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Ivo Andrić’s “Bosnian Chronicle” represents Travnik as a city on the frontier, the city in a fissure, “a half-open book” which through the novel turns into a symbol of mutual illegibility of the characters. Each one of them remains in a way shut into their own ideas of the other one standing against them, so it becomes clear that this novel writes out the discourse of difference. In this paper, we shall analyse the examples of Orientalist discourse which Andrić incorporated into the novel through the characters that represent the European deputies (Austro-Hungarian and French) in Travnik and through their often stereotypical attitudes towards the country to which they were sent to office.
EN
The article presents the contribution of Poles to the emergence of modern Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Austro-Hungarian period. After the Berlin Congress in 1878, the country was in the Habsburg area of influence. This resulted in its rapid industrialization conducted by, among others, a number of Polish civil servants working in its administration, as well as peasants from Galicia who colonized the area around Banja Luka. The topic still remains relatively unstudied in Polish historiography, which is why this article serves as a pioneering work in the studies on this issue.
EN
Learning to read is one of the most important academic accomplishments in the early grades of elementary school. Knowing what factors contribute to reading ability would improve instructional practices. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of semantic fluency, phonological fluency, rapid naming, inhibitory control, selective attention, and visual motor integration on reading fluency in 140 second and third grade students. The results of this study indicated that significant predictors of reading fluency were: selective attention, semantic fluency, inhibitory control, and rapid naming. However, the association between predictor variables and reading fluency was moderated by the students’ grade. The article concludes with some suggestions on how to improve reading fluency in elementary school children, given that all predictors are susceptible to instruction.
EN
(Polish title below: Krakowski dziennik 'Czas' o chorwackich roszczeniach do Bosni i Hercegowiny w dobie 'wielkiego kryzysu wschodniego' (1875-1878)). The conservative journal Czas [Time], which appeared in Cracow, covered the course of a political, and later also military, crisis in the Balkans in 1875-1878. The conflict focused on Austria, Turkey and Serbia's disputes over the future status of Bosnia and Herzegovina. One of the intriguing and less known aspects associated with these events were Croatia's aspirations to the Bosnian territory. This demand grew stronger and stronger and was openly articulated by political and intellectual circles in Zagreb. The article aims to show how Czas, the most important Polish language journal in this region, approached the topic of Croatia's ambitions towards Bosnia's territory and how these events were commented on and what parallels were found between the course of events in the Balkans and the contemporaneous situation in the Polish lands. The present review enables us to understand better the attitudes of eminent representatives of Cracow's elite as well as the opinion of the popular strata of the local community on the issue of independence and the territorial ambitions of the fellow nation of Croatia.
EN
The purpose of this work is to present the process of the destruction of cultural property of the Muslim community during the warfare conducted on the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) in 1992–1995. The work is based on historical and press sources in Serbian, Bosnian and Croatian. Field research conducted in 2000 and 2022 to obtain information on the number of demolished and restored mosques in BiH also makes an important contribution. In addition, in-depth interviews were conducted with Slovak soldiers who served in NATO IFOR operations, as well as with representatives of international institutions. Research results indicate that during the war in BiH (1992–1995) the Muslim community suffered the greatest losses of cultural property. 614 mosques were destroyed. Serbian armed troops carried out most of the damage, while Croatian armed troops did less. After the war, no individual was held responsible for the destruction of cultural property. The case of BiH shows that international law still does not protect religious sites.
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