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Muslims in rural and municipal councils in Bulgaria at the turn of the 19th and 20th century

100%
Popek K.
Slovanský přehled: historická revue pro dějiny střední, východní a jihovýchodní Evropy (Slavonic Review: Review for Central, Eastern and Southeastern European history)
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2023
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vol. 109
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issue 1
13-27
EN
The modern Bulgarian state, created in 1878, was not ethnically and religiously homogeneous. In 1881, 26 % of the country’s population were Muslims (527,000) and in 1910 they comprised 14 % (602,000). Despite that, Muslims did not hold any posts in Bulgaria’s central administration, nor did they generally occupy them at the level of districts (okrag) and counties (okoliya). However, the situation was different in commune (obshtina) governments. Muslims were formally represented in the councils of cities and villages in the northeastern parts of the country and the Rhodope Mountains (the areas where they were concentrated) and had the opportunity to play an important role in making decisions on key issues related to local finance, infrastructure and education together with Bulgarians. In some cases, they managed to efficiently participate in the functioning of local governments, while in others they played only a symbolic role. The case of Muslim rural and municipal councilors at the turn of the 19th and 20th century can be analyzed as an interesting example of the durability of the centuries-old tradition of komshuluk. The paper is based on the original studies of the materials found in the State Archive in Varna, as well as on the press from this period.
2
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Widowdańskie prowizorium. Geneza i rozwój parlamentaryzmu w Królestwie Serbów, Chorwatów i Słoweńców

86%
Czekalski T.
Przegląd Sejmowy
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2019
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issue 1(150)
49–68
EN
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes formed after World War I was a model example of difficulties arising in the process of building the multinational and multiethnic states in the Balkans. The State mired in disputes between supporters of unitarization and federalism was a subject of gradual Serbization, which was expressed by imposition of Serbian systemic pattern and domination of Serbs in central authorities. In the mid 1920s political particularisms led to the collapse of parliamentary system and political destabilization, implied by the acts of ethnic and national violence. The decision of king Alexander Karađorđević to suspend the constitutional order and establish a dictatorship was an attempt to inhibit the process of State disintegration and expressed a tendency to marginalize the national representation and to restore the sovereign’s dominant role in the political system, which was a characteristic feature of the evolution of the Balkan states.
3
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Ekogłasnost i ekotransformacja. Bułgarski ruch ekologiczny w okresie transformacji ustrojowej

81%
Czekalski T.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2019
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vol. 26
231-247
EN
The article discusses the origin and development of the ecological movement in Bulgaria in the first period of political transformation, against the background of similar experiences of Balkan countries. In the Balkan reality, the social activity of ecological groups is perceived as an example of the penetration of Western European cultural patterns, but also as an effect of "ecological pressure" resulting from the aspirations of South-Eastern European countries to integrate with European structures. To a small extent, the contemporary ecological sensitivity of the inhabitants of the Balkans refers to earlier experiences, such as those from the first decade of the political transformation. Against this background, the birth of the "indigenous" ecological movement in Bulgaria and its significant participation in the downfall of Todor Zhivkov's regime can be considered an exceptional phenomenon.
PL
Artykuł omawia powstanie i rozwój ruchu ekologicznego w Bułgarii w pierwszym okresie transformacji ustrojowej, na tle podobnych doświadczeń państw bałkańskich. W bałkańskich realiach społeczna aktywność ugrupowań ekologicznych jest postrzegana jako przykład przenikania zachodnioeuropejskich wzorców kulturowych, ale także jako efekt „presji ekologicznej” wynikającej z dążenia krajów Europy Południowo-Wschodniej do integracji ze strukturami europejskimi. W niewielkim stopniu współczesna wrażliwość ekologiczna mieszkańców Bałkanów odwołuje się do wcześniejszych doświadczeń, choćby tych z pierwszej dekady transformacji ustrojowej. Na tym tle zjawiskiem za zjawisko wyjątkowe można uznać narodziny „autochtonicznego” ruchu ekologicznego w Bułgarii, a także jego znaczący udział w procesie upadku reżimu Todora Żiwkowa.
4
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Remarks on the Theories on the Origin of Muslims in Bulgarian Lands – Nineteenth-Century and Present Perspectives

72%
Popek K.
Studia z Dziejów Rosji i Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej
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2020
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vol. 55
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issue 3
125-141
EN
The paper is aimed to present selected nineteenth-century theories about the origin of Muslims living in Bulgarian lands and to confront them with the present state of knowledge. The paper also presents concepts regarding two ethnic groups: the Bulgarian-speaking Muslims (the so-called Pomaks) and Turks.
PL
Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przedstawienie wybranych dziewiętnastowiecznych teorii o pochodzeniu muzułmanów żyjących na ziemiach bułgarskich oraz skonfrontowanie ich z obecnym stanem wiedzy o tym zagadnieniu. Opisano koncepcje dotyczące dwóch grup etnicznych: muzułmanów bułgarskojęzycznych (tzw. Pomaków) oraz Turków.
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