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The Ideas of Hungarian Politics on Revision in the First Half of the 1920s

100%

Vizi L. T.

West Bohemian Historical Review

2021

vol. 11

issue 1

25-47

In the first half of the 1920s, the Hungarian political elite had to handle the situation created by the Trianon Treaty, although the Hungarian foreign politics had very little room for manoeuvres against the Little Entente and for the revision of the Trianon Treaty. The question arose that without the support of a major power how realistic the plans for breaking the ring of the Little Entente around Hungary were, or whether it was worth attempting a foreign political action against any Little Entente member state with a minimum chance of success without the support of a major power. There were three possible responses to the question: (1) waiting and avoiding any unilateral Hungarian speculative actions until the support of a major power was given; (2) active Hungarian actions without the support of a major power; (3) taking maximum advantage of all changing international circumstances while seeking the support of a major power. This article analyses the three options and those groups that supported them. The conclusion is that the Sopron referendum, which managed to alter the Treaty of Trianon, demonstrated that the Treaty of Trianon borders could be partly modified with the support of major powers and that the right for self-determination of the people based on the Wilsonian principles could not be swept completely under the rug partially and slightly. However, we should not forget that the referendum that attempted to remedy the territorial disputes accompanied by armed clashes between the two defeated nations, was a solution which could not be implemented at the beginning of the 1920s with the other victorious successor states. As it turned out, this solution was not even applicable later. The referendum was not supported by the major powers, neither by the successor states. The latter firmly rejected it. With the rejection of the idea of referendums, it was exactly that resolution and crisis management method, which was eliminated from the options list, the one which could have offered a peaceful and comforting solution for all the parties concerned to heal the wounds caused by Trianon.

Sprawy Węgier w USA po I wojnie światowej. Wizyty Oskara Jaszi’ego i Albera Apponyi’ego

58%

Parafianowicz H.

Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

2014

vol. 49

issue 1

W artykule pokazany jest stosunek i zmiana nastawienia Amerykanów wobec Węgier po I wojnie światowej. Nadzieje na restaurację historycznych granic i rewizjonizm węgierski stały się podstawą polityki zagranicznej państwa, dla której poparcia szukano na Zachodzie Europy i USA, zwłaszcza wśród emigrantów węgierskich. Nieratyfikowanie traktatu wersalskiego, podpisanie przez USA separatystycznego traktatu z Węgrami (sierpień 1921 r.), a zarazem spore i życzliwe zainteresowanie Amerykanów współpracą międzynarodową stworzyły szanse na normalizację stosunków węgiersko‑amerykańskich. W takich okolicznościach jesienią 1923 r. dochodzi do wizyt i cyklu odczytów Oszkara Jasziego oraz Alberta Apponyiego, które – wraz z ich publiczną dyskusją – odegrały użyteczną rolę w popularyzacji spraw węgierskich i regionu.

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1 Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej

1 West Bohemian Historical Review

1 Parafianowicz H.

1 Vizi L. T.

1 2021

1 2014

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The Ideas of Hungarian Politics on Revision in the First Half of the 1920s

Sprawy Węgier w USA po I wojnie światowej. Wizyty Oskara Jaszi’ego i Albera Apponyi’ego