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EN
Culture and nature are the main formative factors of human behaviour. Furthermore, culture also determines the variations of societies. The integral elements of culture are law and politics that interact with each other. The influence of politics on the law in- creases during social crisis and radical historical transformations. An example of these effects can be illustrated by the situation on Polish territory at the beginning of the 19th century. A forceful correlation between politics and law is noticeable in Wincenty Hipolit Gawarecki’s literary output, where he shows the origin and the essence of the court of conciliation in the Duchy of Warsaw and the Congress Kingdom.
EN
During the existence of the Polish People’s Republic (1944–1989), the dominant ideology was that of Marxism-Leninism. It wielded strong influence on the official world-view. The ideology aspired to explain, in reality, all phenomena and processes. However, wi- thin a short period of time it became apparent that Marxism-Leninism had its weaknes- ses, for example, developing the sciences was conditional upon their non-interference with the objects of Marxism-Leninism. One such science that fell in this arena was the cybernetics of law. Hence, the purpose of this article is to give a short presentation of ge- neral assumptions and relation between the cybernetics of law and Marxism-Leninism during the period of “real socialism” in the Polish People’s Republic.
EN
The constitutional period of the Kingdom of Poland was a relatively calm time between the Napoleonic wars and the November Uprising. In reality yet the problematic of war substantially determined the horizon of public discussion about war in the Polish political thought between 1815 and 1830. Subsequently, the views of a conciliatory, moderate and radical environment were presented. The analysis is supplemented by selected historical narratives and the comments by the representatives of science.
PL
Okres konstytucyjny Królestwa Polskiego był czasem względnego spokoju między wojnami napoleońskimi i powstaniem listopadowym. W rzeczywistości problematyka wojny w znacznym stopniu wyznaczała jednak horyzont dyskusji o państwie i polityce. Przedmiotem artykułu jest prezentacja poglądów na temat wojny w polskiej myśli politycznej w latach 1815–1830. Kolejno zaprezentowano poglądy środowiska ugodowego, umiarkowanego i radykalnego. Uzupełnienie analizy stanowią wybrane narracje historyczne oraz uwagi przedstawicieli nauki.
EN
The article presents the effects of the implementation of management sciences in the entities acting in the public sphere. Contribution to verify the usefulness of management tools in an organization of this kind was the use of process mapping methods in Municipal company - MZGM TBS Ltd. Mapping of process was to improve the public procurement procedure. Particular emphasis was placed on the consequences of impacts of normative order and its relationship to the effectiveness of municipal company.
PL
In the past, in the same way as it occurs at present, the importance of legal history disciplines was questioned. They were often considered to be useless for lawyers. An interesting example is the situation in the Kingdom of Poland during the first three decades of the 19th century. The aim of the article is to present the role which the Polish Legal History played as part of the education of lawyers at Warsaw University in that period. The study was carried out on the basis of an analysis of manuscripts of the then students’ notes. The lectures were given by Prof. Jan Wincenty Bandtkie.
EN
Contemporary research concept of the history of political and legal thought includes various sources of information about opinions on politics, state and law that appeared in the past. One of them is a parliamentary debate. The article concentrates on the discussion about the marriage law that took place in the Polish Parliament (Sejm) in 1818. At that time one of the most controversial law institutions was the divorce. The legislative bill divided Members of Parliament into three different groups. The first party supported the project of the new matrimonial law that was prepared by the government (The Council of State). The second group considered acceptance of the religious norms that were given by the Roman Catholic Church to be the most appropriate solution. The last one was formed by liberals who opposed voting in favour of the project, which – in their opinion – extremely invaded human privacy and freedom. The content of the debate also presents three major conceptions of the system of government that prevailed in the Kingdom of Poland.
PL
Cities and towns are of greater significance than a mere form of urbanization. They are centres of development and progress, accumulating the potential of industry and culture. The 19th century was the period of a dynamic development of cities and towns in Europe. It also saw flourishing of the middle-class and maturing of their views and system of values. Those processes involved towns on the territory of the Commonwealth of Poland, although on a very limited scale. This was a consequence of the exceptional situation after the Third Partition in 1795. The article analyses the position of towns in the policy of the government of the Kingdom of Poland (1815–1830).
EN
Contemporary research concept of the history of the political and legal thought includes various sources of information about opinions on politics, state and law that appeared in the past. One of them comprises the debate of the parliament. The article concentrates on the discussion about the boundary line of land property that took place in the Polish Parliament (Sejm) in 1818. The bill of act divided Members of Parliament into two different groups. The first party, dominant, supported the project of the new law that was prepared by the government (Rada Stanu). They thought that it is important to give legal certainty to owners of land property. The second group was formed by Members of Parliament who opposed voting in favour of the project, which in their opinion extremely invaded human privacy and freedom. The content of the debate also presents major conceptions of the system of government and the social order that prevailed in the Kingdom of Poland.
PL
Ogień stanowił w przeszłości jeden z żywiołów naturalnych szczególnie zagrażających człowiekowi. Pożary powodowały nie tylko bezpośrednie zagrożenie życia i zdrowia. Powodując zniszczenia zasobów materialnych, stwarzały również niebezpieczeństwo dla egzystencji biologicznej poszkodowanych. Wywoływały również negatywne skutki dla całego systemu społeczno-gospodarczego. Przedmiotem artykułu jest przedstawienie założeń polityki wewnętrznej władz Królestwa Polskiego (1815-1830) w zakresie ochrony przeciwpożarowego na podstawie obowiązującego prawodawstwa.
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