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EN
This article presents the history of Stanisław Karolus. He was born in Oświęcim in 1898 and the whole his life was connected with army. He served in Polish Legions and Austrian Army during the First World War. After 1918 he joined the new Polish Army as an officer. A few years he was also a soldier in 12 Infantry Regiment in Wadowice. In the rank of major he was in charge of a battalion in Polish Campaign 1939 and French Campaign 1940. The rest of life he spent on emigration in Great Britain and Switzerland. Author presents and quotes a lot of Stanislaw Karolus’ correspondence, especially from the period of First World War and with Maria Mościcka. In the majority author made use of the documents from his own archive, Archive in Polish Museum in Rapperswill, Archive in Jasna Gora.
EN
The Polish Army created in the territory of the USSR, commanded by General Władysław Anders, was established under the Sikorski-Majski agreement of July 30, 1941. The international situation favored efforts to evacuate Poles. The talks with Józef Stalin of the Polish authorities in exile and the command of the Polish Army with the support of the Western Allies led to the consent of Poles leaving the Soviet Union. The evacuation of soldiers with the civilian population was carried out in April and August 1942, mainly by sea to the Iranian Empire. The discussed living conditions of the Polish population in centers in: Pahlavi, Mashhad, Teheran, Ahwaz, and Isfahan show that the stay of Poles on Iranian soil is characterized by improvement of living conditions, significant regeneration and hospitalization, children‘s education and cultural and social activities. The civilian population remained in Iran until 1945.
PL
Utworzona Armia Polska na terytorium ZSRS dowodzona przez gen. Władysława Andersa powstała na mocy porozumienia Sikorski-Majski z 30 lipca 1941 r. Sytuacja międzynarodowa sprzyjała staraniom o ewakuację Polaków. Przeprowadzone rozmowy z Józefem Stalinem polskich władz na uchodźstwie i dowództwa Armii Polskiej przy wsparciu Aliantów Zachodnich doprowadziły do zgody na wyjście Polaków ze Związku Sowieckiego. Ewakuacja żołnierzy wraz z ludnością cywilną została przeprowadzona w kwietniu oraz w sierpniu 1942 r. głównie droga morską do Cesarstwa Iranu. Omówione warunki życia ludności polskiej w ośrodkach w: Pahlawi, Meszhedzie, Teheranie, Ahwazie, Isfahanie wykazują, że pobyt Polaków na irańskiej ziemi cechuje poprawa warunków życia, znaczna regeneracja i hospitalizacja, edukacja dzieci oraz działalność kulturalno-społeczna. Ludność cywilna pozostała w Iranie do 1945 r.
PL
Artykuł prezentuje dokumenty przechowywane w Instytucie Polskim i Muzeum im. gen. Sikorskiego w Londynie dotyczące Kaukazu w czasach II wojny światowej. Materiał ten niewątpliwie zainteresuje badaczy zajmujących się dziejami Armii Polskiej w ZSRR. Nasuwa się wniosek, że Kaukaz dla polskich polityków był etapem przejściowym w procesie przechodzenia wojska polskiego spod dowództwa sowieckiego pod brytyjskie.The article presents documents from the Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum in London about the Caucasus during the Second World War. The presented material can be of interest to those exploring the history of the Polish Army in the USSR. It can be concluded that the Caucasus in the minds of Polish policymakers was to be a transitional stage in the process of bringing Polish troops out of the Soviet command and under the command of the British.
PL
Artykuł traktuje o tragicznej sytuacji w jakiej znaleźli się polscy obywatele po agresji sowieckiej na Polskę 17 września 1939 r. Opisane zostały stosowane przez Sowietów metody terroru. Deportacje i aresztowania dotknęły ogromną ilość ludzi, niemal z każdej klasy społecznej. Po aresztowaniu następowały brutalne śledztwa, po ich zakończeniu Polaków wysyłano do łagrów. Tam wyniszczano ich przez ciężką pracę i brak jedzenia. Nakreślenie tych zagadnień pomaga uwypuklić znaczenie powstania Armii Polskiej na terenie ZSRR. Stanowiła ona bowiem nie tylko siłę wojenną, ale była ratunkiem dla niemal zamęczonej ludności polskiej. Przy powstającej armii gromadziła się bowiem ludność w nadziei, że w ten sposób unikną śmierci z głodu i zimna. Artykuł ma więc za zadanie podkreślić znaczenie Armii Andersa, pracy jej oficerów, dzięki której niemal 115 tys. ludzi udało się opuścić Związek Radziecki.
EN
The events that occurred on September 17 were extremely tragic, especially for Polish civilian population. After the defeat in September, a lot of Polish soldiers retreating to Hungary and Romania were taken captive. The reason behind their sad plight was the fact that, although captives, they were not entitled to prisoner-of-war status. They were grouped in camps built particularly for that purpose. Three of the camps were given a special status and the Polish captives detained there were murdered in spring 1940. After their invasion on the Second Republic of Poland, the Soviets started to consistently implement the previously sketched plan to exterminate the Polish nation. Due to mass arrests and deportations, hundreds of thousands of Poles, including women, children and elderly people, were taken to the wild backwoods regions of the USSR and left without any protection whatsoever. The flower of our nation was forced to hard labour, such as railway construction or deforestation of some Siberian areas. That tragic situation did not change until the summer of 1941, when the London-based Polish government, after long and stormy negotiations, signed an agreement with the Soviet government. By virtue of Sikorski-Majski agreement, masses of Polish citizens were granted amnesty and a Polish army was to be formed in the USSR. After announcement of the amnesty decree, Poles from the furthest recesses of the USSR started their southward journey to meet their “brothers”. Władysław Anders, general and commander of the Polish Army, had to face a number of difficulties in order to provide his soldiers with relatively good living conditions. The army was short of virtually everything, especially as it also gave shelter to civilians, who wanted to escape death. Therefore, it was an army composed of down-at-heel, rugged human skeletons. Thanks to their persistence and the feeling of great injustice, however, they became highly skilled soldiers and the Polish Army in the USSR was exceptionally vital and resilient.
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