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1

Swoistość ludzkiej kultury - wampiryzm

100%

Tomczyk J., Dygudaj A.

Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae

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2008

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vol. 6

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issue 1

77-91

EN

Every myth, regardless of its nature, refers back to some event placed in illio tempore. By this fact it constitutes a pattern to all situations and activities in which the event may reappear, the myth can degrade into an epical legend, a ballad or a roman, but it can also survive in a limited form in superstitions, customs and longings without losing neither its structure nor its meaning. In the history of mankind, the perception contributed to the formation of culture - the total of artifacts, both material and immaterial (spiritual or symbolic), these achievements, characteristic for particular society, constitute a model of social behavior. While interpreting the external world people relied on supernatural explanations to some extent, which depended on the level of intellectual development. Initially many facts were explained with the interference of dark, demonic powers, adopting diverse forms in people’s imagination, thanks to such interpretation of reality the vampire was born to existence. The vampire has undergone a peculiar evolution, the features of its character often changed and the figure was many times reborn in varied forms. Settled in present times, the silhouette of the vampire remains realistic in some people’s minds and has no tendency to modify. Its presence in modern times is mainly perceptible through the creation and development of vampire - worshiping sects. The following thesis is aimed to present the evolution of beliefs and picture of the vampire, as well as ancient practices and ways of treating people suspected of vampirism, the text enables a close look into the structure and functioning of modern vampire-related cults, it also attempts to explain the phenomenon of vampirism and its continuously increasing popularity.

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Ocalenie jakby przez ogień (1 Kor 3,15). Czyściec z perspektywy Biblii i w refleksji teologicznej

80%

Ostański P.

Poznańskie Studia Teologiczne

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2015

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issue 29

139-163

EN

Apart from the two final states after death, heaven and hell, there is a third transitional state called “purgatory”. The Church believes in it, though this term does not occur in the Bible. The aim of this paper is to present scriptural sites relating to purification after death. There are only a few texts that concern purgatory and in addition they do not point directly to it: 2 Macc 12:38-45 (prayers and atonement can help the dead), Matt 12:31-32 (certain offenses can be forgiven in the age to come) and 1 Cor 3:10-15 (there is a cleansing fire after death – different from the punishment of the damned). The message of these texts is clear: the lot of a man may be changed even after death. One can also find in the Sacred Scripture some metaphors applying to purgatory: whipping (Lk 12:47-48), imprisonment for debts (Matt 5:25-26) and leaving the netherworld (Matt 12:4). Some scholars think, the Jesus’ parable of the rich man and Lazarus (Lk 16:19-31) also reveals the mystery of the final purification. Although the Church believed in purgatory from the very beginning, she formulated her doctrine of faith on purgatory especially at the Councils of Florence (1439) and Trent (1547). What the Church teaches is that there is a purification that occurs after death for all who die in God’s friendship but who have not been sufficiently purified for the glory of heaven. The purification can involve some kind of pain or discomfort (poena damni – punishment of temporary rejection and poena sensus – punishment of the senses). Martin Luther and the Protestants reject the doctrine of purgatory. They argue that if a man had to suffer in purgatory, the sacrifice of Jesus Christ would be incomplete and insufficient. The Catholic answer to the dilemma is that salvation assumes two steps: forgiveness of sins and transformation of life. The former occurs immediately, the latter needs time. God changes people and actually makes them righteous. Only when they are entirely sanctified and fully perfected, they are truly fit to enjoy the beatific vision of heaven. And what about people who die before they have been thoroughly transformed? The Catechism of the Catholic Church (1032) encourages the faithful on earth to assist those being purified and to offer prayers, above all the Eucharistic sacrifice, almsgiving, indulgences, and works of penance undertaken on behalf of the dead.

3

Biblijny symbol piekła w egzystencjalnym ujęciu Paula Tillicha

80%

Lorek P.

Verbum Vitae

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2019

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vol. 36

315-331

EN

The article contributes to the reconstruction of Paul Tillich’s view of the symbol of hell. It analyzes such issues as the resurrection of the body, the continuity of an individual’s awareness, the postmortem dualism of individuals’ fate as well as the conception of hell in its temporal and ultimate, as far as the experience of an individual is concerned, dimension. By introducing the negation of both discontinuity and continuity between the ultimate and the temporal, Tillich deliteralizes particular eschatological notions and shows their symbolic value, which elucidates the existential situation of an individual in his or her finitude and estrangement, as well as in surpassing temporality reality.

PL

Artykuł stanowi przyczynek do rekonstrukcji poglądu Paula Tillicha odnośnie do symbolu piekła. Podejmuje analizę kwestii zmartwychwstania ciała, ciągłości świadomości jednostki, pośmiertnego dualizmu losów jednostek i wreszcie samej koncepcji piekła w jej doczesnym i ostatecznym, jeśli chodzi o doświadczenie jednostki, ujęciu. Tillich poprzez wprowadzenie negacji nieciągłości i ciągłości między tym, co ostateczne a tym, co doczesne, deliteralizuje poszczególne pojęcia eschatologiczne i ukazuje ich symboliczną wartość, rozświetlającą egzystencjalną sytuację jednostki w jej skończoności i wyobcowaniu, także w przekraczalnej doczesność rzeczywistości.

4

Problem odpowiedzialności w ujęciu biblijnym

61%

Jelonek T. B.

Studia Socialia Cracoviensia

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2012

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vol. 4

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issue 1

EN

Description of the man creation and following after it description of the fall shows that the man is the ethical creature and is subject to a moral rights. It arises the responsibility. The crime is subject to the punishment, and obedience will be awarded. In the history of the biblical revelation comes first of all the notion of the collective responsibility which loses its part of the translation of events experienced by the nation in the voice first it Babylonian constrains. Then comes to the voice the notion of the personal responsibility which lets every individual participate in supporting the religious relation to the God but it gives also a serious difficulties. The Book of Job undertakes the problem of the suffering fair, the Book of Kohelet the question, why unfair does not bear punishment. The fuller possible solution is just after understanding that the repayment does not end within the earthly life, but there is the place for it in the hereafter life. It becomes the call to undertaking responsibility connected with the hope full of the responsibility.

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Swoistość ludzkiej kultury - wampiryzm

Ocalenie jakby przez ogień (1 Kor 3,15). Czyściec z perspektywy Biblii i w refleksji teologicznej

Biblijny symbol piekła w egzystencjalnym ujęciu Paula Tillicha

Problem odpowiedzialności w ujęciu biblijnym