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O instrumentach, narzędziach, przyrządach, przyborach w językach słowiańskich

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Rusek Z.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2011
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vol. 46
EN
Names for instruments, tools, devices and accessories in Slavonic languagesThis article is devoted to the names for ‘instruments’, ‘tools’, ‘devices’ and ‘accessories’ in Slavonic languages. As it was described in this paper, there is no common name, which is an equivalent of Latin ‘instrumentum’ in Slavonic languages. The name, coming from Latin instrumentum, is known in the majority of the languages (except Czech and Slovak), but its scope of the meaning is not the same. In Polish it concerns only musical and medical (mainly surgical, dental, laryngological) instruments, but for instance in Bulgarian and Macedonian it is also used in the meaning ‘tool’ (sometimes also in Serbo-Croatian). In Slovenian it is used both in the meaning ‘musical instrument’, but also ‘special device, used in medical, scientific and measurement purpose’. This name has also a wide range of meaning in the East-Slavonic languages, especially in Russian (concerns not only to musical and medical (surgical) instruments, but also to any tool, used by craftsmen). The name, continuing *pri-borъ is known in the majority of Slavonic languages, but their semantic scope is different (the largest is in Serbo-Croatian). An Old Slavonic word *orǫdьje in the majority of the Slavonic languages has the meaning ‘tool, instrument’, in some languages means ‘canon’, but in Polish it has quite different meaning (for instance, Orędzie Prezydenta RP). The noun, continuing *na-rędъ is present in each West-Slavonic language, and – with a preffix – also in the East Slavonic. The noun, coming from the *pri-rędъ, exists only in Polish, but it has an equivalent *pri-ladъ in Ukrainian and Byelorussian. The word, origins from Turkish alât is a lexical Balkanism, noticed only in the languages of Balkan Slaves (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian). Other names for ‘instruments, tools, devices, accessories’, described in this article, are not common, and exist only in separate languages.
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Цигулка, гъдулка… i inne nazwy ‘skrzypiec’ w języku bułgarskim (w porównaniu z pozostałymi językami słowiańskimi)

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Rusek Z.
Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej
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2013
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vol. 48
EN
Цигулка, гъдулка… and other names for ‘violin, fiddle’ in Bulgarian (in comparison to other Slavonic languages)This paper analyses names for ‘violin’ in Bulgarian, examined against a Slavonic background. A broader approach has been taken to these names, because the article concerns not only the “classic” violin, but also the folk instruments (fiddles), which have different names in Bulgarian (and other Slavonic languages): цигулка, гъдулка, гусла, кемане, лаута, виолина, гънилка, виулица. These names are described from the semantic, derivational and etymological point of view. The noun цигулка, the basic name of ‘violin’, occurs only in Bulgarian and it is unknown in other Slavonic languages, although there are documented derivatives in Serbo-Croatian. The noun кемане ‘violin’, from Turkish, also occurs in Macedonian and Serbo-Croatian and other languages belonging to the Balkan league. The second part of the papers is devoted to the names for ‘violin’ in other Slavonic languages. Some names, extant only in some of the Slavonic languages, are derived from an onomatopoeic stem (Bulg. цигулка, Pol. skrzypce, East-Slavonic скрипка). Most of the Slavonic languages have a noun derived from gǫsli, a Common Slavic ancestor, but in some Slavonic languages (Czech, Slovak, and Sorabic) this word now means the classic violin, while in others it means ‘fiddle’ (comp. Pol. gęśle, Bulg. гусла), and in the Eastern Slavonic languages and Old Church Slavonic it means a ‘plucked string instrument’ ‘a kind of lute’. In Serbo-Croatian it means both the classic violin and primitive fiddle. Polabian has its own name form ‘violin’ gigléikia, which comes from German.
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