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EN
This article examines selected historical contexts of Miłosz’s encounters with America. It demonstrates the confl icts, paradoxes and contrasts in the poet’s attitude towards the country where he spent many years of his adult and creative life. Miłosz’s early readings and passions for discovering the laws and secrets of nature as well as Romantic and modern literary traditions signifi cantly infl uenced his perception of American landscapes and culture. They shaped his new internal landscapes. The speaker’s changes, a result of Miłosz’s experiences in the New World, allow us to understand how his characteristic spatial imagination developed. Moreover, the article outlines Miłosz’s pursuit of a remedy for his disintegrated imagination, and its religious dimension in particular.
EN
The article offers a reading of Jan Józef Szczepański’s Koniec westernu (focusing on its sub-chapter Rewolucja dzieciaków) in the light of postcolonial theory. Having himself experienced political oppression in Polish People’s Republic, Szczepański developed a type of postcolonial sensibility, which gave him a unique perspective on the problems of post-war United States. This context and his biography help to point out particular features of Szczepański’s picture of the hippies who experience social exclusion in the US. They feel alienated from middle-class society which they see as dominated by materialism, and they evolve their own lifestyle.
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Peace, War, and Critique

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This article offers a brief exploration of the contradictory meanings of "war" and "peace", beginning with the ways in which, paradoxically, one term is supposed to engender its opposite. Inspired by sources as diverse as James Madison, Ralph Waldo Emerson, William James, and Judith Butler, the author tries to imagine what it would take to break the war-and-peace continuum.
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Amerykański nacjonalizm

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EN
The phenomenon of American nationalism dates back to the pioneer times of the Pilgrims and Founding Fathers who established first social and political relations creating origins of a future developed country. Throughout the past centuries the term “nationalism” from an American perspective was tangled to various definitions and sometimes official politics of the state. American nationalism was first represented by faithful Protestant settlers who believed strongly in a God’s destined society. Based on that the first definition was coined by John Winthrop in his poem “City upon a hill” – idea of a land deprived of evil in all of its emanations, which is not distant and obeys the will of an Absolute. One of the Founding Fathers – Thomas Paine in his Common Sense developed Winthrop’s idea and presented Americans as people with unlimited abilities. American writers and first colonists believed in a Biblical promised land that offered them unlimited abilities of self-growth. This strength of a self consciousness paved a way to a scientific term of super-patriotism. Coined by Michael Parenti, this term encompasses both democratic ideas of Alexis de Tocqueville and vision of a self-made man, who is the organizer of American statehood. American nationalism is also a derivative of ideology of americacentrism with its roots in the 19th century concept of Manifest Destiny proclaiming a nation that is endowed with an eternal right to secure the world for democracy. This idea has been a long term debate in American political and social life as United States became more and more involved in international affairs since the beginning of 20th century. In sum, the idea of American nationalism is the result of American melting-pot of religious, cultural and specific historical circumstances that built this nation.
EN
The article compares two versions of Miron Białoszewski’s American journal. The first one is censored, literarily elaborated and published officially in communist times, albeit posthumously. The other is a crude piece from Białoszewski’s Secret Diary. Both versions are analysed as attempts to come out in literature. In his American journal written in 1982, Białoszewski searched for a “third way” between communism and the Solidarity movement – namely, in the (homo)sexual liberation which he found in porn cinemas, darkrooms, and sex shops.
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The text analyses the inner life of Christopher Columbus based mainly on his writings and the literature on the subject. It is an attempt to reconstruct the mentality of the great explorer against the background of his turbulent biography and the historical context of the turn of the Middle Ages and modern times.
PL
The aim of this study is to provide details about contemporary reality in Iraq and the impact of the American invasion on Iraq and American interests in the ten years since 2003. The analysis of the various source material, including survey results, policy statements, and statistical data reveals that, while the invasion brought gains to both the Iraqis and the Americans, it did so at a great cost. The assessment of the outcome of that invasion is complicated by the fact that contemporary Iraq was influenced by two decades of the rule of Saddam Hussein, who dominated the government and repressed his real and imagined foes. In March 2003 the US hoped for a quick win; however, its troops were to remain in Iraq until December 2011, giving it significant influence throughout this period. While ten years have passed since the invasion, only ten years have passed and that may not be an adequate time frame in which to identify and evaluate gains and losses.Full text: http://bazhum.muzhp.pl/czasopismo/589/?idno=14763
EN
This paper will deal with the problematics of cultural self-representation in Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises. I shall approach this theme by applying concepts from Edward Said’s Orientalism and Jean Baudrillard’s America to Hemingway’s novel and discussing the limitations of such theories which - it will be argued - oversimplify the issue by reducing it to an opposition between ‘Self’ and ‘Otherness’.
EN
This article considers Russian themes in Miłosz’s writing, especially in his work created in the U.S.A. The transoceanic perspective allowed the Polish poet acute observation and insight into Russia; his opinions resulted from systematic and thorough studies. Moreover, the article discusses migration, exile and empire – issues central to Miłosz – by contrasting and comparing the Polish Nobel Prize winner and the Russian Joseph Brodsky.
EN
This paper focuses on the participation of missionaries from the “Bohemian Province“ of the Society of Jesus in the colonization of America in the 17th and 18th century, and the representation of the New World in letters and reports sent to the home province. As a result of the activities of the Jesuits, monitored closely in their home province, and complemented of course by other direct and indirect involvement in the process of overseas colonization, the inhabitants of the Czech Lands found themselves integrated into the newly established Atlantic system and participated in an intense interchange of information and cultural influences.
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Markha ValentaRadboud University Nijmegen Abandoning America the Better to Save American Studies: A Proposal Abstract: This paper argues that the most fruitful future for American Studies is one that subsumes it to global projects, critical sensibilities, political, intellectual and aesthetic fields greater than itself. Correspondingly, the prime referent of American Studies ought not to be a reified “America” but rather the paradoxes, tensions and contestations between democratic and inhumanely extractive relations that gave birth to and continue to shape the US/Americas, even as their reach and flow far exceed “America.” The US – as icon, social field and political actor – is as much the effect as the source of global forces. The most important of these today are ones that qualify, selectively dissolve, concentrate and reconfigure constitutive elements of the nation-state and political geography. Taking this seriously – as the US follows in the footsteps of other countries that have been producing one chauvinist strongman leader after another – means making American Studies not about either “America” or the US but about the world. One particularly promising avenue entails scholarship engaging and contributing to a radical, globalizing democratic culture that is, in fact, deeply aligned with some of the most important traditions and sensibilities in American Studies itself. Keywords: Globalization, Democracy, Politics, America, American Studies
PL
W swym artykule Tokarz podejmuje refleksję nad filmową wyobraźnią w filozofii i socjologii Jeana Baudrillarda. Dokonuje zderzenia hipotez badawczych oraz teorii społecznych Baudrillarda, który zgłosił akces do ruchu postmodernistycznego, z wieloma odmianami kina współczesnego. Metoda pisarstwa Baudrillarda została zestawiona z metodą twórczą reżysera francuskiej Nowej Fali Jean-Luca Godarda. Tokarz przeprowadza analizę nawiązań Baudrillarda do awangardy wysokiego modernizmu oraz jego spojrzenia przez pryzmat filmów na USA w reportażu filozoficznym „Ameryka”. Ponadto autor rozpatruje kwestie filmu nostalgicznego, aplikacji teorii uwodzenia Baudrillarda, zestawienia jego myśli z filmem „Paryż, Teksas” oraz parkosyzmów systemu medialnego. Kluczowa jest hipoteza o możliwości manipulowania historią dzięki doskonałej operacyjności zapisu cyfrowego. W świecie Baudrillarda spełniły się wszystkie utopie i dystopie. Pozostała nostalgia za autentycznością.
EN
In his article, Tokarz reflects on cinematic imagination in philosophy and sociology of Jean Baudrillard. He confronts Baudrillard’s research hypotheses and social theories, on basis of which he claimed membership of the postmodernist movement, with many varieties of contemporary cinema. Baudrillard writing method is compared with creative method of the French New Wave director – Jean-Luc Godard. Tokarz analyses Baudrillard’s references to the avant-garde of high modernism and his view of America through the prism of films in his philosophical report “America”. The author also considers the question of nostalgic films, the application of Baudrillard’s theory of seduction, confrontation of his ideas with the film “Paris, Texas” and the paroxysms of media system. The key hypothesis concerns the possibility of manipulating history thanks to the excellent operationality of digital recording. In the world of Baudrillard all utopias and dystopias come true. What remains is the nostalgia for authenticity.
EN
The collection of autographs of the former Prussian State Library in Berlin – now held by the Jagiellonian Library – contains a valuable autograph of Alexander Humboldt – fragment from Humboldt’s travel diary entitled Sobre algunos puntos interessantes para la Navegación, o extracto de las observaciones de longitud deducida de Eclipses del Sol y de la Luna de Satellites de Jupiter, distancias lunares y Chronometros en los annos de 1799–1803. The Humboldt’s manuscript travel diary was acquired by the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz Foundation in Berlin from a private owner in 2013. The part which is discussed in the present article (pp. 71–84) was cut out of Fascicle VIII of the notebook in the nineteenth century – most probably by Humboldt himself – after which it was annotated and given as a present to General Radowitz, who was a collector of autographs. It eventually found its way to the Royal Library in Berlin together with Radowitz’s entire collection.
PL
W Zbiorze Autografów z byłej Pruskiej Biblioteki Państwowej w Berlinie, przechowywanym w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej znajduje się cenny autograf Aleksandra Humboldta Sobre algunos puntos interessantes para la Navegación, o extracto de las observaciones de longitud deducida de Eclipses del Sol y de la Luna de Satellites de Jupiter, distancias lunares y Chronometros en los annos de 1799–1803. Fragment ten pochodzi z rękopiśmiennego dziennika podróży Humboldta. Rękopis samego dziennika pozyskała Fundacja Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz w Berlinie z rąk prywatnych w 2013 roku, natomiast omawiany w artykule fragment (s. 71–84) został wycięty w XIX wieku z zeszytu nr VIII dziennika najprawdopodobniej przez samego Humboldta, opatrzony komentarzem i ofiarowany kolekcjonerowi autografów gen. Radowitzowi, po czym razem z całym Zbiorem Radowitza trafił do Biblioteki Królewskiej w Berlinie.
RU
The present paper is an attempt to interpret the works of Esenin, which were created under the influence of his journey to the United States of America in 1922 and 1923. The considerations are focused on the discussion about culture and civilization in the cultural aspect of Russia and America. The polemics between Esenin and Mayakovski has also been emphasized as the Black Man’s author’s foreign trip was to a large extent motivated by his willingness to prove his poetic superiority over the outstanding futurist.
EN
Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni is an English-speaking writer who was born in India in 1956 and is currently living in the United States. In Queen of Dreams published in 2004 she depicts the conflicts between Rakhi, a young American in her thirties living in California, and her India-born parents. Rakhi reproaches them for refusing to initiate her to Indian culture, particularly blaming her father for not being able to communicate. However, the mother’s death is the trigger for the father’s story. The father becomes the one who tells his daughter about life in India, thus embodying the missing cultural link in Rakhi’s family tree. The aim of this article is to offer an analysis of the father-daughter relationship as presented in Queen of Dreams. It intends to put into light the part played by the father in helping his daughter understand the way transgenerational loyalties work, and create a new identity of her own.
EN
The subject of this article is American Conservative’s view on religion at the time of „Christian Awekening”. The Author argues that it is ambivalent. On the one hand, they claim that religion is an answer to the crisis of modern secularism. On the other hand, some of them think that it poses a threat to the political order because Christianity is in a deep crisis. Over the last decades it has been transformed by democratic, egalitarian and therapeutic culture.
EN
The collection of autographs of the former Prussian State Library in Berlin – now held by the Jagiellonian Library – contains a valuable autograph of Alexander Humboldt – fragment from Humboldt’s travel diary entitled Sobre algunos puntos interessantes para la Navegación, o extracto de las observaciones de longitud deducida de Eclipses del Sol y de la Luna de Satellites de Jupiter, distancias lunares y Chronometros en los annos de 1799–1803. The Humboldt’s manuscript travel diary was acquired by the Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz Foundation in Berlin from a private owner in 2013. The part which is discussed in the present article (pp. 71–84) was cut out of Fascicle VIII of the notebook in the nineteenth century – most probably by Humboldt himself – after which it was annotated and given as a present to General Radowitz, who was a collector of autographs. It eventually found its way to the Royal Library in Berlin together with Radowitz’s entire collection.
PL
W Zbiorze Autografów z byłej Pruskiej Biblioteki Państwowej w Berlinie, przechowywanym w Bibliotece Jagiellońskiej, znajduje się cenny autograf Aleksandra Humboldta Sobre algunos puntos interessantes para la Navegación, o extracto de las observaciones de longitud deducida de Eclipses del Sol y de la Luna de Satellites de Jupiter, distancias lunares y Chronometros en los annos de 1799–1803. Fragment ten pochodzi z rękopiśmiennego dziennika podróży Humboldta. Rękopis samego dziennika pozyskała Fundacja Stiftung Preußischer Kulturbesitz w Berlinie z rąk prywatnych w 2013 roku, natomiast omawiany w artykule fragment (s. 71–84) został wycięty w XIX wieku z zeszytu nr VIII dziennika najprawdopodobniej przez samego Humboldta, opatrzony komentarzem i ofiarowany kolekcjonerowi autografów gen. Radowitzowi, po czym razem z całym Zbiorem Radowitza trafił do Biblioteki Królewskiej w Berlinie.
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EN
The United States of America is not a country that brings walking to mind. Nonetheless, one can become familiar with America on foot. Matte Greene paced along all the streets of New York. Paul Auster compelled the protagonist of his story to compulsively take walks in the city. Henry David Thoreau and John Muir became nineteenth-century founding fathers of walking across America. Each year three long distance trails crossing the USA attract thousands of walkers. They also possess their heroes. Long-distance walking tours produce a state of a specific intensity of motion, a detachment from reality, and a special state of the body and mind. Thoreau wrote that only a few know what real walking is like. The Long Walk described by Stephen King is a game that kills some and saves others from death.
PL
Stany Zjednoczone nie są krajem, który kojarzy się z chodzeniem. A jednak można poznawać Amerykę na piechotę. Matt Greene przemierzył pieszo wszystkie ulice Nowego Jorku. Paul Auster kazał bohaterowi swojej powieści kompulsywnie chodzić po tym mieście. Henry David Thoreau i John Muir stali się w XIX stuleciu ojcami założycielami chodzenia po Ameryce. Trzy długodystansowe szlaki przecinające USA, przyciągają co roku tysiące wędrowców. Mają też swoich bohaterów. Wędrówka na długich dystansach powoduje stan szczególnej intensywności doznań, wyłączenie z rzeczywistości, specyficzny stan ciała i umysłu. Jak napisał Thoreau „tylko nieliczni wiedzą, czym jest prawdziwe chodzenie”. Wielki Marsz, który opisuje Stephen King, jest grą, która jednych zabija, a innych ocala przed śmiercią.
EN
The article is focused on Allan Bloom’s thought about American education. First, while investigating the symptoms of the crisis of American education and upbringing, it sees them manifested both in the structure of university curricula and academic staff as well as the students, their knowledge, customs, and culture. Secondly, while analyzing advantages of education in the field of liberal arts—where the word “liberal” is used in the context of artes liberales—it presents Bloom’s belief that the only serious solution to the crisis of American education is to restore the ideal of an educated man shaped by great literary works and works of the greatest thinkers.
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