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EN
The relations between C.S. Peirce's pragmatism and his semeiotica are the basis of applying pragmatic doctrine in the study of the philosophy of sport. In the late period of the development of pragmatism, Pierce emphasized the role emotional- energetic signs-interpretants. They were the necessary stages to proceed conceptual, intellectual interpretation. The process of establishing the meaning (interpretation) of signs requires emotional and energetic activity, even in the course of solving theoretical problems. Peirce clearly emphasized that pragmatism wasn't a theory of truth. It means that pragmatism finds its application not only in theoretical examinations which aim at determining scientific truth, but also in every activity which assumes sign processes. Sport in this respect is particularly interesting, since it is a formal sign-system which is being filled with meaning in specific cultural semiosis, that is sports events, which are important on account of the continuity of earlier and later interpretations.
PL
Artykuł 151 Kodeksu karnego stanowi, że ten, kto namową lub przez udzielenie pomocy doprowadza człowieka do targnięcia się na własne życie, podlega karze pozbawienia wolności od 3 miesięcy do lat 5. Niezwykle syntetyczne ujęcie rzeczonego przepisu skutkuje występowaniem na jego gruncie wielu problemów interpretacyjnych. Jednym z nich – dodajmy, że niezwykle istotnym – jest kwestia właściwej kwalifikacji prawnej czynu sprawcy, polegającego na doprowadzeniu do podjęcia czynności autodestrukcyjnej osoby niezdolnej do rozpoznania w pełni znaczenia podejmowanego przez siebie czynu. W przekonaniu autora niniejszej publikacji kwalifikacja według art. 151 k.k. jest jedyną dopuszczalną kwalifikacją dla tego rodzaju zachowania. Rozwiązanie to nie jest jednak w pełni satysfakcjonujące, dlatego też należy poważnie zastanowić się nad odpowiednim zreformowaniem art. 151 k.k.
EN
Art. 151 P.C. says that one who, by persuasion or assistance makes a human to take their life, is punishable by imprisonment of 3 months to 5 years. Extremely synthetic frame of the above rule results in many interpretational problems of its contents. An especially big problem is determining, if it is possible to qualify the perpetrator’s deed leading to a person taking their own life, while not being able to recognize the significance of their actions. The author believes that this is an only acceptable option for this kind of behavior. This solution is not fully satisfying, that is why reforming art. 151 P.C should be carefully considered.
EN
The article brings up a complicated problem of the measurement of national power. Many researchers have made numerous attempts to describe the issue in the theoretical view. Theoretical models which were drawn up can give reports of state powers which are not always too competitive. In practice, the task of setting the real measurement and comparing national powers is very complicated. In this area the most appropriate are models of F.C.German and J.S.Cline. Factors affecting the establishing of position of the state are various. For example the role of having the nuclear arsenal is still significant, but not as important as it was in the 1960s and 1970s. Of course the basic elements like geographical situation, relations with bordering states, military, economic, demographic component still exist. At present earlier determinants in form of: energetic resources, radioactive elements, petroleum, natural gas, demographic factors, even cultural attractiveness are gaining importance in positioning power. Position of power is not given forever and can change even as a result of random events.
EN
The paper discusses synodal activities of Mikołaj Kurowski of the Szreniawa arms (c. 1365 – 1411) as the bishop of Wrocław (1399-1402) and archbishop of Gniezno (1402-1411). No trace of his synodal activities survive from the period of his rule in the Poznań diocese (1395-1399). As the bishop of Wrocław he convened the diocesan synod in 1402, while as the archbishop of Gniezno he held three provincial synods (Łęczyca 1402; Kalisz 1406; Kalisz 1409) and one diocesan synod (Łęczyca 1408). The diocesan synods he convened resulted in two codifications of diocesan law: for Wrocław (1402) and for Gniezno (c. 1408).
EN
The article discusses Pope Benedict XVI’s / Joseph Ratzinger’s understanding of revelation. It shows the bases for his understanding to be found in the theology of St. Bonaventure, more specifically in the Doctor Seraphicus’ Hexaëmeron. It is on the theology of history in Bonaventure that Ratzinger had written his terminal paper. This will allow him to impact Vatican II in an original way. The essay describes how the young peritus Joseph Ratzinger contributed in a most decisive way to the dogmatic constitution on divine revelation Dei Verbum’s recalibration of the nature of revelation. It also discusses hope Pope Benedict‘s teaching office thematized revelation. Revelation is ultimately neither Scripture nor tradition, but the self-disclosure of the Triune God in the Thou of Jesus Christ.
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