego dowódcę wywołanych jego absencją pod Wiedniem.
EN
The Sapiehas and the Potockis were amongst the most influential families of the Polish‑Lithuanian Commonwealth. The latter family owned numerous estates in Ukraine, which were directly under threat from marching Lithuanian soldiers. Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, Grand Hetman of Lithuania was in charge of the said estates. Due to cooperation of the two magnate families, he attempted to shield the Potockis’ estates and possessions from Lithuanian troops marching to or returning from the war with Turkey. To that aim he utilised legal proclamations called Universals. The Potockis returned the favour by entering into political collaboration. Hetman Kazimierz Jan Sapieha, having been absent from the Siege of Vienna, had to incur accusations and attacks during Sejm proceedings. He was then (1684) defended in a propaganda letter by Andrzej Potocki, Castellan of Kraków. The research themes analysed in the article serve as both, an introductory outline and a voice in the discussion regarding cooperation of Lithuanian and Polish noble families in the second half of the 17th century.
EN
Recently, we can observe an increased interest in research on the history of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth based on the analysis of Western European archival resources. They present the image of Poland and Lithuania from a different point of view, which provides an interesting cognitive perspective and an opportunity to distance oneself from one’s own historiographical opinions. This is because facts that are commonly known but seen from a different, external perspective often acquire a new and valuable overtone. During the research in the National Archives and the British Library, we can find a large number of sources concerning the history of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which results from the active functioning of the Polish-Lithuanian state in the political struggles in Central and Eastern Europe, which was taken into account in diplomatic games in the west of the Old Continent. At the forefront of such documents are diplomatic correspondence, political writings, diaries of the Parliament, complete or partial. This group also includes instructions and accounts of local councils. Sometimes in the course of scientific research it is possible to come across manuscript documents completely unknown to Polish historiography, which either supplement the already known facts or present them in a slightly different way. This type of material is the instruction of the local council of the Poznań Voivodship “Points de l’instruction que la Province de la Grande Pologne a donnee a ses Deputes, ou Nonces pour la Diete prochain” from 1701 and “Relation de ce qui s’est passe a la Dietine de la Grande Pologne a Szroda par rapport aux Dissidents” from 1735. The first manuscript concerns the local council of the Poznań and Kalisz voivodships, which was break off, but the draft instruction was made public. On the other hand, the instruction found in London is slightly different from that known from domestic research, but the reasons for this cannot be resolved at present. As far as the latter document is concerned, i.e. the account of the 1735 local council, although the instruction itself is known, we do not know much about the course of the congress, especially about the relations between dissidents and Catholics during the local council. The found manuscript explains this in some way.
PL
W ostatnim okresie można zaobserwować zwiększone zainteresowanie badaniami nad dziejami dawnej, szlacheckiej Rzeczypospolitej prowadzonymi w oparciu o analizę zasobów archiwów Europy Zachodniej. Prezentują one obraz Polski i Litwy z innego punktu widzenia, co daje ciekawą perspektywę poznawczą i możliwość zdystansowania się do własnych opinii historiograficznych. Często bowiem fakty powszechnie znane, ale widziane z innej, zewnętrznej perspektywy nabierają nowego i jakże wartościowego wydźwięku. W trakcie badań w The National Archives i The British Library można natrafić na dużą liczbę źródeł dotyczących historii dawnej Rzeczypospolitej, co wynika z faktu czynnego funkcjonowania państwa polsko-litewskiego w zmaganiach politycznych w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej, co brano pod uwagę w rozgrywkach dyplomatycznych na zachodzie Starego Kontynentu. Na czoło takich dokumentów wysuwa się korespondencja dyplomatyczna, pisma polityczne, diariusze sejmów, całe lub częściowe. Do tej grupy należą też instrukcje i relacje sejmikowe. Czasem w trakcie badań naukowych można natrafić na zupełnie nieznane polskiej historiografii dokumenty rękopiśmienne, które albo dopełniają znane już fakty, albo prezentują je nieco inaczej. Tego typu materiałem jest instrukcja sejmiku województwa poznańskiego Points de l’instruction que la Province de la Grande Pologne a donnee a ses Deputes, ou Nonces pour la Diete prochain” z 1701 oraz „Relation de ce qui s’est passe a la Dietine de la Grande Pologne a Szroda par rapport aux Dissidents z 1735 r. Pierwszy z rękopisów dotyczy sejmiku województw poznańskiego i kaliskiego, który został zerwany, a mimo to projekt instrukcji został upubliczniony. Natomiast instrukcja odnaleziona w Londynie jest nieco inna niż ta znana z krajowych badań, ale przyczyn takiego stanu rzeczy nie jesteśmy w stanie obecnie rozwikłać. Jeśli chodzi natomiast o drugi z wymienionych dokumentów, czyli relacji z przebiegu sejmiku w 1735 r., choć sama instrukcja z tego zjazdu jest znana, to niewiele wiemy o jego przebiegu, a szczególnie stosunkach panujących w czasie tego zjazdu między dysydentami a katolikami. Odnaleziony rękopis w pewien sposób wyjaśnia tę kwestię.
EN
Nicolas-Louis Le Dran was an official-archivist whose remit was to look after and compile documents relating to French foreign affairs for the royal court. He is known for his work in building and expanding the French foreign affairs archive. He also played a key role in the system of archival services of the reign of Louis XV. The analyzed manuscript covers not only the years 1696–1697, but also the events of January of the following year. The French archivist had a specific goal in mind when creating his work on the interregnum of 1696–1697, probably linked to the need to present the complicated process of electing the King in the Republic and all the difficulties involved. In his work, the greatest amount of information, due to his position in the state, concerns the Sapiehas and other persons connected with the French party, which has been particularly emphasized and analyzed, although many of them we are not able to verify in detail due to the sources at our disposal.
PL
Nicolas-Louis Le Dran był urzędnikiem-archiwistą, w którego kompetencjach leżało dbanie i opracowywanie na potrzeby dworu królewskiego dokumentów dotyczących francuskich spraw zagranicznych. Znany jest on ze swojej działalności na rzecz budowy i rozbudowy francuskiego archiwum spraw zagranicznych. Odegrał także kluczową rolę w systemie służb archiwalnych w dobie panowania Ludwika XV. Analizowana rękopiśmienna praca obejmuje nie tylko lata 1696–1697, ale również wydarzenia ze stycznia kolejnego roku. Francuski archiwista, tworząc swoje dzieło dotyczące bezkrólewia 1696–1697, miał określony cel, zapewne związany z koniecznością przedstawienia skomplikowanego procesu wyboru króla w Rzeczypospolitej i wszystkich trudności z tym związanych. W jego pracy najwięcej jest informacji dotyczących Sapiehów i innych osób związanych ze stronnictwem francuskim, co zostało szczególnie zaakcentowane i poddane analizie, choć wielu z nich ze względu na posiadane źródła nie jesteśmy w stanie dokładnie zweryfikować.
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