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Bułgarskie diaspory w Południowo-Wschodniej Europie (Besarabia, Nadazowie, Krym) – uwagi wstępne

100%
Hatłas J.
Slavica Lodziensia
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2018
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vol. 2
81-89
EN
There are three types of Bulgarian diaspora in Southeastern Europe (in Bessarabia, on the north coast of the Sea of Azov, and in the Crimea).The Bulgarians in Bessarabia are well known and described in scientific literature. The remaining two types are barely known even in Bulgaria itself. Though the first traces of Bulgarian people in the area of our concern are earlier, the presently existing diaspora arose as a result of mass and top-down displacement actions organized by the Russian authorities in the nineteenth century. All three types of Bulgarian diaspora were affected to varying degrees by turbulent history of the inhabited region. The fate of the Bulgarians in the Crimea and in the Sea of Azov region was the most tragic, whereas better fate met the Bulgarians in Bessarabia. It is no wonder, then, that despite many adversities, they (together with the Gagauz) still occupy the area of compact settlement in Southern Moldova and in the Odessa Oblast in Ukraine. Due to the limited scope, the text has, most of all, an informative character for Polish reader. The article presents the existence of this interesting part of Bulgarian nation which has lived far from its old homeland for over two hundred years. The aim of this text is also to encourage further profound scientific research (above all in the historical, ethnological, sociological, linguistic studies, but also in political sciences, and others).
PL
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Seria drinowski zbornik – cenny wkład w badaniu diaspory bułgarskiej na Ukrainie

100%
Hatlas J.
Zeszyty Cyrylo-Metodiańskie
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2015
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issue 4
EN
The article gives a bibliographic review of the scholarly volumes Drinovski sbornik, edited and published by Bulgarian and Ukrainian academic and public institutions. Seven volumes have been published between 2007–2014.
PL
Artykuł omawia serię naukową pod nazwą Drinowski zbornik, redagowaną i wydawaną przez bułgarskie i ukraińskie instytucje społeczne i naukowe. W okresie 2007–2014 roku ukazało się siedem tomów serii, które, według autora, stanowią cenny wkład w badania mniejszości bułgarskiej na Ukrainie.
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Gagauzi jako przykład współczesnego mikronarodu

87%
Hatłas J.
Poznańskie Studia Slawistyczne
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2015
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issue 8
EN
This article aims at givng a brief description of the Gagauz people in the areas of Bessarabia and Bulgaria. Gaugazes are a group of elusive people, whose origin seems to be obscure because of only indirect written sources. While in Bulgaria, their old country, Gagauzes maintain Bulgarian identity in addition to their own, in Bessarabia they are a distinct ethnic category. Gaugazes probably can be a micronation, by modern standards. If we consider their culture (spiritual and material), also their history and geography of settlement, they can be categorized as a Slavonic micronation. Nevertheless, their language and origins seem to be non-Slavic.
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Rumuńskie roszczenia terytorialne wobec Bułgarii w dobie wojen bałkańskich

81%
Znamierowska-Rakk E.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2012
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vol. 19
287-295
EN
This article is to demonstrate the genesis and repercussions of the Romanian territorial claims against Bulgaria during the war period of the 1912-1913 in the Balkan Peninsula. What is most stressed is the direct relationship of the said claims with the separation of Bessarabia from the Romanian state, executed by the 1878 Berlin truce and annexation of Northern Dobrudja, a region inhabited mostly by Bulgarians. This last fact inspired the anxiety in Bucharest, that Bulgaria might claim that land by force. This was worsened after 1908, when Bulgaria proclaimed itself a sovereign empire, intent on incorporating major parts of Macedonia and Thrace since the decisive victory over the Ottoman Turkey. Such broadening of the Bulgarian borders was regarded in Bucharest as a threat to the political equilibrium in the Balkans, endangering the Romanian state security and territorial integrity. As a result the government of Romania issued a claim to reestablish the border with Bulgaria, which was in essence a claim over Southern Dobrudja. In spite of rather favorable international circumstances in the early XX century, the Romanians were unable to bring this notion into being until the second half of 1913, the outbreak of an inter-alliance war, a result of frictions between Bulgaria, Serbia and Greece. The lack of success on the side of the Bulgarian armed forces at the western front and the fact that their northern and northeastern provinces were left unprotected incited Romania to invade Bulgaria and annex the Southern Dobrudja. A Turkish invasion followed shortly. As a consequence, and with recognition of the European superpowers of the time, on 10th August 1913 in Bucharest a harsh treaty was imposed on Bulgarians, with the loss of the contested Southern Dobrudja amongst other terms.
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Kształtowanie się systemu społecznego w Besarabii w latach 1812-1873

81%
Skowronek A.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2019
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vol. 26
155-170
EN
Shaping of the Bessarabian society under the Russian rule in 1812–1873. Bessarabia is a historical region which constituted a part of the Russian Empire in the 19th century. Throughout the whole century of its functioning within the Russian Empire, Bessarabia retained its multiethnic and multicultural identity. Russia began to start to shape the new administration and the social composition of the province making it similar to the rest of the Empire. Most significant changes took place under the rule of Nicholas I in 30-ies and 40-ies of the 19th century, when the governor of Bessarabia and the rest of the so called New Russia was gen. Nicholas Vorontsov. In the result of several legal decrees (Russ. ukaz) some of the groups were joined to the other ones which made it easier to govern the province and gave the Tzars more considerable income from Bessarabia. All the important administrative social reforms in Bessarabia were completed in the early 70-ies when all the laws of autonomy were abolished and Bessarabia’s status was changed from Oblast into Governorate under its own governor In the meantime the province underwent the process of Russification when the central government introduced Russian as the only official language there and Russian law replaced local legal customs. As a result Bessarabia became just like any other traditional Russian region with a meagre chance to revive again.
PL
Besarabia to region historyczny, który w XIX wieku stanowił część Imperium Rosyjskiego. Przez cały wiek funkcjonowania w Imperium Rosyjskim Besarabia zachowała swój wieloetniczny i wielokulturowy charakter. Rosja zaczęła kształtować nową administrację oraz skład społeczny prowincji, czyniąc ją podobną do reszty Imperium. Najbardziej znaczące zmiany zaszły pod rządami Mikołaja I w latach 30-tych i 40-tych XIX wieku, kiedy gubernatorem Besarabii i reszty tzw. Nowej Rosji był gen. Michaiła Woroncowa. W wyniku wprowadzenia kilku dekretów prawnych (ros. ukazy) niektóre grupy zostały połączone z innymi, co ułatwiło rządy prowincji i dało carom większe dochody z Besarabii. Ważne przemiany społeczne w Besarabii prowadzone przez władze centralne zostały ukończone na początku lat 70-tych, kiedy wszystkie prawa autonomii zostały zniesione, a status Besarabii został zmieniony z tzw. obłasti na gubernię pod rządami własnego gubernatora. W międzyczasie prowincja przeszła proces rusyfikacji, gdy rząd centralny wprowadził rosyjski jako jedyny język urzędowy, a prawo rosyjskie zastąpiło lokalne zwyczaje prawne. W rezultacie Besarabia wydawała się być jak każdy inny region Rosji, z niewielkimi szansami na odrodzenie. 
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К вопросу о переселении албанцев в Бессарабию в начале XIX в.

81%
Думиника И.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2013
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vol. 20
95-103
RU
The work is devoted to researching the evolution of the scientific interpretations and assessments of the settlement process of the southern part of Bessarabia by Albanian colonists. The article aims at analyzing the late-date historiographical works and investigations of modern, inter-war, postwar and contemporary periods concerning the topic of the migration of Balkan refugees to the territory of Bessarabia in the beginning of the 19th century. On the basis of the historiographical analysis, the following conclusions have been drawn: the research has pointed out the distinct stages and tendencies concerning the aforementioned process. The revision of the sources from that period and the analysis of the contemporary sources give us a possibility to understand the controversies existing in the interpretations of the colonization of Bessarabia at the beginning of the 19th century. In order to elucidate the investigated problem, two basic concepts have been traced out: one from the tsarist imperialist perspective (as in the case of the historiography before Pre-revolution and the Soviet period), and another one from the inter-war and contemporary Bulgarian and Romanian point view. The analysis of the sources and of the research on this subject reveals the scarcity of any specialized studies dealing with the mentioned problem. Moreover, certain important problems are not investigated. Hence, the need to investigate those issues and to find the new sources which would elucidate these problems.
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Profesor Aleksander Todorow Mańkowski (1868-1946) – Polak z Podola, rosyjski biały emigrant w Bułgarii, twórca Instytutu Histologii i Embriologii Uniwersytetu w Sofii

58%
Mańkowski A. E.
Krakowskie Pismo Kresowe
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2013
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issue 5: Kontekst rosyjski
65-93
EN
The biographical sketch devoted to Aleksander Mańkowski (1868-1946) presents and recalls the relatively less-known figure of a distinguished scientist of Polish origin, a Russian scholar, a many-year lecturer at the University of Sophia and a translator of specialist literature in the field of medicine into Bulgarian. He derived from a Podolia noble family with the Jastrzębiec coat of arms. He grew up in the Ukrainian-Moldovan borderland in relatively humble financial conditions. In order to start his university studies he took advantage of a scholarship awarded by the Bender powiat in the Bessarabian Governorate. As a person of a Roman Catholic faith, he experienced difficulties in advancing in his academic career. His numerous brothers, who like himself did not succumb to the temptation of converting into the Orthodox faith, achieved their education in schools for cadets, probably due to the material situation of their family. They served in the tsarist army as non-commissioned officers. Mańkowski lectured at the St. Volodymyr University in Kiev in 1894-1902; he was a professor at the New Russian University in Odessa in 1902-1919. In 1919 he made his way by sea away from Odessa in the Ukraine which was in revolutionary turmoil and settled in Bulgaria. In 1920-1929 he was a professor at the University of Sophia. He established the department of Histology and Embriology at the latter university; in 1930-1933 he worked at Prof. Witold Orłowski’s clinic in Warsaw. He maintained close contacts with the apostolic nuncio in Bulgaria – the archbishop Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli – the later Holy Pope John XXIII. He died in Bulgaria in 1946. His tomb was renovated in 2010 as a part of a programme conducted by the Polish Cultural and Educational Association in Bulgaria.
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Przyległość i płynność – ekspresje sąsiedztwa w pismach Kraszewskiego i Stempowskiego z kraju nad Dniestrem

51%
Borowczyk J.
Czytanie Literatury. Łódzkie Studia Literaturoznawcze
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2023
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issue 12
29-51
EN
The focus of the article is the analysis of the literary expressions of neighbourhood affinities in the Dniestr River basin featured in Wspomnienia Odessy, Jedysanu i Budżaku. Dziennik przejażdżki w roku 1843 od 22 czerwca do 11 września (1845–1846) by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski and in Jerzy Stempowski’s essay W dolinie Dniestru (1941). The center of attention was captured by the myriad forms of contiguity seen in the topography of the banks of the Dniestr River – namely, the middle course in a sketch by Hostowiec and the lower one, surrounded by a liman, in Kraszewski’s diary. The midsection of the article deals with the fluidity of languages used by representatives of the various ethnic groups and social strata living on both banks of the Dniestr, as well as the multiplicity of religious denominations. The third contention bears on both writers’ attempts to overturn the dominance of history drawing on both writers’ strong tendency to exploit the motif of ruin. Neighbourhood relations set aglow both a nineteenth- and twentieth-century writer. Both writers also achieve an effect of contiguity and fluidity within the composition and style of their respective works.
PL
W artykule poddano analizie pisarskie ekspresje sąsiedztwa nad Dniestrem zawarte we fragmentach Wspomnień Odessy, Jedysanu i Budżaku. Dzienniku przejażdżki w roku 1843 od 22 czerwca do 11 września (1845–1846) Józefa Ignacego Kraszewskiego oraz w eseju Jerzego Stempowskiego W dolinie Dniestru (1941). Najwięcej uwagi poświęcono rozmaitym formom przyległości obecnych w topografii brzegów Dniestru – środkowego w szkicu Hostowca oraz dolnego, otoczonego limanem, w dzienniku Kraszewskiego. Płynności języków używanych przez reprezentantów różnych grup etnicznych i warstw społecznych zamieszkujących oba brzegi Dniestru, a także wielości wyznań religijnych – tego dotyczy środkowa partia artykułu. W ogniwie trzecim postawiono tezę o próbach uchylenia dominacji historii przez obu pisarzy i wskazano na silną skłonność obu do operowania motywem ruiny. Sąsiedztwo pasjonuje zarówno pisarza dziewiętnasto-, jak i dwudziestowiecznego. Obaj twórcy osiągają także efekt przyległości i płynności w ramach kompozycji i stylu swoich wypowiedzi.
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Внутрішньо- та зовнішньополітичне становище Румунії у першій половині 1921 року (за донесеннями австрійської дипломатичної місії у Бухаресті)

44%
Zhaloba I., Piddubnyi I.
Міжнародні зв’язки України: наукові пошуки і знахідки
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2021
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issue 30
EN
This article finds out the main internal and international political events and processes in the Kingdom of Romania in the first half of 1921 covered at the reports of the envoy, later the Ambassador, of the Republic of Austria Wilhelm Stork, much of which is introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. In writing the article, the authors used general scientific and special methods, including archival heuristics. According to the results of the study, it was stated that in the first half of 1921 the internal political situation in Romania looked tense, but controlled. At that time were taken measures to prevent events of internal strife, as was the case with the newly formed Communist Party, being controlled externally, fact, which drew the attention of diplomats. The Government, comprehending the inevitability of changes, carried out agrarian reform and streamlined church relations, while pursuing a consistent policy of Romanianization of the territories that were included in the kingdom after the First World War. At the same time, everything was done to get along with the neighbors, protecting themselves from misunderstandings with them and from the threat of being left alone in the case of a Bolshevik invasion. It has succeeded in either concluding relevant agreements, signing protocol of intentions or making significant progress during the negotiations. An example of such success was the Polish-Romanian agreement on a defense alliance and joint defense against the enemy from the east. The actions aimed at creating a defense alliance for protection against Hungary, in which other interested states were involved, seemed more consistent. One of the ways to consolidate the actions of diplomats was the conclusion in 1921 of marriages between members of the Romanian and Greek dynasties. This practice will continue with the marriage between a representative of the Romanian and a representative of the Serbian dynasty later more. The only thing that failed was to reach an agreement with Soviet Russia, respectively in two main tasks - to achieve recognition by the Bolsheviks of the inclusion of Bessarabia in Romania and the return of Romanian gold and foreign exchange reserves, the waste of which the Bolsheviks denied.
UK
Стаття має на меті висвітлення внутрішньо- та зовнішньополітичних процесів у королівстві Румунія в першій половині 1921 р. на основі донесень, підготовлених посланником Австрійської Республіки Вільгельмом Шторком, значна частина яких запроваджується до наукового обігу вперше. При написанні статті авторами використано загальнонаукові та спеціальні методи, зокрема архівної евристики. За результатами проведеного дослідження констатовано, що на першу половину 1921 р. внутрішньополітична ситуація в Румунії виглядала напруженою, але контрольованою. Уряд, розуміючи невідворотність змін, здійснював аграрну реформу і впорядковував церковні відносини, паралельно здійснюючи послідовну політику румунізації територій, які були включені до королівства за результатами Першої світової війни. Для запобігання внутрішньому розбрату вживалися заходи убезпечення від діяльності керованих ззовні партій, як це було з новозаснованою Комуністичною партією, на що зверталася увага дипломатів. Одночасно, робилося все, щоб порозумітися з сусідами, убезпечивши себе від непорозумінь із ними та від загрози залишитися сам на сам у разі більшовицького вторгнення. Тут вдалося укласти відповідні угоди, підписати протоколи про наміри чи, принаймні, досягти значного прогресу в переговорах. Прикладом подібного успіху вважається польсько-румунська угода про оборонний союз та спільний захист від ворога зі сходу. Послідовнішими виглядали дії, спрямовані на створення оборонного союзу для захисту від Угорщини, до якого були залучені інші зацікавлені держави. Одним із способів закріпити дії дипломатів стало укладення в 1921 р. шлюбів між представниками румунської і грецької династій. Ця практика продовжиться і укладенням шлюбу між представницею румунської та представником сербської династії трохи згодом. Єдине, що не вдалося, так це порозумітися з радянською Росією, відповідно вирішити два ключових завдання – досягти визнання від більшовиків включення до складу Румунії Бессарабії та повернення золотовалютного запасу, розтрату якого більшовики заперечували.
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Наталъя Обренович (Кешко) - королева, матъ, жена. Страницы из истории взлета и падения

44%
Zabolotnaia L.
Balcanica Posnaniensia Acta et studia
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2019
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vol. 26
131-154
EN
Natalia Obrenovich (Keshko) – the queen, the mother and the wife. The story of her of rise and fall In the article, an attempt was made to reconstruct some fragments from the life of Natalia Obrenović, nee Keshko, through the prism of her personal, emotional perception of the events: marriage, family life, divorce and separation from her son.The main sources of research are documents from the Russian archives (letters, newspaper articles, memoirs). The author suggests that the marriage had far-reaching, visionary plans for dynastic merging and strengthening the position of the Moldavian-Serbian aristocracy in the Balkans. However, the marriage did not work out due to a number of circumstances: because of family strife, incompatibility of characters, but especially because of the difference in political views. In the history of the tragic disintegration of the family, Natalya’s imperious disposition and her desire to rule the country played an important role. The microhistorical approach and the interdisciplinary principle of research make it possible to study in detail the particular phenomena (divorce, separation from the son) that took place in the life of our heroine in the context of prevailing ideas and trends in society. 
RU
В данной статье, была сделана попытка реконструировать  некоторые фрагменты из жизни Натальи Обренович, урожденной Кешко, через призму ее личностного, эмоционального восприятия событий: замужества, семейной жизни, развода и разлучения с сыном. Основными источниками исследования являются документы из российских архивных фондов (письма, газетные статьи, воспоминания). Автор предполагает, что брак имел далеко идущие, дальновидные планы по династическому сращиванию  и укреплению позиций молдо-сербской аристократии на Балканах. Однако матримониальный союз не сложился в силу ряда обстоятельств: из-за семейных раздоров, несовместимости характеров, но особенно из-за разности политических воззрений. В истории трагического распада семьи не последнюю роль сыграло стремление Натальи властвовать и править страной. Микроисторической подход, междисциплинарный принцип исследования позволяют максимально детализировано изучить частные явления (развод, разлучение с сыном), происходившие в жизни нашей героини в контексте господствующих представлений и тенденций в обществе в целом.  
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