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EN
There is no doubt that the first postwar Olympic Games held in London in 1948 played a role in the history of sports that was far from being negligible as that event was intended to become a symbol of the reestablished unity of all nations. Therefore, much of the postwar efforts of the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee from the very beginning concentrated on the preparation for the Olympic Games. This did not include only the pre-Olympic training of sportsmen; also the money needed for the participation had to be raised. Owing to the Committee's efforts and also thanks to the government a sufficient amount of money was obtained and many excellent sportsmen could attend the event. It was hoped that the Czechoslovak representatives would gain many Olympic medals. Indeed, they often showed surprising performances. Through its work, the Czechoslovak Olympic Committee could influence to some extent the political development in the country even after February 1948, as the Communist regime was still consolidating at that time and paid much more attention to other priorities than to sports.
EN
The story of Sociakol consumer cooperative in the years 1945-1950 is described. The institutional and methodological approach to studying the history of the cooperative is combined with a biographical approach depicting the stories of a limited circle of persons in its management. Thus, this particular regional example helps us explain the interconnection between the Communist Party and consumer cooperatives. It demonstrates the gaps and limits available in the social system prior to and after the Communist coup of 1948 that made it possible for well managed fraudulent groups of people operating in border regions to carry out illegal economic activities well covered with the then political and economic trends and slogans. It also shows the reasons for prosecuting and suing these people after the February Coup, and gives details of the lawsuits against them under the political supervision by the Communist Party.
EN
The article examines information about printing-houses at the end of the 19th century. The author analyses the first publications, focusing in particular on the “Misiatseslov” calendar, the “Listok”magazine and the “Kelet” newspaper. She attempts to systematise the elements of graphic decoration of these editions such as head-pieces, vingettes, endings, initials and illustrations. Her analysis of stored artefacts shows that Transcarpathian graphic arts developed in the European art study process in the late 19th and the early 20th centuries.
EN
The author analyses development of the Slovak professional theatre after World War II from the perspective of emerging generationally related art teams of the theatre makers. He notes that generational manifestations have always been conditioned by social situation because the basic attributes of this concept are the uniformity of opinion and the ability to strongly articulate civic and artistic views in controversy and confrontation with the prevailing social atmosphere. The sixties brought along a release of social tension and at this period quite a number of university-trained young theatre artists active in theatres were stepping up against a strong group of older artists, who after years of schematism showed remarkable vitality and were able to absorb many elements of modern theatre. The first full-valued generational theatre was the theatre company Divadlo na korze. In the seventies, a tendency towards a generational theatre was to be found especially in theatres in Trnava, Nitra and Martin, but in all cases these were repertory theatres with staging production varying from generational proclamations of "otherness" to mainstream pieces. Generationally clearly defined theatre was given the opportunity to develop only after social upheaval in 1989.
EN
In the sixties, Slovak Theatre eagerly adapted modern European and world drama and did not hesitate to stage inventive interpretations of home and foreign classics and some of their outstanding productions even earned respect in the wider European cultural context. Since 1965, Slovak theatres staged only a few original plays written by Slovak playwrights that could withstand the demanding criteria and deserve to be staged again. In the early seventies, the majority of Slovak dramatic productions were just variations on a reliable model of psycho-realistic „images of life“ The model of drama employed by Karvaš tried to form a more or less logically constructed model story with the real world characters and situations that would reflect everyday experience and feelings of the audience. This approach to dramatic text was only modestly questioned by the practice of a small group at the end of the sixties and early seventies still beginning amateur artists, such as Stanislav Štepka and Milan Markovič in Radošina Naive Theatre, Ivan Hudec and Ján Belan in Theatre at Roland, Karol Horák and student theatre at the Faculty of Philosophy in Prešov UJPS and young students in the Theatre Behind the Gates in Bratislava and later their younger followers, who wrote their texts directly with the idea of their practical implementation. In the first half of the seventies, a strong generation of young artists gradually integrated into the Slovak professional theatres. Rather than „truth“, they preferred the stage imagery and metaphor, rather than practiced precision they preferred playfulness. An important attribute of texts that young theatre makers consistently sought for and which they directly inspired was the resignation from the classical structure of the dramatic text construction. The significant difference between the older and younger generation of playwrights was the rejection of the principle of process causality in the construction of situations and characters. Another significant and defining feature common for this new type of plays that were gradually added into the repertoire of Slovak ensembles thanks to the young staging teams was a strong reluctance to word as a bearer of meaning. The second half of the seventies was a turning point, when the creative energy of young theatre artists generated the first dramatic texts written for the needs of specific ensembles and respected the effort of particular theatres to modernize their repertoire.
EN
The liberation of Western Bohemia by the American Army and the subsequent U.S. military administration constitute an important chapter in the final period of World War II in Central Europe. It also had direct impact on the internal political development in liberated Czechoslovakia, where immediately after the war a fierce fight started between the democratic forces and the Communists for the country's postwar orientation. The democrats relied on assistance by the American military administration whereas the Communists immediately used any - even alleged - attempt of intervention in the civil administration in their propaganda for attacks against the democrats and ultimately against the country's foreign orientation to the USA and, on the other hand, for propagating absolute cooperation with the USSR. In addition, the existing problems were complicated by the complex ethnic structure in Western Bohemia with its strong German minority. Therefore, the American military administration had to ensure 'general' security, smooth transition to peacetime life without any violent excesses on either side, restoration of peacetime conditions, revival of civil administration, and basic infrastructure. The American Army could successfully cope with all the complex tasks owing to its experienced commander General E. N. Harmon, and thus largely contributed to the restoration of peace conditions and partly also of democracy in postwar Czechoslovakia.
EN
The paper contains a memoir of famous Polish researcher of Medieval Latin Professor Kazimierz Liman (1925-2010) written by his scholar.
Studia theologica
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2010
|
vol. 12
|
issue 2
1-19
EN
In 1904 while in Rome Theodor Kohn had resigned as the archbishop of Olomouc. After his resignation he moved to Rindbach near Ebensee and in October 1904 he moved again to Ehrehnausen in Styria. There he had bought castle Ehrenhausen. Until his death in 1915 he lived there with his secretary Frantisek Botek, Theodor Vavrusa and his servants from Moravia. Kohn has renovated the Eggenberger mausoleum, which was a component of the castle Ehrenhausen, and after his death he was laid to rest there. Kohn's heirs gave the Eggenberger mausoleum to the Land Steiermark.
EN
The text concerns the process of publishing the yearly of Mianowski Fund entitled 'Polish Science' in the inter-war period and just after war. Stanisław Michalski (1865–1949) – an eminent pesonage actively engaged both in educational and scientific work – had a great share in the obtention of the possibility of editing 'Polish Science'. The paper includes both the description of his activity in this field and the subject of the twenty five volumes of 'Polish Science', and reveals the importance of the yearly for science before and just after the World War II.
EN
The article presents life and scientific output of Maksymilian Rose – an eminent Polish neuroanatomist and neuropathologist of the inter-war period. In the first period of activity he worked in Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Hirnforschung in Berlin, where was appointed to a post of head of Pathology Ward. In the years 1927–1929 he was an editor-in-chief of the renowned periodical Journal für Psychologie und Neurologie, and in 1928 returned to Poland. Having been appointed to a professorship at Department and Mental Clinic in the University of Vilna in 1931, also managed the Institute for the Researches on Brain. He was an originator of the modern science of brain cytoarchitectonics. Probably, the searches in this field brought him about the greatest discovery – a description of the new partitioning of the cerebral cortex, which resulted from its ontogenetic (embryological) development and from its differentiated behaviour in different parts of primary parent coat and primary cortex coat. The foundations of the modern neurocytoarchitectonics of cerebral cortex especially were laid by two scientists: the most eminent Spanish neurobiologist Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Polish researcher – Maksymilian Rose. Constantin Economo and Karl Kleist considered him for the creator of science of fields' differentiation of cerebral cortex from histological point of view.
EN
Women began to come in the intellectual professions in large numbers after World War I. Until then the most numerous group was formed by teachers. At the turn of 19th and 20th century, physician, pharmacist and teacher were on the increase. After the First World War, women have penetrated also into science, first into medicine. Lawyers had the greatest difficulties in finding employment. The situation improved after several interventions of women’s organizations in the early thirties of the 20th century. However, stereotypical thinking and fear of men from qualified female competition still persisted and saw the woman primarily as wife and mother.
EN
The study deals with the assassination of Acting Reichsprotektor Reinhard Heydrich, its significance and consequences: the second martial law, destruction of two Czech villages, Lidice and Lezaky, and executions of Czech patriots. These events had a strong impact on the international public opinion and contributed to the demand for punishing the Nazi war crimes. President Edvard Benes and the Czechoslovak exile government in London played an important role in that. Attention focuses on the Czechoslovak exile government in London discussing the situation in the Protectorate and on its subsequent activities in this matter in relation to the Allies that contributed to Great Britain's withdrawal from the Munich Agreement early in August 1942. Part of the study is also the edition of important documents related to that matter, particularly the two declarations of the Czechoslovak government drawing the attention of the allied states to the Nazi persecution in the Protectorate.
EN
In the article was presented the conception of the history of science in the interpretation of Bogdan Suchodolski. Having described the conception of the history of science created by George Sarton (1884 - 1956), whose thought was influenced by positivistic philosophy of August Comte, the idea of the history of science of Johan Nordstrom (1891 - 1967), who was inspired by the system of Wilhelm Dilthey, and the materialistic conception of the history of science, which was represented, among others, by John Desmond Bernal (1901 - 1971), the author is making an attempt at revealing to what extent Bogdan Suchodolski was inspired by the above-mentioned visions of the history of science. Having defined the history of science as the history of scientific activity of people and their consciousness formed by the activity, Bogdan Suchodolski applied in the field of his own conception of the history of science the ideas that were put forward by German thinkers and philosophers, and were connected with a way of understanding culture as the constant development of national awareness, which can be exemplified with different dimensions of culture. Undoubtedly, identifying the history of Polish science with constitutive element of the history of national culture and paying attention to the conceptions tending not only to explaining, but also understanding phenomena, B. Suchodolski was influenced by Alfred Vierkandt's and Wilhelm Dilthey's thought. The present article includes several reflections on the conception of the history of science, which was created by B. Suchodolski. Among others, we can find here detailed information on how B. Suchodolski understood: the history of science, its subject, aim and methodology; its status in modern social consciousness and as the history of truth; relations between history of science and theory of science and scientific policy, history of science and the problem of unity and diversity of scientific thinking, history of science and ideas, history of culture and technology, and sources of scientific progress.
EN
At the end of World War I and in the 1920's, Great Britain and its Foreign Office had a rather optimistic view of relations between Czechs and Germans in Czechoslovakia. The situation only changed in the following decade. The British Foreign Office began increasingly lean toward the opinion that the successor states, including Czechoslovakia, did not contribute to the establishment of peace and stability in Central Europe. Reports from the British legation in Prague, mostly marked by their Germanophile orientation and negative perspective on the Czechoslovak government's policy toward the German minority, played an important role in the Foreign Office's perception of the Sudeten German issue. Adolf Hitler's accession to power in 1933 did not change London's efforts to achieve agreement with Berlin. However, according to the responsible British politicians, a more permanent reconciliation with Germany was only possible if some injustices done, in Britain's view, after 1918 were remedied. With respect to Central Europe, this meant an increased interest by the Foreign Office in ethnic situation in the Czechoslovak Republic, particularly after the formation of the Sudeten German Party in April 1935. The perception of the Sudeten German issue by the British legacy in Prague was clearly unfavourable for the Czechoslovak Republic in 1936. In terms of a wider context of British foreign policy, agreement with Berlin became one of the basic foreign political axioms in 1936, especially after German occupation of the Rhineland in March. At the end of 1936, leading representatives of the British Foreign Office came to the conclusion that the key to solve the German-Czech argument was an agreement between Sudeten Germans and the Czechoslovak government. In their opinion, a path to such an agreement had to be grounded in a pressure on Prague to accommodate the German minority. The Foreign Office was afraid that Sudeten Germans would otherwise radicalize in their effort to join Germany, which would consequently threaten peaceful arrangement in Central Europe. British politicians thus convinced themselves that the situation could only be saved by a positive approach to the German minority.
EN
The system of interrelations between the center and the regions in the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the early 1930s is analyzed in the study. Concrete cases are used to describe the development of relations and mutual interactions between the center and the regions in the USSR as well as the factors determining them. The tools used and the attempts made by the center, where the decisive power was concentrating in J. V. Stalin's hands, to centralize state power and limit the influence of Party elite at the regional level are explained. The latter had, however, strong positions in the Central Committee of the Bolshevist Party and were able to enforce the interests of their particular regions, and thus protect and strengthen their own positions within the Party system. It appears that not only geographical factors and insufficient control of the provinces played some role in the development of interrelations between the center and the regions; of great importance was also the ethnic policy and later also, in particular, the start of radical modernization of the country by means of forced collectivization and industrialization. Both of these processes strengthened dramatically Moscow's centralization efforts; on the other hand, however, they created new opportunities for the regional elite to increase their influence and strengthen their positions.
16
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Velká Británie a konference v Locarnu 1925

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EN
The Locarno Conference was held in October, 1925 and the participating parties (Great Britain, France, Belgium, Italy, and Germany) discussed there primarily the question of Germany's western border guarantees. Less attention was paid to the eastern border of Germany, and to that purpose, Poland and Czechoslovakia were also invited to attend the last part of the meeting. The Conference was a success particularly of Great Britain and Germany. The agreement of Berlin, Paris and Brussels confirming the status quo on the Rhine and the promise to admit Germany to the League of Nations meant the recognition of London's role of arbitrator in European maters. On the other hand, Berlin obtained primarily guarantees of Germany's western borders. France failed to be too successful. The equal position of Germany, ostracized until that time, weakened the political position of France as international power and its efforts aimed at making Great Britain more active east of the Rhine failed.
EN
Selected topics related to the mass transfers of Bata staff in the years 1938-1941 are analyzed in the study and the transfer motives are discussed. Attention is particularly paid to the preferred destinations and, in relation to the transferees, also to some of the selection criteria applied (education level, knowledge of languages, etc.). In order to better judge Bata's business preferences the above features are put into context with the most important chronological milestones in Czechoslovakia's and, in general, Europe's history. The narrow analytical scope of the study is complemented in the closing part by a confrontation of the findings obtained with the current theoretical migration concepts. Thus, the Bata transfers are integrated in a general (wider) spectrum of the migration movements of population.
EN
Compared to the neighboring countries, the political system in Czechoslovakia between the two world wars appeared to be an island of democracy in Central Europe, particularly after the seizure of power in Germany by the Nazis and the annexation of Austria by the German Reich. Still, however, various aspects of the democratic system in Czechoslovakia were criticized by some theoreticians and politicians, also from democratic points of view. This applies also to the electoral system. The heaviest criticism of the electoral system during the First Czechoslovak Republic focused on two electoral techniques: The use of Hare’s method in the first scrutiny to calculate the mandate number, and the practice of using strictly conditioned candidate lists. With the application of this method there were more surplus votes for the second scrutiny than when using another technique, such as the Hagebach-Bischoff method. Thus, the whole system based on political parties became one of the crucial problems of Czechoslovak democracy in the period under consideration. The position of party bosses was extremely strong, the conditions inside the party were highly centralized. Party members were controlled through conditioned candidacy. A widely applied practice was the ideological viewing of potential party renegades. The parties acquired too much power in influencing the state administration. In spite of the questionable features of the party role in the country’s political system there were some advocates of it. Therefore, neither the electoral system nor the structure of political parties changed until 1938.
EN
The subject of the present paper is an analysis of the dramatic time structure in the comedy El baúl de los disfraces by Jaime Salom. There are three time levels in the play: the current real time, the real time of the past events and the unreal time where these levels intermingle. The chronological order of the plot world differs from that of the past events occurring at the scenic time. The technique employed by the author exhibits substantial parallels with the work entitled L’Inconnue d’Arras by a French playwright Armand Salacrou.
EN
Deutsche Agrarbank für Oesterreich started its business operations in 1912. The bank reflected the political and economic ambitions of the Deutsche Agrarpartei in Boehmen (German Agrarian Party in Bohemia) that wanted to expand to all Cisleithania. The bank's goals were based on the ideology of agrarianism requiring that the large financial amounts available in the country should be used for the development of rural areas and that their use by other social groups of capitalist business should be prevented. Deutsche Agrarbank für Oesterreich had only two years' time to implement its business plans. During the First World War the bank followed the practice of the other German national banks, which by subscribing war loans demonstrated their belief in the victory of the Central Powers - Germany and Austro-Hungary. The bank could only slowly and with much difficulty recover from the problems caused by the war economy and postwar depression. Although it obtained help from the Czechoslovak State to restore its profitability, as well as some support from Germany and ultimately also from the General Bank Recovery Fund, it remained on the brink of failure during the whole period of time between the two world wars.
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