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Pismo jako sztuka

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Cimała A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2017
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vol. 6
55-64
EN
Art, being a part of culture and civilization, is difficult to define. It is most often analyzed in terms of aesthetics. The art is most often associated with paintings, sculptures, architecture, music or literature. At the same time, it is hardly ever associated with writing. This article discusses and compares ways of perceiving different types of writing as art that originates from different cultures. Egyptian hieroglyphs were characterized as religious and utilitarian, while their artistic aspect was rather secondary. This approach has changed due to globalization and commercialization. Chinese calligraphy is characterized by duality – a combination of spirituality with pragmatic approach. Arabic calligraphy is primarily religious, but the visual effect seems to be as important as the element of its usage. Calligraffiti that is derived from Arabic calligraphy is, against the tradition, secular and serves as a tool of expression that can be seen both on the streets and in museums. Concrete poetry ignores conventions and gives a new dimension to both poems and typography. Despite time and cultural differences, in all these cases – to a greater or lesser degree – the visual value seems to be just as important (or even more important) as the substantive value of the texts. The visual effect and the functional element cooperate with each other and complement each other creating multidimensional works of art.
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Grammar, Semantics and Dialects in Architecture

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Cimała A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2019
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vol. 8
73-80
EN
Many aspects of architecture (style, ornaments, urban planning etc.) are symbolic in nature, resulting in similarity between the art of erecting structures and language understood as the relationship between signifé and signifant.Hence, architecture has its own grammar, semantics and dialectic variants. The grammar is expressed in the context of articulation form and pattern language. The semantics can be found in the relatively more superficial aspects like metaphors likening this branch of art to books or the owners of specific buildings in their appearance or demeanour. Such an approach is shared across centuries and can be found for example in ancient and Victorian texts. Additionally, the message conveyed by buildings and structures might serve as a form of propaganda while many elements like styles, ornaments and locations depend on the ideas expressed by the architects and the founders. This aspect is common to various ideas, beliefs and societies, whether consciously or subconsciously. Moreover, the realisation of different styles of architecture varies depending on the times and the specific needs of the community in which a particular building is erected in the same way language may vary depending on similar factors. Thus, architecture presents the same qualities that are expressed by various dialects.
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Visual Rhetoric and Architecture

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Cimała A.
Academic Journal of Modern Philology
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2021
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issue 12
35-42
EN
Architecture is a ubiquitous form of visual rhetoric, whose influence on one’s feelings and subconsciousness may be analyzed in the context of both soft and hard power. Buildings were and still are often designed in a way that incites wellness. The Baroque architecture in general is one of the most vivid examples of that procedure, especially the forms proposed by the Society of Jesus, which played an important role during the Counter-Reformation. The more contemporary example is the architecture of Nazi Germany, which was supposed to invoke the feelings of superiority, power, terror and permanence. The monumentalism of structures and gigantomania are still visible in the 21st century in the shape of Burj Khalifa, which is now the tallest building in the world, constructed for the purpose of presenting the prestige of Dubai. Another example of architecture being a display of soft power is the general unification of a nation through art and culture, which can be found in the approach of the English towards the Gothic style and its perception of the British Isles. On the other hand, the instances of hard power in the context of architecture can be found in the countries which remained under the rule of Soviet Union. CCCP imposed their architecture in such areas using buildings and designs that were considered gifts from the superior nations to the subjugated ones, with the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw being an example. At the same time, the destruction of iconic buildings may be considered as showing dominance, the destruction of the World Trade Center being one of the most prominent cases.
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