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EN
The bloom of reports in outdoor media such as circular letter, banners, and brochures regarding the appeals in preventing Covid-19 is interesting to analyze. This study aims to describe the meaning of implicatures and the causes of implicatures found in outdoor media, namely brochures, billboards, banners, and Covid-19 circular letter in the city of Lhokseumawe, Aceh, Indonesia. The type of research used in this research is qualitative with a descriptive-qualitative approach. 30 data were taken from outdoor media from February to May 2021. The data collection technique was carried out using the listen, be free, engage (get involved), talk (Simak Bebas Libat Cakap/SBLC) technique and take notes. After the data was collected, the next step was data analysis based on the formulation of the problem, namely how the meaning of implicatures and the causes of implicatures are. The meaning of implicatures was analyzed using the equivalent method by grouping the data based on the criteria and the advanced technique used by Equalizing/Distinguishing Comparison (Hubung Banding Menyamakan/Membedakan/HBSP) technique, while the causes of implicatures were analyzed using Dell Hymes theory, namely the SPEAKING speech component. The results of this study found that the meaning of implicatures contained in external media was in the form of conventional (96.6%) and non-conventional (3.33%) implicatures with implicature meanings in form of invitations, information, and appeals. The causes of implicatures found are influenced by the background of the atmosphere, the participants, the results, the message, the tone of speech, and the form of discourse.
EN
In the paper, we justify the view that Roman Ingarden was an analytical philosopher. First, we show the close personal ties between Ingarden and Kazimierz Twardowski and his pupils. Second, we compare the research program of the Lvov-Warsaw School with the research program formulated by Ingarden. An important point of this program was the use of a specific research method in its implementation. We show that despite the undoubted differences between the research methods declared and actually used by Ingarden and by representatives of the Twardowski School, both of them were methods characteristic of analytical philosophy.
EN
This essay is the benefit to studying of the questions of the oral history of forcibly ejected inhabitants of Neveklov and its neighbourhoods during the 2nd World War, focused on events of the massacre in the village Křešice (Event Graun) at the end of the 2nd World War. About this region, there exists authentic testimony and this territory is fixed in the collective memory. The oral history is a highly valued literary source. Its value is in the authenticity, which is characterized by selectivity and represents another point of view. The essay brings the unique opportunity to get acquainted with witnesses of the wartime. At present this testimony is unknown or is being forgotten in the offical documents. The essay follows the researches of Jaromír Jech from the middle of the last century. So we get the view of the importance of the massacre in Křešice and forcible displacement of Czech inhabitants in a demarcated region. Result of this work is the analysis of the results obtained with the help of the modern approaches that are based on the method of the oral history, which is a part of the qualitative research, with an emphasis on general objectives and context. It also simultaneously maps over the current state, i.e. the reflection of the forcible war persecution on the present times and its viability in the future, functionality of the generation transfers and traumas.
EN
The term collective in Central European science tradition was impacted by distinctive indoctrinate but in terminology stable term meaning as f.e. collective memory. In the field research is evidence collective memory contents by interdisciplinary research theme. The article communicates an field returnable stationary research results (2008–2012) by author and students of the Faculty of Humanities, Charles University in Prague. This results are systematized by ATLAS.ti and hermeneutically analysed. Findings besides collective memory contents evidence direct to uncover relations which put link for sujet invariants and mental representations. Author exemplified contexts in which come about memory contents stabilisation in reserch locality as well frequent situations where group interpretation of socio-culture normatives arised. For finding and data verification was appliqued visual ethnography method.
PL
CEL/TEZA: Celem artykułu jest próba wskazania kluczowych cech pojęcia humanistyki cyfrowej (HC) oraz zrozumienie, co naprawdę jest rozumiane przez to pojęcie. KONCEPCJA/METODY BADAŃ: Autorka analizuje najbardziej charakterystyczne cechy pojawiające się w definicjach digital humanities w naukowej literaturze anglojęzycznej oraz zestawia je z cechami najczęściej pojawiającymi się w polskich definicjach pojęcia humanistyka cyfrowa. WYNIKI I WNIOSKI: Wynik badań jest negatywny – nie jest możliwe stworzenie jednego zestawu cech HC, ale możliwe jest wskazanie takich właściwości humanistyki cyfrowej, co do których większość badaczy jest zgodna. ORYGINALNOŚĆ/WARTOŚĆ POZNAWCZA: Największą wartość poznawczą pracy stanowi fakt, że jest to pierwsza systematyczna analiza oraz zestawienie definicji polskich i anglojęzycznych humanistyki cyfrowej.
EN
PURPOSE/THESIS: This article attempts to indicate a set of the most common features of digital humanities (DH) and to determine what the term DH really means. APPROACH METHODS: The author examines English and Polish scientific articles discussing the definitions of digital humanities and juxtaposes them. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The result is negative as it is not possible to create one set of digital humanities features, nevertheless it is possible to find some most often occurring features. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: This article provides the first systematic analysis and compilation of Polish and English-language definitions of the digital humanities.
PL
Zagadnienie transportowe jest szczególnym rodzajem programowania liniowego. Polega na zaplanowaniu przemieszczania towarów od dostawców do odbiorców w taki sposób, aby łączne koszty transportu były najmniejsze. Aby zadanie miało rozwiązanie dopuszczalne, łączna podaż musi zaspokoić zagregowany popyt. Duża efektywność algorytmu transportowego jest główną przyczyną jego zastosowań. Zaprezentowanie problemu transportowego z matematycznego punktu widzenia polega na sformułowaniu celu działania jako funkcji zmiennych decyzyjnych. Na podstawie rozpatrywanej sytuacji decyzyjnej należy wskazać warunki ograniczające oraz sformułować je w postaci równań. W artykule założono określoną sieć dystrybucji, dla której przeprowadzono obliczenia czterema wybranymi metodami, tj. kąta północno-zachodniego, najmniejszego elementu w macierzy, najmniejszego elementu w wierszu oraz VAM z wykorzystaniem programu Octave 3.4.3. W efekcie uzyskano optymalne rozwiązanie końcowe.
EN
The aim of this article was to present effectiveness of such methods as: north- -west angle, the least element and VAM, gained by using the Octave 3.4.3 in setting a minimal value for the objective function in this transportation issue. The methods of practical usage of modern mathematical software helping to determine transportation costs were presented by means of these figures. Demonstration of the problem from mathematical point of view figures on formularize objective function as a function of decision variable and pointed of restrictive condition. The organic part of logistic system is transport. Making an analysis of costs structure in the logistic process, there is fundamental to notice that costs of transport are the main part of all spending. From calculation follows that the highest transport cost receive for north-west angle method. Furthermore, the least value of objective function was receive for the least element method and VAM. The conclusion of given analysis is that the effectiveness gained by using the Octave 3.4.3 can be used to solve the most complex transportation problem.
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